Abstract
This paper discusses three cases: The funding of infrastructure improvements without creating unfair taxation in a city government, the returning of delinquent and abandoned properties to the tax rolls in a county government and the application of user fees to resolve a regional pollution problem. The author believes that even the schools can be more market oriented.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Tallahassee Florida: Market Orientation on a City Level
Cuyahoga County, Ohio: Market Orientation at a County Level
SCAQMD: Market Orientation on a Regional Level
User Fees

From the Paper
"In doing this, Tallahassee was following the example of the Federal Government's user fees, which, according to a report to Congress generated more than $196.4 billion in revenues during FY 96. The fees were agricultural commodity grading fees, trademark registration fees, and park entrance fees- [and amounted to] 12 percent of all federal revenues collected...and was more than twice the amount collected from excise taxes, estate and gift taxes and customs duties combined. User fee collections have grown steadily since the early 1980s and have played several roles in the federal budget."

Tags:infrastructure, properties, pollution, schools, fees

Abstract
This paper explains that service orientation architectures are required because of the significant increase in the amount of data and information, which companies and organization have to handle, and a substantial increase in the complexity of the technologies, which store this information received from a multiplicity of sources. The author points out that the methodology behind SOA identifies software architectures in a more refined manner by placing greater focus on the exchanges amongst large software components. The paper relates that the method of service orientation emphasizes re-usability by separating the interface to an operation from its internal implementation.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Rationale for the Study
Background Information: Impact on the Information Architecture
Problem Statement
Research Questions
Glossary of Terms
Service Oriented Architectures
Benefits to Enterprises
Approaches to Integration
Principles of SOA
Share a Formal Contract
Loosely Coupled
Abstract Underlying Logic
Composable
Reusable
Autonomy of Services
Stateless Services
Discoverability of Services
XML Structure
Technologies: XML and Web Services
Web Services
Approaches to Service Enablement
Service Proxies
Service Adapters
Implementation and Management of SOA
Unified Information Views
Data Sources
Data Transformations and ESB
ESB
Access, Security and Security Integration
Integration with Enterprise Security
Discussion and Conclusions

From the Paper
"Although Service Oriented Architectures have become popular in recent years, the majority of enterprise architectures are not enabled for service-orientation. Businesses will therefore have to alter their enterprise architectures in order to benefit from the advantages of service orientation - a flexible, extensible, and evolvable architecture. The research will investigate ways of enabling enterprise architectures for service orientation and how an enterprise wide adoption will impact on it. The research will also address issues such as SOA integration principles, data sources and transformations, access and security and integration."

Tags:data, multiplicity, esb, xml

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of policing. Specifically, it examines the nature and scope of policing through community-oriented police techniques. The paper begins by describing what community policing is. It then describes the factors that challenge law enforcement and discusses how community policing can be beneficial to improving policing.

Table of Contents:
What is Community Policing?
Police Professionalism and Community Policing
What is Community Policing?
Police Professionalism and Community Policing
The Four Factors That Challenge Law Enforcement
Other Challenges
Two Strategies for Creating Better Police Officers

From the Paper
"Another strategy could be increased training in sociological and psychological skills for new officers. This would include more public service training on how to deal with members of the community, as well as how to recognize specific social problems within the community, such as abusive relationships, gang activity, and a host of other problems officers might eventually encounter or uncover. In addition, it seems that officers are extremely vulnerable to stresses that occur with the job, and if they could receive more psychological training, it might help them recognize certain destructive behaviors in themselves and fellow officers. Stress management techniques as a part of this training would be extremely effective. After initial training, stress management activities within the department might also make a difference. For example, the department might offer free off-site yoga classes, or other stress management activities officers and their families could participate in if they chose. It would also help to include some family counseling activities for family members who are suffering stress from their loved ones' jobs, since dissatisfied family members can be another source of stress for the officer. Most people understand the role of a police officer is stressful, but many young recruits may not anticipate the many stressful situations that appear in every aspect of the job, and so, they may not be able to deal with all of them as effectively as they could. Stress management training and continued support could help all the officers in the department."

Tags:partnering, criminal, neighborhood

Abstract
This paper explains that object-oriented programming, a widely used and popular approach in software design and development, has the capability of presenting solutions, which are flexible and applicable in a variety of applications. The author relates that design patterns are reusable object components that can support diverse application development needs, providing readily available solutions even to complex programming problems. This paper explains 8 design patterns. Illustrations.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Design Patterns
Iterator
Software Factory Pattern
Singleton Pattern
Composite Pattern
Flyweight Pattern
Proxy Pattern
Facade Pattern
Observer Pattern

From the Paper
"The practice of considering the proper elements of a good software design patterns plays an essential role to an easy development and maintenance of applications and systems. A good software design pattern provides a well-engineered architecture of programming commands and procedures in which the solution it brings encapsulates the universal solution of the problem it covers, thereby, making it a standard and applicable component to other software development tasks. A real design pattern also should allow the possibility of a community of developers to either fully utilize the same pattern or use the pattern as a solution reference applied with minimal changes."

Tags:elements, development, maintenance, library, components

Abstract
This paper focuses on the various benefits of adopting a community policing approach. Community policing is considered one of the most effective strategies available to reduce neighborhood crimes, create a sense of security and reduce fear of crimes among the citizens. Combining the efforts of the police department, the members of the community and the local government can help in the accomplishment of all these objectives to develop a healthy and clean society. This paper details the history of community oriented policing (C.O.P) which has become the new model of law enforcement replacing the traditional para-military style of policing. This paper also discusses the various supporters of community policing who firmly believe that this approach has enough potential to serve as a model for remarkable reforms and improvements in the entire system of policing and justice. The writer of this paper also examines the downside to this particular approach of law enforcement. The primary reason for the failure of C.O.P in some situations is the unwillingness of the community members to cooperate with the police officials, the lack of support from the police department itself or the absence of a proper policing system.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Keeping a Balance
A New Model of Policing
History of Community Policing
Supporters of Community Policing
Criticism on C.O.P
Implementation Challenges of COP
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"A number of studies were conducted in order to find out the cause of the problem and to define the solutions for it. Studies revealed that the traditional practice of continuous patrolling and other highly reactive approaches to combat crime has not helped in any way to reduce the crime rate prevailing in the society. These circumstances lead to the recognition on the part of the government that problems relating to crime fighting and the problems relating to the relationship between the police and the community are interrelated. In 1967, the President's commission on Law enforcement and administration of justice proposed that a new kind of police system should be introduced. In the later years this proposal provided the ground for the establishment of a new model for policing. The philosophy being adopted to develop this model was focused on creating a law enforcement system, which tries to bring the police and the general public in close relationships and provides the police department an opportunity to solve the community problems."

Tags:community, crime, police, enforcement, law

Abstract
The writer of this paper defines the term Orientalism, which comes from the Latin word oriens, as the rising sun, which generally implies, 'the East.' This paper focuses on the culture, religion, art and history of Orientalism. This paper explores the European view of Islam throughout history. The writer explains that during the birth of Christianity and Islam there was a distinct difference between European Christian cultures and those of East and North Africa, which are detailed at length in this paper. During the Middle Ages the European Christians denounced the Islamic people as the enemies of Christendom, due to their lack of knowledge of Eastern culture. This paper discusses how the Enlightenment thinkers of the 18th century viewed the Eastern culture as being superior to that of the Christian west. This paper illustrates that Islamic societies were praised for their religious tolerance when compared with Christian west. This paper also delves into those who opposed the Orientalist culture, such as James Mill, who believed that Eastern civilizations were stagnant and corrupt and Karl Marx who believed that Eastern methods of production were static. Christian evangelists further maligned Eastern traditions as superstitious nonsense. This paper also examines the rich artistic history of the Oriental culture. Depictions of Islamic Moors were found in Medieval and Renaissance art, but it wasn't until the 19th century that Orientalism became recognized in the arts. This paper also details the outspoken views and opinions of political activist and author Edward Said.

Table of Contents:
Definition of Orientalism
History of Orientalism
Orientalism in the Arts
History of Orientalism in the Arts
Edward Said and Orientalism
References

From the Paper
"Photography was still in its infancy and did not allow for the capture of the sunlight, the colors and the mood in which a painter could. With the iconoclastic nature of Islam, and the forbidding of the depiction of the prophet Muhammad, there was little representational art in Islam. Most of their artwork was centered on pattern and design. For this reason, the Muslim world had very little visual record of their history, including the people and the cities that existed prior to modern photography. Today, still, the best visual record of exotic cities like Cairo or Damascus, prior to the advent of modern photography, exists in 19th century paintings by Europeans and Americans. In the mid to late 19th century, painters from every country in Europe and from across the oceans in America, came to the East."

Tags:art, islam, africa, north, europe, christianity, conflict, culture, history, edward, said

Abstract
This paper explains that the department store's training and orientation program for new employees stresses the expectations and policies of company, basic selling skills, training for quality service and the operation the custom computerized cash registers. Next, the author details the contents of each of the three days of the program. The paper also looks at the company's employee development workshops in which employees' selling and technological skills are upgraded and their work is reviewed and rewarded.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Day One
Day Two
Day Three
Continuing Training

From the Paper
"The new personnel will be given a short quiz, which will determine for them and their trainer their particular personality and reveal how they look upon a new person who is visiting the store. With the results of this test, the trainer may then go over the procedures which the new personnel might use to help the customer, to make the customer feel more at ease and more inclined to continue searching for what they want within the Department Store, rather than moving on to another store.
"Moving from this base of a "comfortable customer," a customer who feels that the sales clerk is genuinely interested in their particular need, the trainer will advance to the psychology of sales, and demonstrate how to help a customer find and choose which product they want from the selection in the Department Store. After the customer has chosen and paid for their product, the sales clerk is taught what the Department Store suggests they say to ensure that the customer will return to purchase more of the same type of goods in the future, or find unrelated products not in the sales clerk's department: "I hope you enjoy your product. If you have any problems with it whatsoever, please bring it back to us and we will make sure you are satisfied.""

Tags:procedures, computerized cash registers, customer relations, input improvement

Abstract
This paper explains that, around the world, historically gynecology practices and perspectives on medical care often vary with societal cultures and religious beliefs and practices. The author points out that the Western approach to medicine is evidence-based, which most individuals think has a scientific basis for the diagnostic and treatment techniques that range from observation to invasive techniques. The paper relates that Oriental medicine, with its cultural roots in Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism, stresses therapeutic interventions, which are relatively non-invasive and includes recommendations on diet, exercise and medication that the patient performs themselves and practitioner administered therapies that incorporate for example cupping, the burning of herbs, acupuncture or medicinal herbs brewed as a tea.

Table of Contents:
Gynecology Defined
Western Medicine
Oriental Medicine
Case Study
Western Intervention
Oriental Intervention

From the Paper
"A more contemporary approach to Oriental medicine states that fibroid tumors are usually associated with a "sedentary lifestyle and a diet high in animal fats and refined foods (white flour and sugar) cause[ing] a buildup of toxins." As such, a diet limiting these types of foods and a blend of Chinese herbs to reduce the tumor and increase blood circulation to aide in detoxifying the patient are utilized. Once fibroid tumors are suspected, or are diagnosed through traditional Western medical methods and the patient subsequently seeks treatment from a physician specializing in Oriental medicine. "the treatment is usually invasive. For fibroid tumors, heated herbal abdominal wraps are used to increase lymph node drainage while magnetic therapy can be used to stop the tumor growth and associated inflammation (Woods, 2000). Additionally, acupuncture treatments, ranging from several times a week to monthly are usually indicated (Wood, 2000).

Tags:myomectomy, tongue, lifestyle, trust, teas

Abstract
This paper describes and reviews the textbook "Professional Orientation to Counseling" by Nicholas A. Vacc and Larry C. Loesch which was written as a reference guide to counselors and future counselors. Additionally this book is intended to be a study guide for those taking the National Counselor Examination for Licensure and Certification. The book is further described as being is made up of eight sections and 16 chapters which address concerns, ethics, and skills of professional counselors and those who may aspire to be in the future. The paper details each chapter, giving a lengthy overview of its topic and contents. The paper concludes with the reviewer's opinion of the work, which is very positive.

From the Paper
"The first chapter of this text gives an overview of what counseling is. Vacc and Loesch (2000) break counseling down with ten aspects of counseling. First counseling is a process, which means it is on-going. Second the essence of the counseling process is the relationship. The third aspect is that the person providing the service is known as the counselor. The fourth aspect is that the counselor is a professional. Fifth, the person who is getting the help is known as the clients. The sixth aspect of counseling is that it takes place in stages. The seventh aspect is that counseling is multidimensional. Eighth, counseling can use a variety of modalities. Ninth, counseling can be provided using either remedial or preventative perspectives or both. And lastly counseling is amenable to evaluation. I believe that the authors addressed this issue first, because in order to understand the world of professional counseling you must know what professional counseling is."

Tags:school counseling, disclosure, behavior modification, helping skills

Abstract
This paper reveals that, while many studies suggest a strong genetic and biological basis to sexual orientation, there is little causal evidence to support this claim; therefore, this research proposal attempts to resolve conflicting evidence that male homosexuality is correlated with similarities in the genetic markers from region Xq28 of the X chromosome. The author points out that, interestingly, female homosexuals have not been shown to exhibit a similarity in a specific genetic locus. Studies on the Xq28 region showed that the Xq28 region of the X chromosome was similar in only male homosexuals and not female homosexuals. The paper stresses that this proposed study attempts to address many of the common methodological problems that have been associated with research into the genetic basis of homosexuality in the past, including common use of self-selecting samples, small sample sizes, and problems with the definition of homosexuality.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Proposed Research
Materials, Methods, and Procedures
Statistical Analysis
Expected Findings and Relevance

From the Paper
"Sexual orientation has also been linked to hormonal changes during pregnancy. The probability that a male child will have a homosexual sexual orientation as an adult increases nearly 33% for each older brother that the child has, while older sisters have no effect on the sexual orientation of a younger, male sibling. An immune response within the mother during pregnancy may account for this effect. Specifically, the mother may produce anti-H-Y antigens during pregnancy that affect aspects of sexual differentiation that occur during development. In addition, homosexual males who have older brothers weigh less at birth than heterosexual males with older brothers who in turn weigh less than heterosexual males with older sisters."

Tags:kinsey, sib-pair, causal, markers, definition