Abstract
This paper explains that, with strength and determination, Douglas rebelled against and overcame slavery; and, in the end, he found the accumulation of material wealth used to justify the atrocities of slavery was an illusion. The author points out that, after his flight to the North, Douglass was amazed to find that Northerners were wealthier than most slave owners in Maryland; he had expected that they would be as poor as the people in the South who could not afford slaves. The paper relates that, by standing up for himself, Douglass became, in his own mind, a man of dignity and courage and earned his place in history as one of the world's greatest men.

From the Paper
"Isolation from family was one of the many injustices of slavery that Douglass experienced. Frederick's mother was unable to visit her children on a frequent basis because of the distance between the farm where she worked and the slave plantation where the children lived. Frederick did not even learn of his own mother's death until much time had passed. Property division would often separate slave families and after Frederick's grandmother was deemed too old to work, she was evicted from her cabin and sent into the woods to die. Yet another property division would separate Frederick from a black preacher named Charles Lawson who had taken Frederick under his wing and adopted him as his spiritual son. And, to escape to the North, Frederick had to leave behind his friends and his wife who he was not sure if he would ever see again."

Tags:illusion, north, owners, dignity, family

Abstract
This paper considers the Indian caste system from a Western perspective, in which the principle of egalitarianism is widespread, and is seen by many as the sine qua non of a civilized society. The paper further states that in the West, there is a tendency to be somewhat contemptuous of societies that do not appear to value or honor the principle of egalitarianism. It is pointed out that many Western people who know little or nothing about India have heard of the Untouchable system, and see it as a sign that Indian society is relatively primitive in relation to Western society.

From the Paper
"In modern times, the principle of egalitarianism is widespread, and is seen by many as the sine qua non of a civilized society. This may be said to be particularly true of the Western world, where there is a tendency to be somewhat contemptuous of societies that do not appear to value or honour the principle of egalitarianism. In fact, many Western people who know little or nothing about India have heard of the Untouchable system, and see it as a sign that Indian society is relatively primitive in relation to Western society. Moreover, because the concept of Untouchables is linked to Hinduism, some Western people choose to see Hinduism as a..."

Tags:india, untouchable, hinduism

Abstract
This paper investigates the hypothesis that one of the most important factors in the happiness of married couples is the character and quality of inter-spousal communication. Next, the author reviews literature regarding issues of divorce and marital unhappiness and of communications within marriage. The paper concludes that contemptuous communication toward either spouse by the other is the single most frequent cause of an unhappy marriage.

Table of Contents:
Outline
Introduction
Characterization of the Issue
Outline of the Research Area
Outline of the Research Hypotheses
Outline of the Expected Research Findings
History, Background Information, and Definitions
Brief History of the Issues
Background of Prior Research
Definitions of Key Concepts and Distinctions
Discussion
Detailed Discussion of Various Issues in Divorce and Marital Unhappiness
Distinction between Various Marital Problems and their Respective Importance
Identifying the Crucial Importance of Interpersonal Communication in Marriage
Possible Alternate Explanations
Specific Communication Distinctions and their Relation to the Health of Marital and Other Intimate Committed Relationships
Conclusion
Summary of Research Findings
Confirmation of Hypothetical Expectations

From the Paper
"Therefore, communication patterns and styles are not viewed as isolated behavioral components of current-day marriage and family relationships. The prevailing view in the field of the psychology of human relationships is that many aspects of marital communication are merely manifestations of our choices of partner. As such, they are
dictated by principles of psychological repetition. Just as chronic victims of abuse characteristically find themselves drawn to abusive partners and often select partners who display every indication of being abusers, individuals also tend to be drawn to potential
marital partners who mirror some elements of family-of-origin interpersonal dynamics."

Tags:happiness, human pair bonding patterns, divorce, long-term viability, gender-based differences

Abstract
The paper looks at the ancient text known as the admonitions of ipuwer and outlines why this venerable bit of Egyptian literature cannot properly be viewed as an accurate historical document. Specifically, the paper looks at Miriam Lichtheim's contemptuous dismissal of Sir Alan Gardiner's view that the work is somehow both a "historical romance" and also an accurate reflection of what took place. The paper highlights the main ideas in Lichtheim's argument and then briefly compares some genuinely historical works with the aforementioned admonitions and notes how, to the extent Lichtheim is right about the literary and not historic nature of the admonitions, Sir Alan Gardiner's scholarship into the world of Middle Kingdom Egypt may be profoundly compromised.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at the ancient text known as the admonitions of ipuwer and outline why it is that this venerable bit of Egyptian literature cannot properly be viewed as an accurate historical document. Specifically, the paper will look at Miriam Lichtheim's contemptuous dismissal of Sir Alan Gardiner's view that the work is somehow both a "historical romance" and also an accurate reflection of what took place; Lichtheim finds this wholly untenable and, frankly, contradictory in light..."

Tags:gardiner, lichtheim, egypt

Abstract
The paper explores the culpability of Palestinian educators in creating a climate that is intolerant, contemptuous of civil debate (at least as it pertains to Israel) and which openly seeks the destruction of the Jewish state. The paper touches upon what can be done to turn the tide and rescue Palestinian education from itself. In the final analysis, the paper shows how people are not born to hate but learn to hate, and Palestine's textbooks have done an unfortunately good job of creating hatred in place of understanding.

Tags:palestine, israel, textbooks

Abstract
The paper demonstrates the culpability of Palestinian educators in creating a climate that is intolerant, contemptuous of civil debate and which openly seeks the destruction of the Jewish state. The paper discusses what can be done to change the course of Palestinian education. The paper concludes that if Palestine can be prevailed upon to produce textbooks emphasizing basic numeracy and literacy instead of revenge, there is hope that the future of the Middle East can be less bloody than its past.

From the Paper
"To begin with, it is worth noting that Palestinians have been using Jordanian and Egyptian curricula and textbooks since the early 1950s. In light of the fact that Egypt has been a pretty virulent enemy of Israel for decades, it may be said that someone else's hatred not only found its way into Palestinian textbooks but actually complemented and amplified the antipathy Palestinians already felt towards Israel. In any case, Dr. Sami Adwan of Bethlehem University also writes that the aforementioned textbooks were subject to "complete censorship" by the Israeli military governor in the years between 1967 and 1993. Even when this state of affairs was modified in the 1990s, Adwan - who is Palestinian - writes that the Israelis continue to restrict the freedom of Palestinian students and teachers to move where they wish - and that the production of a new wave of Palestinian textbooks since the dawn of this decade has been done against a backdrop of violence and hopelessness."

Tags:revenge, hatred, suicide, bombers, stereotyping, hostility

Abstract
George Bernard Shaw's play, "Mrs. Warren's Profession" is a comment on social hypocrisy, portrayed through the characters' struggles with contradictory social positions and moral conflicts. Vivie, Mrs. Warren's daughter, is expected to be indifferent towards the conflicts of morality, as she was raised to be a 'proper lady;' however, Vivie reveals herself to be cool, calculating and contemptuous of the pretences that are associated with the hypocrisy of being a 'proper lady'.

Abstract
This paper examines "Rabbit Run", a powerful novel by John Updike published in 1960, based on one of the characters, Harry 'Rabbit' Angstrom, a 26-year-old former high school basketball star. In particular, the paper looks at how the historical approach of the story is increasingly evident as the plot reveals the consequences of the post-war family's independence from the church and the assumption of the nuclear mantle. Updike shows us the contemptuous and paradoxical behavior of people of the era, who, by their actions, revel in the freedom that they have gained with the demise of social structures, and yet bemoan the fact that they have lost their way and are disillusioned and directionless. It demonstrates how this concept is best summed up by Updike's creation of a man who tries to justify his concern for clean clothes and, simultaneously, is responsible for destroying his wife and children.

From the Paper
"The character of Angstrom is indirectly autobiographical in that by calculation, his age and the author's age would approximately tally. This instantly allows the reader to understand the historic perspective of the novel as we are given the opportunity to trace the social changes that have occurred since the 30's down to the day of the novel. The social climate of the thirties was significantly different from the fifties, and sixties. The immense and drastic changes that came about in social standards after the Second World War meant that there lay a greatly urgent need for consolidation of moral values. Creators of the system turned to eco-political means by which they could bring about this consolidation. As a result of this, the average person in the U.S. was subjected to a newer, (imagined) improved lifestyle based on economic success and superficiality."

Tags:angstrom, freedom, basketball, society

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the May Fourth Movement that gripped China in 1919. In so doing, the writer looks at how the movement was chiefly instigated by intellectual elites who contemptuously rejected Confucianism (and probably had for some time) and by students. The writer also examines how the movement, far from just being initiated by intellectuals and students, was also orchestrated by them. The writer maintains that the May Fourth Movement, while it did not absolutely begin and end with the intellectuals and with the students, was begun by them, organized and led by them, and its ideas and principles articulated by them; the ordinary Chinese citizen on the street was, really, a bit-player.

From the Paper
"... to wit, educational reforms which re-molded the Chinese education system after 1919 were devised and then implemented by Chinese elites who, eager to wean the country off of its ancient devotion to Confucianism, embraced the teachings of John Dewey. Similarly, to the extent that Chinese literature was dominated by well-educated elites who associated with both students and intellectuals, the movement was profoundly elitist and constituted an attempt on the part of some to defend the Movement and the ideas arising from it - ostensibly because it was something that would benefit "the masses" in the long-run. When everything is looked at carefully ..."

Tags:china, may, fourth

Abstract
This paper analyzes the problem of utopianism and love by examining references to love in the novel, noting the different contexts in which the word is found and consequently its different meanings. The paper also looks at the figure of Rufus, analyzing how his representation changes throughout the novel, and looks at references to "another country" as a space of possibility. Finally, it examines the use of tone and language, looking at the ways in which these elements further elucidate the tensions and themes of the novel.

From the Paper
"Furthermore, the language is a language of survival. The saxophonist is described as being "in the rags of his twenty-odd years". The saxophonist is dressed in his people's history. Its suffering is written over him and through him; clothes him in contempt and pride. Rags are what remain of his clothing, implying not only psychological but physical suffering. Torn garments are not just representative of the collective psychological suffering of a people, but are the evidence of a very real, physical survival, of both the black and white worlds. And it is perhaps hard to say which is the source of greater suffering for the resident of 1960s' Harlem/New York."

Tags:james, stage, club, sexual, violent, contemptuous, struggle, black, community, pagan