Abstract
This paper explains that the historiography of the origins of the Cold War passes through three chronologically defined and ideologically distinct phases, which can be called "traditionalist," "revisionist," and "post-revisionist." Each reflects the cultural and political attitudes prevailing in the wider Cold War context of the particular era in which it flourished. The author points out that some historians believe that power politics and strategic considerations were more important than ideology in determining Soviet policy and behavior; therefore, the Cold War resulted from a contest of great powers, not a conflict of ideologies, and both the United States and the Soviet Union bear responsibility for the origins of the Cold War. The paper relates that a new element, which reflects important trends in modern Cold War scholarship, concerns the personality of Stalin, the nature of authoritarian government, and the character and content of Communist ideology.

From the Paper
"From the end of the Second World War until the mid-1960s, the "traditionalists" held the field with a standpoint that can be summarized as essentially pro-American/pro-Western and anti-Soviet. Essentially, such scholars held the Soviet Union responsible for the onset of the Cold War by undermining the Second World War alliance between East and West, increasing the level of military confrontation between Russia and America, and acting aggressively to promote the imposition and spread of Communism in Europe and elsewhere. It was thus argued that the United States was correct in its policy of containment towards the USSR and the Eastern Bloc, and that the American position was essentially a defensive one forced upon it by the hostility and aggression of the Communist East."

Tags:traditionalist, revisionist, post-revisionist, contest, stalin

Abstract
This paper explains that a specific movement in geopolitics of the Cold War begins after the 1945 Conference at Yalta where the Soviets and the Americans drew up specific agreements, which were designed to direct international affairs. It matters little what the accords were because Stalin immediately began violating the agreement. The author points out the idea behind the policy of detente was that rival blocs would increase diplomatic, commercial, and cultural contacts in an attempt to reduce tensions; however, the end of each detente period was marked by a specific and flagrant inequality that invariably led to additional hostilities, such as the invasion of Czechoslovakia by Communists and the erection of the Berlin Wall. The paper states that the eventual fall of communism was assumed to be caused by decades of geopolitical pressures by the Western powers, but the fall of Communism had as much to do with the nature of the ideology and its inevitable rejection by individuals seeking freedom.

Table of Contents
Cold War Periods
Detente
An Uneasy Truce
The Soviet Destruction
The Fall of Communism

From the Paper
"During the decades that the Cold War encompassed, anti-Communist world politicians were viewed as belligerent and bellicose and yet, the strength that was so vocally decried by various Soviet sympathizers around the world, eventually led to the destruction of one of the most tyrannical governments in recorded history. American nuclear power incensed Soviet leaders and left-leaning politicians around the world but for differing reasons. Soviet leaders understood that the great power the United States was amassing would be difficult if not impossible to overcome but sympathizers for the communist way of thinking viewed American nuclear power as the ultimate threat to world peace."

Tags:stalin, invasion, kennedy, nato, expansionism

Abstract
This paper is about United States and Soviet Union relations in the Cold War period. The author investigates the causes of this war, positions of the countries which took part in it, the main events of the war and the effects that the Cold War had on the diplomacy of the United States.

Table of Contents.

Introduction.
Chapter 1: Historical Background of the Cold War.
1.1 The Historical Context.
1.2 Causes and Interpretations. Chapter 2: The Cold War Chronology.
2.1 The War Years
2.2 The Truman Doctrine.
2.3 The Marshall Plan.
Chapter 3: The Role of Cold War in American History and Diplomacy.
3.1 Declaration of the Cold War.
3.2 ?old War Issues
Conclusion
Glossary
References

From the Paper
"The Cold War was characterized by mutual distrust, suspicion and misunderstanding by both the United States and Soviet Union, and their allies. At times, these conditions increased the likelihood of the third world war. The United States accused the USSR of seeking to expand Communism throughout the world. The Soviets, meanwhile, charged the United States with practicing imperialism and with attempting to stop revolutionary activity in other countries. Each block's vision of the world contributed to East-West tension. The United States wanted a world of independent nations based on democratic principles. The Soviet Union, however, tried control areas it considered vital to its national interest, including much of Eastern Europe."

Tags:government, policy, citizens, civilians, death, destruction

Abstract
This paper explains that the Cold War was a globalized conflict, which dragged every nation into the geopolitical game being played by U.S.S.R. and the U.S. It shows how the third world nations of Africa, Middle East, Asia and Latin America had severe economic repercussions under the shadow of the superpowers. The author points out that the 'Guatemalan Affair' is an instance of how the U.S. used its economic might to create instability in this Latin nation and use the opportunity to install a favorable puppet government. The paper relates that the Cold War had a positive effect of the economic recovery of Japan and Germany, spurred scientific research and served as a proxy war.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Cold War (Effect on Japan and West Germany)
Effect on Third World Countries
Guatemala Affair
Cold War and Africa
Iran-Contra Affair
Cuban Missile Crisis
Gorbachev and the End of Cold War
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Gorbachev's presidency marked a new dawn in the relationships between U.S. and the Soviet Union. It was during his tenure that the INF treaty (Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces) was signed that eliminated all nuclear arms in the range of 500 and 5500 Kilometers. The early nineties however meant an economic downturn for the soviets and many European countries and the soaring unemployment under the socialist policies created poverty and social unrest. The Soviet Union was forced to enter the open market in exchange for aid. The ensuing coup saw the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the declaration of independence by the republics. Thus the death of the soviet empire marked the end of the Cold War."

Tags:pigs, game, guatemalan, third, proxy

Abstract
This paper presents a background and history of the Cold War. The paper explains the origins of the war including the main characters and countries involved in it. The writer then offers an interpretation of the main causes behind the conflict and how it developed into the long-term conflict it became. Finally, the paper examines its effect on Europe, the United States and the rest of the world.

Contents:
Introduction
The Origins
The Main Causes
Start of the Cold War
The Cold War Intensifies in Europe
Division of Germany
Other Tit-for-Tat Cold War Events in Europe
How the Cold War Affected the Rest of the World?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Although the Cold War occurred after the Second World War, it had its roots in the events that took place towards the fag end of World War I. At the time of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, the First World War was nearing its end; Russia's new Communist leader Vladimir Lenin decided to withdraw his country from the war. Military intervention in Russia by the United States, Britain, France, and Japan, soon followed? purportedly to restore the collapsed Eastern Front in their war effort against Germany. (Legvold, para on ?Background.?) The Communist Russia saw the intervention as an attempt to undermine the fledgling revolution. This sowed the seeds of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States that came to fore several decades later in the post World War II period."

Tags:russia, soviet, union, america, united, states, communism, democracy

Abstract
This paper explores the history of conflict in Europe, focusing on modern day times, after World War II and specifically the end of the Cold War. The essay considers some implications of the end of the Cold War for future conflict in Europe and elsewhere. The Cold War itself is discussed first, as an extension of the familiar system of state, followed by a discussion of the Cold War experience, with consideration given to the means of making war, by whom war can be made, and implications for the future development of global power relationships.

Contents:
Introduction
Multipolar to Bipolar and Beyond: The End of Classical Theory
Who Makes War?
Conflict Beyond States
References

From the Paper
"Prior to 1914, Europe was spared a full general coalition war during the 99 years between Waterloo and Sarajevo, but the Crimean War arguably fell just short of qualifying, while the years between 1815 and 1871 saw several wars between individual Great Powers as well as the nearly continent-wide abortive revolution of 1848. The nearly half-century between 1871 and 1914 (a period comparable in length to the Cold War era) saw no wars between major powers, but repeated wars in the Balkans, out of which a general great-power war finally arose. Going back further still, war was endemic in Europe through the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries."

Tags:russia, america, china, weapons, conventional, military, 20th, century

Abstract
This paper explains that the Cold War began as WWII was ending when, at Yalta in 1945, the principal allies, which included the Soviet Union, England and the United States, were dividing up the spoils. The author points out that a profound result of the Cold War was seen in domestic politics in America, as the politics of anticommunism rather than the politics of liberalism emerged to dominate American political life through the demagoguery of the junior U.S. Senator from Wisconsin, Joe McCarthy. The paper relates that the hippie movement of the 1960s was a reaction and a protest against the Cold War, the nuclear build-up of the superpowers, and the "military establishment".

Table of Contents
Origins and Background
Beginning and Issues
Foreign and Domestic Policy Initiatives
McCarthyism
Civil Rights Movement
Anti-War Movement

From the Paper
"Poland was a prize that the Soviets wanted because of its geographical proximity to the Soviet Union. But for England and France, both of whom had declared war on Germany after Hitler invaded Poland, the thought of another "totalitarian country in control of Poland" was "unthinkable." And so this was the first crisis of the new Cold War: in fact, during the Yalta conference in February 1945, the Red Army of the Soviet Union already occupied Poland, so, what was Roosevelt to do - go to war with Stalin, right after the American and the Soviets had fought together to defeat Nazism?"

Tags:yalta, anticommunism, poland, hippie, plan

Abstract
This paper explores the origins, history and events of the Cold War. This paper examines the economic system differences between the two sides as the primary points of contention, suspicion and conflict. This paper states that, during the Cold War, the Soviet Union was never a match for the United States; the Soviet Union's technology and weaponry was a generation behind and, most strikingly, it was influenced heavily and kept in check by the United States itself.

From the Paper
"The Soviet Union propped up communist sympathetic states throughout the world including Cuba, Vietnam and Korea; but these states never developed independent or self-sufficient economies or political structures, unlike the puppet states supported by the United States. In February 1948, a coup toppled the democratically elected leaders of Czechoslovakia, the last of the Eastern European nations to maintain political independence from the Soviet Union. Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and now Czechoslovakia were absorbed into the Soviet orbit."

Tags:aggressive, technology, origins, events, suspicion, conflict, stalin, nato, warsaw, pact

Abstract
The paper argues that the post cold war era has heightened global security concerns and more particularly the security worries of the United States. It describes how America, as a nation, is now challenged by forces, which by nature are much smaller and weaker, however due to their uncertain and unorthodox warfare, have made the U.S. more vulnerable than ever before.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Post Cold War Disarray
Terrorism the new World War
Iraq war and New Implications
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The direct involvement of the US in the Middle East has lasted for more than a decade now. At this point, an evaluation of the success of the U.S involvement reveals that the country has failed in its mission, (creating stability) at least to a large extent. Chaos and the state of anarchy continue. For instance, the post Sadam Hussain period has turned Iraq into a melting pot of anarchy. As Fuat Keyman states, "Weapons of Mass Destruction and any organic bond between Iraq and September 11 terrorist could not be found"[Ramin Ahmadov] and this has further infuriated the nationalist sentiments of the people of the Middle East. This translated into 'anti American' and 'anti western sentiments' resulting in global attack against western interests. "And world turned into a more insecure place. In the same period we observed that Palestine question, that has key role in the formation of regional peace, entered into irresolvable situation.". [Ramin Ahmadov]"

Tags:global, America, terrorism

Abstract
This paper explains that embryonic stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that are extracted from the inner cell mass of a 5-6 day old embryo or blasto-cyst, which destroys the embryo in the process of extracting the stem cells. The author stresses that the basic problems in embryonic stem cell research are the very highly valued moral problems it presents: (1) The prevention or alleviation of suffering and (2) the respect of human life. The paper stresses that the argument for and against cloning embryonic stem cells is also an argument as to the meaning of life and the recognition of the loss, at any point in life, of inevitable death.

Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Embryonic Stem Cell?
The Basic Problem
Arguments Presented For and Against Cloning Embryonic Stem Cells
Conclusion

From the Paper
"To endorse any use of the human embryo which was not consistent with a reverence for human life would be widely regarded as wrong. Those who believe that therapeutic research on embryos is ethically permissible, might argue that the creation and use of a human embryo outside the context of human reproduction does not necessarily undermine the attitude of respect for the human body and human dignity, provided that the purposes involved in such creation and use are purposes which we would recognize as beneficial ones. Medical uses fall into this category. In this view, it would appear to be quite consistent with an attitude of respect for human life to allow the use of human embryos at an early stage of development, well before the stage at which anything resembling a self can be said to come into existence. Such use promises to provide the possibility of the relief of a great deal of human suffering, a goal which in no sense calls into question respect for the human body."

Tags:death, reverence, harvesting, research, limitations