Abstract This paper explores the socially marginal individuals in Japanese society, through the research by Tom Gill. It examines how Japanese day workers challenge our western assumption of the homogeneous Japanese culture and social structures. The paper illustrates Gill's intensive study of ethnography of the day laborers, including factors such as their martial status, and age.
From the Paper "What occurs when individuals are excluded and socially ostracized from an essentially community-focused society? This is the central research question that drives the perspective of the book authored by Tom Gill, entitled Men of Uncertainty; The Social Organization of Day Laborers in Contemporary Japan. The book uses the specific example of day laborers in contemporary Japanese society to challenge some of the assumptions of homogeneity many Westerners bring to larger Japanese culture and social structures, as well as to simply highlight aspects of the difficulties individuals experience when they live at the margins of any particular culture. Gill's relatively narrow social focus is thus developed, through historical study and fieldwork, to challenge a larger set of expectations often held by Westerners. The existence of day laborers, for example, challenges the notion that Japanese society is homogeneous yet inclusive. Both ordinary Japanese individuals who deny the existence of day laborers in their midst as well as Westerners observing Japan from afar often hold such expectations."
Tags: social, homogeneity, western, social, structures, marginal, tokyo, homeless
Abstract In this article, the writer presents the key reasons that racial reconciliation between indigenous and non-indigenous Australian groups needs to occur. The writer examines the contemporary situation in the light of historical approaches to policy making by governments.
From the Paper "Reconciliation between Australia's indigenous and non-indigenous populations is crucial for a number of reasons. The development of the nation and its progress in terms of domestic productivity relies upon reconciliation among its people. It also hinges on the ability to reconcile the past with the future. Australia's position in the international community is also seriously threatened due to the present attitudes which seem to be preventing reconciliation from occurring in any meaningful way. Most importantly though the very survival ... "
Tags: Aboriginal, Reconciliation, Contemporary, Australia
Abstract This paper discusses the concept of the strength of materials in the field of engineering, focusing on the materials used and how they function within a structure. The paper explains that the way the materials function will determine the overall strength of the structure and this knowledge is significant to welding engineers because it determines the processes necessary to create structural strength and the durability of the project over time. The paper also discusses factors that affect the structural strength such as the stress placed on the components of the structure and elements that force the material to change over time.
Abstract In recent years, it has become obvious that the countries of Africa are not getting any better financially in spite of structural adjustment programs (SAP) and IMF programs. In fact, unemployment, poverty, and illiteracy continue to rise. Immortality is on the rise, with many children not living to see their fifth birthday. This paper looks at why Africa's people live in poverty in spite of its large number of natural resources and attempts to provide insight into ways that can assist it into becoming more self-sufficient.
Outline
Introduction
Commencement of Problem
Summary of Projected Solution
Effects of the SAPs
Overview of Structural Adjustment Programs
Description of SAPs and IMF Programs
Objectives of SAPs
Effects of SAPs on the Economy
Key Issues of the Program
Program Focus
Potential for Success
Effects on Domestic Economy
Disadvantages
Structural Adjustment Effects in Africa
Overview
Conditionality
Effects on African Economy
Credibility of SAPs
Privatization
Potential for Success
Key Issues
Performance Management
Description
Working Under SAPs
Impact on Trade Unions
Effects of SAPs
Possible Solutions
Labor Laws
Impact on Trade Unions
Role of Trade/Labor Unions
Conclusion
From the Paper "The continent of Africa has been plagued by debt since it gained its independence from Europe, and the majority of those debts are owed to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Even though these organizations have only been officially in existence since their conception in 1944, the conditions of the IMF and World Bank existed long before that time. As of 2004, Africa's debts to the IMF and World Bank stood at over $300 billion, and it is unlikely that that number is representative of revenues lost to Europe and America since those monies have increased poverty rather than being beneficial to Africa. Every year a total of $15 billion is transferred from the poorest countries in Africa and other places in the world to the richest countries through interest payments."
Tags: bank, debt, financial, fund, global, hipc, interest, international, markets, monetary, poverty, rates, relief, structural, unemployment, world
Abstract This paper makes a close study of the corporate business structure of the McDonald's Corporation, the biggest fast food provider and restaurant chain in the world. The corporate structure of the company is defined, the differences between this structure and other businesses is looked at, how franchising works is studied, and the differences, advantages, and disadvantages of incorporation, sole proprietorship, and limited liability companies (LLCs) is discussed.
From the Paper "What started as an American business and phenomenon has now become a global, multi-billion dollar mega-corporation. This company is McDonald's. From the towns and cities and rural highway landscapes of the United States, to the busy, crowded streets of China, to the frigid, poor land that was once Communist Russia, it is possible to find a McDonald's. The name has become synonymous with fast food. The brand, logo, and characters are as well known to children as any famous cartoon star or athlete. We all know the restaurant's menu front to back. We all feel comforted and happy when buying and eating its familiar food. Yet, what most people don't understand is how McDonald's works from a business standpoint."
Abstract The following paper discusses Friedrich Kekule's interest in chemistry and examines how he came to be the originator of the structure theory for his study on chemical bonds. However this paper also examines how Kekule's formula for the structure of benzene was wrong. This paper provides the reader with the correct formula and explains what Kekulu's formula was missing.
From the Paper ?The charred body of a woman is found and the trial began. Friedrich Kekule testified before the grand jury. Many believed her death was caused by combustion from overdrinking of alcohol. However, Justus von Liebig and Kekule believed otherwise. This testimony incriminated a servant who had stolen from the woman. This began the turning point in Kekule's life as he pursued his new interest of chemistry and the beginning formula of benzene (Lienhard 1).
"Friedrich August Kekule has been said to be the originator of the structure theory and for his study on chemical bonds. Kekule was born on September 7, 1829 in Germany. Kekule attended school at Darmstadt. He was intelligent and spoke French, Italian, and English. Kekule in 1847 attended the University of Giessen and studied architecture (Ulearntoday 1)?
Abstract This paper discusses Thomas Kuhn's famous work, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions," in an attempt to trace the connections between the theory of scientific paradigm creation and shift and the development of modern and postmodern thinking in the arts. This particularly refers to Kuhn's influence on post-structural philosophy and language theory. The paper traces some of these connections and indicates to what extent Kuhn's major work has been influential and connected to the modern artistic and linguistic movements. The paper contends that, in order to show the linkage clearly between Kuhn's theories and modern art, his work cannot be understood outside of the broader historical context in which it was written.
From the Paper "What Kuhn hypothesized in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was that scientific thought and theory did not progress in a consecutive linear fashion. New concepts or theoretical paradigms came about in a non-sequential and sudden fashion and were not coterminous or even necessarily theoretically related to the previous scientific paradigm. The following is a very simplistic outline of his theory but it encompasses the central tenets and aspects that made his work so influential. Firstly, science had been based on presumptions of certainty and objective infallibility. The central concept that characterized classical science was that it was a normative and sequential progression of knowledge and understanding of reality."
Tags: post-structural, philosophy, language, theory
Abstract This paper provides a discussion of how structural family therapy works with a schizophrenic family member. The Bowen theory is presented along with a discussion as to how the therapy works. Definitions are given with respect to the terms of schizophrenia, therapy and structural therapy. The family constellation is also discussed.
From the Paper "On entering the twenty first century today's modern family is beset by events and conditions that were the storylines of authors such as Orwell and Hersey. Today's family today is besieged by mega technology, ever increasing healthcare costs, unprecedented scientific advancement, continual cost of living increases, global conflict, and a broadening of cultural diversity. The pressures brought to bear on the family are healthy in some ways and damaging in others. With so much more pressure confronting the American family the rapid rise of psychopathology is not uncommon and must be addressed. The remainder of this report will focus one particular psychological disorder with respect to its relationship with the modern American family, namely schizophrenia. The report will also address the aforementioned psychopathology with respect to structural family therapy and how it is interrelated with the disorder."
An analysis of how the structure of DNA was discovered by primarily four people; James D. Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin.
Abstract This paper discusses how the structure of DNA was discovered. It goes through the discovery that DNA was the holder of genetic material within a cell to Watson and Crick's infamous model of the structure. The paper includes a heavy emphasis on gender roles in the post World War II science society. The paper also briefly describes the book, "What is Life" written in 1944 by Erwin Schrodinger.
From the Paper "After World War 2, there was a great upsurge in the study of DNA. Scientists, returning home after having been called away to contribute to the war effort (contributions being the use of their skills to create better, more intelligent weapons), arrived home to discover a new idea in the field of genetics. The book, "What is Life" written in 1944 by Erwin SchrA dinger as a collection of lectures, lead many scientists for the first time to really consider the causes and effects of genetic heredity; it became very popular among the university crowd and anyone worth their scientific mettle had read it and had an opinion on the subject of the "code of genetic inheritance". SchrA dinger heavily influenced the people who were later to discover the structure of DNA by making them ask the question, "What causes genetic material to be passed to offspring?" a question which had plagued science ever since man had been capable of intelligent thought."
Abstract This paper reviews Thomas Kuhn's book about scientific advances entitled "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." The paper focuses on several key elements and definitions in the work, with an emphasis on the concept of the scientific paradigm. The reviewer then discusses the role of paradigms in scientific revolutions, citing Kuhn's theory that revolutions appear when an old paradigm is substituted by a new one. Finally, the paper presents Kuhn's view of the past, present, evolution and future of science. The reviewer further describes Kuhn's view of the importance of crises in facilitating the evolution of science. The review concludes that Kuhn 's theory of paradigm and paradigm shifts gives a revolutionary description of scientific progress.
Outline:
Thomas Kuhn's Concept of Paradigm
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Past, Present, Evolution and Future of Science
Reference List
From the Paper " First of all, Kuhn (1996) introduces the notion of "normal science", that is, according to him, the science that bases its research on previous research which is recognized as valid by a scientific community. (p.10) It is the structure of normal science that the book proposes to investigate. Furthermore, Kuhn (1996) argues that the most salient aspect of scientific evolution in time is the fact that science does not progress through leaps or through unrelated sets of investigations. On the contrary, scientific research is always conducted under a paradigm, or, to put it differently, all research is based on previous scientific data. The scientific paradigm can be defined as a certain common pattern in scientific research, or a certain set of accepted world views that are held as true for a period of time. The paradigm is thus a set of common beliefs about the world, based on past research. "
Abstract This paper discusses Brazil's socioeconomic structure that was founded on slavery. During the colonial period from 1550 to 1880, rapid growth of the Brazilian economy occurred because of the convergence of several factors. The sugar industry was synonymous with the early economy.
Abstract This paper compares the works of Claude McKay (specifically "Harlem Dancer," "Black Belt Slummers," and "Harlem") and Langston Hughes ("Death In Harlem" and "Harlem Jazz Club"). It views them next to the more concretely illustrated depiction of the "Club" in James Weldon Johnson's "The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man". By doing so, we understand the power structure of the Harlem Nightclub and the struggle of the African American residents within them, against members of the opposite sex and opposite race, which many used to gain power as a tool of survival.
I. Introduction
II. Portrayal of the Nightclub in James Weldon Johnson's "Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man"
III. Langston Hughes's "Death in Harlem" (Primarily Power Struggles between Gender)
IV. Claude McKay's "Harlem Dancer"
V. Claude McKay's "Black Belt Slummers" (Primarily Power Play Between Races)
VI. Langston Hughes's "Harlem Night Club"
VII. Claude McKay's "Harlem"
VIII. Conclusion
From the Paper "The next class of people the narrator describes are three sets of slummers-the sight-seerers, the black face actors, and the female patrons--or whites who come to the club to awe over the spectacle of African American culture and society. In terms of the power structure of the "Club" the female patrons are the most interesting as they pay for the clothes, diamonds, and drinks of their black companions a sight that unsettles the narrator. The narrator's inability to accept the prosperity of the black man in this situation is based on the fact that the money and social status emasculate the man and make him into an animal, a "social phenomena," rather than a person (Johnson, 79). "
Abstract This research investigates the wage structure in the Japanese labor market, with a focus on differentiation in wages and determination mechanisms based on developments in the Japanese economy in the 1980s and 1990s. Wage inequality with regard to skills levels, and to gender are discussed. Recommendations and solutions to the problem of wage differentials are made.
Abstract This paper explains that the socio-economic status (SES) of group members influences the structure of the group and the way the group function.
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine group structure as a mode of social organization and the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) of group members on the ways in which groups function. Although the relationships between group members and the roles ..."
Tags: Group, Structure, SES, socioeconomic, status, health, care
