Abstract
This paper explores the nature of the First Amendment's guarantee to protect free speech within the context of commercial speech and specifically business signage. The paper relates that although city ordinances can affect placement, size, and location of business signage, they cannot regulate content in anyway. However, the paper discusses how many businesses owners, such as Chris Green from SeaGreen Center in Florida, fail to adhere to the specific codes placed by city ordinances, and when they are asked to remove controversial signs based on ordinance infractions, many then wrongly claim that their rights to exhibit freedom of speech are being violated.

Tags:business, law, constitutional rights

Abstract
The paper outlines the 1972 case of "Wisconsin v. Yoder", where the state charged parents and figures of leadership from within the Wisconsin Amish communities for failing to abide with the compulsory education standards for all youths living in the state.
The paper then looks at the 1971 "New York Times Co. v. United States" case where the New York Times pursued the First Amendment's granting of freedom to the press to report on matters impacting the public. Finally, the paper examines the 1919 case of "Schenck v. United States", where Schenck pursued the United States for its injunction on his right to express his political orientation in the printed context.

Outline:
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
Schenck v. United States (1919)

From the Paper
"The first amendment guarantees the freedom of expression to all Americans, specifying the rights to our own belief systems, to our own religious ideologies and to the entitlement to express the positions and ideals related directly thereto. This is inherently strengthened by the reality that institutions, neither private nor public, are entitled to impose upon these beliefs through regulation, law, political pressure or any other mode that might deny one the entitlements of self-expression.
"This is the aspect of the amendment which is most directly at issue in the 1972 case of Wisconsin v. Yoder, which weighs the matter of the state's pursuit of charges against several parents and figures of leadership from within the Wisconsin Amish communities for failing to abide the compulsory education standards for all youths living in the state. The case which would ultimately find itself tried before the Supreme Court, would serve with respect to the question of religious freedom as it might contrast a specific state statute."

Tags:freedom, expression, religion, press, speech

From the Paper
"The Constitution guarantees individual rights and liberties to every American. What most people probably do not know is that, while the Constitution is more than 200 years old, most individual civil rights date back only a little more than 50 years. Not until the 1950s did black Americans win the rights enjoyed by most all other citizens. Most of the individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the constitution are included in the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments to the Constitution). The first 10 amendments were ratified in 1791. However, the Bill of Rights protected citizens against abuses by only the federal government. State governments could decide what limits they would place on free speech, trial by jury, or racial equality.

This began to change after the Civil War. In 1865, Congress drafted constitutional amendments that Southern states would have..."

Abstract
This paper argues that the role that race and color play in the socio-political context of African-American societies in the United States stems from historical factors, which have left deep cultural trauma. The author points out that some theorists stress that slavery was a key issue in the formation of African-American identity. The paper underscores that even the passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments did not lead to true equality. The paper relates that African Americans continued to be treated as second class citizens and restricted to so-called separate but equal facilities that were never truly equal. The author states that, even today, African Americans are usually less well educated and poorer than their white counterparts; thereby indicating the role of race in the socio-political context of African-American societies.

From the Paper
"Throughout American history, black/white tensions have impacted socio-political events. For example, many African-Americans protested about fighting in the Second World War, given that they faced discrimination in their home country. Tensions have continued to be expressed, by, for example, the Double V Movement, the March on Washington Movement, the Black Panther movement, the activism of Martin Luther King Jr. and his subsequent assassination, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Council on African Affairs and the Congress of Racial Equality."

Tags:trauma slavery identity amendment, black dolls

Abstract
This paper examines Article 1, sections 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, and the 27th Amendment to the United States Constitution. The paper describes the history, purpose, and interpretation of these provisions over the last 200 years, as well as some of the more modern applications for this centuries old document. The paper describes the history and purpose of these provisions; why did the framers, or subsequent lawmakers, feel the need to include them? The paper shows how the context in which each was enacted is important to understanding both the intent and the purpose of the various sections. Finally, the paper concludes by analyzing each section as it applies today, and how it affects the various administrative agencies of government in the day-to-day practice of government and society.

From the Paper
"This paper will discuss Article 1, sections 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, and the 27th Amendment to the United States Constitution. It will describe the history, purpose, and interpretation of these provisions over the last 200 years, as well as some of the more modern applications for this centuries old document. First, I will identify the actual provisions and the means by which they were added to the Constitution. Next, I will describe the history and purpose of these provisions; why did the framers, or subsequent lawmakers, feel the need to include them? The context in which each was enacted is important to understanding both the intent and the purpose of the various..."

Tags:federalist, madison, constitution

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the United States Constitution and the concept of Federalism. It examines the pros and cons of providing power to the State and a brief history of this concept and how it has been instituted.

From the paper:

"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people,? the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution promises us, and in these words ? as elsewhere throughout the United States ? we see the outlines of the system of governance that is called federalism. Federalism is simply a type of political structure or organization that unites separate states under the governance of a single political system to ensure both that the individual states are allowed to maintain much of their autonomy while also allowing them to share in the greater power of a larger country."

Tags:power, government, Revolution, power, authority, President, politics, welfare

Abstract
This paper examines the progressive income tax as a policy designed to redistribute income in Canada. It describes the mechanism or process, evaluates it and proposes alternatives or amendments to the current system.

Abstract
The following paper explores the capabilities as well as the possibilities when it comes to the maintenance or invasion of privacy in creating safety precautions without violating the constitution. This paper focuses on the need to be careful of violating the constitutional rights of the American people, even though the American government continues to seek out terrorists.

From the Paper
"America is known throughout the world as the land of the free. The United States Constitution lays out the protected freedoms of Americans more clearly than any other constitution in the world. The freedoms and the protection of privacy in this country is something that millions of immigrants flock to take part in each year as they start their life anew in the United States of America. Following the events of 9-11 however, a nervous eye has been cast in the direction of privacy issues. Wire tapping, listening in on cell phone conversations and using those conversations in court, and email privacy have all come under scrutiny. Before the attacks on the World Trade Center, the answer was very clear concerning privacy in these areas."

Tags:safety, precautions, nation, residents, amendments, surveillance, seizure, jurisdiction, controversial

From the Paper
"Executive Summary
Gun control has been a contentious issue in American politics for some time. Government regulation of guns has long affected the gun industry and has raised issues of how government action can add to costs without assuring greater safety. Recently, several cities have undertaken a new approach by suing gun manufacturers for the way their product is used, extending the idea of product liability in the same way earlier litigation did with the tobacco industry. The cities want the manufacturers to reimburse them for health care costs associated with shootings. This has generated considerable controversy. Those opposed to gun regulations are of course against this sort of litigation, but even many supporters of gun control find that this is the wrong method for achieving their ends and that such..."

Abstract
This paper looks at the radical changes in women's roles and rights in America during the 18th and 19th centuries. The paper begins by briefly looking at their legal status in the 16th and 17th centuries. Next, the paper turns to a discussion of the struggle for women's rights within the context of the Age of Enlightenment, which began during the 18th century. The paper shows that while strides were being made, much progress was denied by the very men who were agitating for social change within the upper echelons of power. The paper then examines the impact of the Industrial Revolution on women's roles in society. Within the context of social change, the paper looks at the role of women in the abolitionist movement and examines how the suffrage movement for women differed from that for former slaves. The paper concludes with a discussion of the 19th amendment, giving women the right to vote.

Outline
Women's Legal Status in the 16th and 17th Century
Women's Rights in the 18th Century
Women and the Industrial Revolution
Women Abolitionists
Women's versus Black Man's Suffrage After the Civil War
Introduction of the Women's Suffrage Amendment
Women's Suffrage Becomes a Reality in 1920
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The modern Western struggle for women's rights began in the 18th century during the Age of Enlightenment. Political philosophers in Europe began to question traditional ideas that based the rights of citizens on their wealth and social status. Instead, leaders of the Enlightenment argued that all individuals were born with natural rights, and improved education and more egalitarian social structures could correct inequalities. Such radical ideas about equality and the rights of citizens helped inspire both the American Revolution in 1775 and the French Revolution in 1789--and spurred many women to claim equal rights as well. The fact was that women actually suffered many set backs in their unwritten rights during the "Age of Enlightenment". Earlier women of means had been writers, poets, dramatists, painters and thinkers. Rousseau's contention that women were not rational helped relegate many women to the status of "beast of burden". Where the wealthy had formally educated their women in the 16th and 17th Century so that they could intelligently discuss everything from politics to mathematics, this became less fashionable in the 18th Century."

Tags:suffrage, right, to, vote, 19th, amendment, industrial, revolution, age, of, enlightment, rousseau