Abstract This paper discusses one of the most contentious issues in contemporary American life, birth control.
This paper examines birth control in America and argues that birth control is something which should be readily available to all citizens just as long as certain protocols are followed. In so doing, however, this paper also points out the arguments of those who are unconvinced that wide spread birth control is desirable. In the end, this paper's central contention is that having a child is an enormously challenging development in the lives of young people (or old people, for that matter) and it should only be undertaken if the parents (or parent) possess the maturity, the desire and the resources necessary to do the job well.
A history abd analysis of the appointment process, politics, ideology, the role of the Senate and special interest groups, including two theoretical models.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 4 sources, 1999, $ 119.95
Abstract The process of appointing Associate Justices to the United States Supreme Court in the latter part of the twentieth century has become a highly contentious, politically charged, and extremely expensive ordeal. From the founding of the Supreme Court through the early portion of the twentieth-century, appointments were administered primarily as political patronage. However, by the 1980s, the process of appointing judges to our highest Court has become so contentious that the rate of judges rejected by Congress has continued to accelerate.
From the Paper "The process of appointing Associate Justices to the United States Supreme Court in the latter part of the twentieth century has become a highly contentious, politically charged, and extremely expensive ordeal. From the founding of the Supreme Court through the early portion of the twentieth-century, appointments were administered primarily as political patronage. However, by the 1980s, the process of appointing judges to our highest Court has become so contentious that the rate of judges rejected by Congress has continued to accelerate.
The first section of this paper will contain a historical overview of the development of the Supreme Court as well as the transformation of the appointment process. Section two will look at two models proposed by political scientists to explain the nature of this transformation. Section three will summarize ..."
Abstract This essay examines the ways certain kinds of information are suppressed and censored in academic contexts as a way to advocate a politically correct relation to intellectual activity. By suppressing and censoring activities such as race science and historical revisionism, the possibility of teaching intellectuals how to interact with contradictory and contentious information is eclipsed. In this paper, regulations of free speech are explored with regards to contentious kinds of information in academic communities, and compared to the ideas of Orwell's novel 1984.
Abstract This paper deals with the politics and reasons of Alexander the Greats? conquests. The author covers the effects on the conquered population, major clashes and military structuring during his conquests.
From the Paper:
"With the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War, Greek city-states never forgot that they were Greeks. But the Spartans, Athenians Thebans, and others were weakened to the point where Phillip II of Macedonia could influence them from the north. In the wake of their brutal civil war between the Greeks, their fierce, contentious independence made the Macedonian's the unlikely conqueror to the Greeks, who were caught off guard. Phillip II set himself up as a protector of Greece . He had formed the cities into a league that in light of the Greek's disregard for conquest. This action served to help Phillip II's son Alexander to put together the biggest empire yet."
Tags: conqueror, greeks, history, ii, macedonia, phillip, sparta, athens, deity
Abstract This paper discusses abortion on a pragmatic level of when human life actually begins. It explores the Japanese culture and Buddhism in its respect for life and the essence of the spirit and compares it those views of American Christianity. It shows further, how each views life in the context of abortion.
From the paper:
"...at the heart of this debate is the ethical and religious question of "when does human life begin"? Perhaps one of the reasons the issue is both so contentious and so difficult, and why such little light has been shed upon it, is that there are deeper issues at hand than that of politics or law. To explore these issues without passing judgment on the issue in a legalistic fashion is important. Religion is at the heart of this debate, and this paper will attempt to explore notions of the nature of human life from a comparative perspective to give a fresh view on this rather tired issue. It will examine the radically different fashion in which abortion is conceived of in contemporary Japanese Buddhism versus contemporary American Christianity. Through looking at these religions through this very specific focus this paper will also attempt to explicate differences between these two religions in their different cultural contexts in a larger fashion."
Abstract This essay explains how marriage is a topic that divides feminists today. Some proclaim it a dead institution that has injured women, others simply condemn the way it has functioned as an institution, and other feminists are married or seek to be legally married to their female partners. The confining or ameliorative effects of marriage also continues to be a contentious topic in the popular and political media, even amongst individuals whom are not supremely concerned with feminism as their life's work.
From the Paper ?It was during the early part of the 1700s when her most influential books and political and religious treatises were published. Astell wrote long before Elizabeth Cady Stanton, even long before Mary Woolstonecraft penned her influential tracts on women's rights, even before these women were born. Yet the author Ruth Perry has named Mary Astell as one of the first "feminist theorists" and stated that Astell's ?first three books were feminist books" (8).?
Abstract This essay examines the main issues that were involved in the contentious debate over American literary nationalism at the beginning of the 19th century in the United States. The English critic Sidney Smith's biting comment "Who reads an American book"? is discussed, in terms of how it continued, and helped perpetuate, the debate about American literary nationalism. Further, this essay outlines how Washington Irving's tales in "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon" helped to fulfill the need for a unique, American literature that was noted by the Englishman Sidney Smith.
From the Paper "There were several main issues that fired the contentious debate over American literary nationalism at the beginning of the 19th century, in the United States. The debate surrounded the apparent inability of American authors to produce quality literature. Certainly, America had received its political independence from Britain long before the 19th century, but in terms of art and literature, America had failed to produce works that were equal (of better) in quality to those produced in Great Britain. Certainly, and most importantly, the major point of this debate was that there was no clearly unique style of American literature. Equally important was the perception that the American literature produced was inferior in quality to that produced by British authors (Early). Interestingly, this inability to produce quality literature was reflected in the lacklustre sense of American cultural identity. In Adventures in American Literature: Classic Edition, James Early suggests that a strong sense of American cultural identity needed to be rooted in a "significant national literature"."
Tags: novel, literature, american, national, book, english
Abstract This paper describes the great benefits of the bi-lingual nature of the population of the United States today. The paper illustrates how historically American was a great immigrant melting pot with many languages from the colonial population's mother country. The author states that the United States is still the same immigrant nation, and that this quality of diversity and multi-cultural and multi-lingual society can only strengthen America. The paper states that the cultural paranoia of English as the only official language weakens the nation as a whole.
From the Paper "Just as languages, other than English have at all times been a part of our history and culture, debate over founding a national language dates back to the country's initial stages. John Adams proposed to the Continental Congress in 1780 that an official academy be shaped to "purify, develop, and dictate usage of," English. His suggestion was discarded as unjust and a danger to personal freedom. However, limiting language laws have been passed from time to time since the late 19th century, generally in an answer to new waves of immigration. These laws, in tradition if not in purpose, have punished immigrants for their foreignness and violated their rights."
Examines the economic and political background, effects and provisions of the Welfare Reform Law of 1996, focusing on the effectiveness and problems of the participation of businesses.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 24 sources, 1999, $ 127.95
Abstract Substantive welfare reform was a contentious political issue in the United States from the day of the election of President Clinton in 1992 (Minow & Weissbourd, 1993) through 1996, when a welfare reform law was enacted (Riccio & Hasenfeld, 1996). The issue assumed even greater significance following the election of a Republican majority in the Congress in 1994.
From the Paper "WELFARE REFORM: BUSINESS PARTICIPATION IN WELFARE-TO-WORK PROGRAMS
Introduction
Substantive welfare reform was a contentious political issue in the United States from the day of the election of President Clinton in 1992 (Minow & Weissbourd, 1993) through 1996, when a welfare reform law was enacted (Riccio & Hasenfeld, 1996). The issue assumed even greater significance following the election of a Republican majority in the Congress in 1994. Both the Democratic Administration and the Republican majority in the Congress favored welfare reform; however, each side has a different set of priorities (Chi, 1997).
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PL 104-193), more generally known as the ..."
Social psychological analysis of reasons for these shows' popularity and the guests' willingness to discuss private matters, the social role of the shows, problem-solving and therapeutic effects.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 6 sources, 1999, $ 95.95
Abstract It is clear why television networks favor daytime talk shows with sensational subject matter and contentious guests over daytime talk shows with serious purpose and dignity. As is most apparent with the Jerry Springer show, the sensational shows garner ratings.
From the Paper "America Spills Its Guts
Introduction
It is clear why television networks favor daytime talk shows with sensational subject matter and contentious guests over daytime talk shows with serious purpose and dignity. As is most apparent with the Jerry Springer show, the sensational shows garner ratings. Springer even out polled Oprah with his emphasis on violent confrontations.
However, even more serious talk shows, like Oprah, emphasize subjects that are highly personal and showcase guests who are willing to spill their guts about private matters. This is less understandable. The intention in this paper is to look at some of the theories about why people spill their guts on daytime talk television, with a focus on Phil Donahue as the forerunner and ..."
Abstract This paper points out that despite the centrality of sexuality within modern life, the scriptural responses to same-sex are relatively few. The paper discusses that misinterpreting Paul is not only heterosexism but also homophobia. This paper states that homophobia can lead to poor historical scholarship and a lack of concern for putting words into their ancient, rather than modern context.
From the Paper "One of these references can be found in one of the letters of the Apostle Paul in Romans 1.18-32. This passage has long been used to justify Catholic condemnation of homosexual practices, as well as the larger conservative Christian rejection of homosexual marriage. However, this interpretation is far from absolute."
Tags: sexuality, scripture, same-sex, homophobia, scholarship, ancient, modern, context, marriage
Abstract Since 1956 the Georgia State flag has had the Confederate emblem incorporated into it. This remains a contentious issue in the state that considers itself both to be the heart of Dixie and also the heart of the new, enlightened, progressive South. This paper examines the history leading up to the current protests over the state flag and the particular tenure of the most recent debates, ending with arguments over why the flag should remain.
From the Paper "The flag was raised in part as a measure of defiance against Civil Rights laws, but also to commemorate the Civil War centennial. In 1962 it was an act of defiance toward a federal government forcing an end to the segregated South. But now, for many in the state it is no longer a symbol of slavery, which is something for the history books, or segregation, which too is being pushed into the history books as well. The flag for these Georgians is not a symbol of slavery but of loyalty to a shared heritage only they can truly understand (Buckley B7). It is also an emblem of the fact that the South still possesses a local and distinct sense of identity that has been lost to the homogenizing forces of mass media and modern culture in so much of the rest of the country (Los Angeles Times A18)."
Abstract The first part reviews briefly the functioning of the multilateral trade fora and India's participation in it. The key issues of the WTO in the Development Round are discussed in the next part. India's concerns are analyzed in the third part. The fourth part focuses on the core areas of conflict and analyzes the possible outcomes given the bargaining power and capabilities of the players in the international political economy. In conclusion the paper focuses on the strategies which India should take based on findings of where her real interests lie. The future of India's participation in the WTO and extent of its probable integration in the world economy is also discussed.
Introduction
GATT and the WTO
India and GATT/WTO
WTO's Development Round: Key Issues
India's Concerns
Core Issues and Possible Outcomes
India in the WTO: A Broader Perspective
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "In almost half a century GATT had eight trade negotiating rounds. In the early years, the GATT trade rounds concentrated on reducing tariffs. A new issue was introduced in the Kennedy Round in the mid-sixties which brought about a GATT Anti-Dumping Agreement. The Tokyo Round during the seventies was the first major attempt to tackle non tariff trade barriers and to improve the trading system. The eighth, the Uruguay Round of 1986-94, was the latest and most extensive of all. It led to the WTO and a new set of agreements covering for the first time trade in services and intellectual property.
The success of GATT in promoting and securing the liberalization of much of world trade is universally recognized. Continual reductions in tariffs may have been the major factor in very high rates of world trade growth during the 1950s and 1960s ? around 8% a year on average. The momentum of trade liberalization helped ensure that trade growth consistently out-paced production growth throughout the GATT era, a measure of countries? increasing ability to trade with each other and to reap the benefits of trade. The rush of new members during the Uruguay Round demonstrated that the multilateral trading system was sought after by countries seeking faster development by economic and trade reform."
Abstract The history of federalism in the U.S. has been one in which the struggle or conflict between the central government and the states has continued to this day. The paper shows that the central concern of the 2000 Presidential election was how much power the federal government should have in relation to the states and individuals--with respect to taxation, abortion, education, health care and so on. Clearly, the contentious debate over federalism is as alive today as it was over 200 years ago at the founding of the nation. The paper explains that the purpose of federalism was to maintain a central government which was strong enough to keep the states together, to provide security for those states and through those states and yet to be restricted from gathering too much power unto itself which would lead to the kind of tyranny the colonists had just thrown off through the Revolutionary War.
From the Paper "The inclusion of the Bill of Rights was one of the first essential compromises on the part of the Federalists in order to get the Constitution ratified by the states. Jeffrey St. John writes, for example, of the delicate balance of James Madison, a Federalist, in hammering out one agreement. The Anti-Federalists called for a ban on a peacetime professional army, but Madison offered "the Second Amendment, giving citizens the right to keep and bear arms, and the Third Amendment, banning the quartering of troops in private homes in peacetime and requiring a law to do so in wartime" (St. John xxii). Madison thereby won federalism the strong arm of a military instead of leaving protection of the new nation to separate state militias."
Tags: Bill, of, Rights, Clinton, Civil, War, New, Deal
This paper discusses that in "Lyndon Johnson's War" author Michael Hunt provides the reader with a synopsis of the factors leading to the United States involvement and, later, its first defeat in a foreign war.
Abstract This paper explains that more than 25 years after the last helicopter lifted from the United States embassy in Saigon, the Vietnam War continues to cast a shadow on American history and continues to be the subject of contentious debate.The paper says that, for Hunt, one of the biggest failings of U.S. policy in Southeast Asia was the government's inability or unwillingness to view the war from the perspective of the North Vietnamese. The author believes that the major shortcoming of "Lyndon Johnson's War" is that it failed to present the relationship between the Cold War presidencies.
From the Paper "Johnson's government subscribed to the prevailing ?domino theory,? the idea that if Vietnam falls to Communism, other satellite countries would follow. Like his predecessor President Eisenhower, Johnson believed that Communism was inimical to the free world. The domino theory reveals a view of Communism as a monolithic aggression. It did not recognize the nuances of the motives of the North Vietnamese people and their sympathizers. The Vietnam War was thus fought with the ultimate goal of containment in mind, with keeping Communism from spreading around Asia and, by extension, the rest of the world."
