Abstract
The paper uses a qualitative review of existing literature concerning arsenic characteristics, regional and site specific geology and hydrogeology, and remediation methods, to explore the arsenic contamination of groundwater in Deloro Village, Madoc, Eastern Ontario, Canada. The paper also provides recommendations on more effective and efficient means of remediation for the site and similar contaminated areas.

Outline:
Background to the Research Project
Proposed Research
Importance of this Research
Proposed Methodology
Ethical Considerations
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research Considerations
Revised Project Schedule

From the Paper
"The Deloro Mine, in eastern Ontario, is a significant player whose activities has resulted in both surface and subsurface arsenic contamination of both soil and water, at the mine site, and off-site as well. Gold mining and smelting, with arsenic removal, was established in 1886, at Deloro. The health and safety of Deloro workers was compromised due to high levels of metal in their bodies, specifically lead and arsenic. Environmental problems were also an issue, including the air deposition of arsenic dust. This air deposition contamination was so detrimental that residents were unable to hang out their laundry during smelter operation, for years, because of the stack soot high in metals. In the 1960s, the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) Water Resources Commission found water samples to be high in arsenic. "

Tags:mining, smelting, air, deposition, contamination, atmospheric, deposition

Abstract
The paper reviews the work "A Civil Action" by Jonathan Harr as a basis for exploring violation of E.P.A. regarding water contamination. It uses the incident of water contamination that took place at Woburn, Massachusetts in the 1960s and 70s as one that serves as a lesson in the prevention of water contamination. It lists the deficiencies responsible for the contamination, such as the lack of laboratory checks, lack of inspections of the land and water, lack of compliance evaluation and inhibited civil action.

From the Paper
""A Civil Action" by Jonathan Harr is a book that brings awareness to communities that might be unaware of the EPA standards against water contamination, and the neglect of concerned authorities allowing industries to carry out their illegal dumping of chemicals in certain areas. The incident of water contamination that took place at Woburn, Massachusetts is one that serves as a lesson in history that should not be repeated. This case of water contamination was believed to be responsible for claiming many lives through leukemia because of a chemical substance (Trichloroethylene) present in the water."

Tags:Jonathan, Harr, Woburn, Massachusetts, inspections, compliance, evaluation

Abstract
The paper discusses the arsenic poisoning in the tiny eastern Ontario village of Deloro and how the environment ministry was aware of this for more than a decade before it decided to take action. The paper reviews the literature on the poisoning of Deloro and on arsenic contamination in general.

Outline:
Introduction
The Poisoning of Deloro
Arsenic Contamination and Poisoning
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The provincial government had known for more than a decade that the people of Deloro had been breathing arsenic-laden air and living with arsenic-poisoned soil, according to McAndrew in his 1999 article. However, on June 10th, 1999 the approximately 175 residents learned the truth, during a community meeting organized by the ministry to inform the residents about the cleanup efforts that would be conducted at the abandoned Deloro gold mine and smelter."

Tags:poisoning, toxicity, remediation

Abstract
This paper discusses the hazardous effects of inadequate methods of solid waste disposal on the environment. The paper emphasizes the urgency of the need to deal with this issue, and describes fecal contamination as the major culprit. The writer illustrates how the lack of modern sanitation facilities and adequate health care in certain areas, are the main cause of fecal contamination.

From the Paper
"Fecal waste may contain an undetermined number of bacteria, viruses, and parasites capable of causing disease in humans and animals. Studies have focused on numbers of indicator bacteria (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci) or enteroviruses in feces and leachates, but have not estimated the total pathogen load or identified the major sources of these pathogens. This may be due to lack of detection methods for many of the pathogens in solid waste or leachate as well as potentially low numbers of viable but non-culturable organisms. Fecal waste is a breeding ground for diseases and even the smallest of contaminations can cause a great deal of problems."

Tags:bacteria, virus, parasites, garbage, recycling, health, hazard, water

Abstract
This paper discusses the problems of the residents of Badger, Wisconsin, who are battling to drink contaminant-free water, trying to avoid poisoned fish in Ballistics Pond, and holding their breath while old ammunition sites are burning dinitrotuluene; and yet the government continues to both push and ignore the very destruction that ails them. The author continues that the Department of Defense is spending money on additional armed submarines to continue polluting the oceans. The paper states that, if the United States government wants more money for defense, it should consider taking up effective listening in regards to what might matter to the people in the world.

From the Paper
"The budget proposal mentioned becomes even more sickening when you explore what has happened in Badger further. Badger citizens cannot even drink their own water. According to The Citizens for Safe Water around Badger, "Late on Wednesday, March 3, the Army received results from monitoring wells sampled during the December 2003 round. Several monitoring wells located along the south boundary of Badger detected DNT in groundwater near the intersection of Keller Road and Highway 78 in Sumpter township. DNT levels were detected at 0.02 and 0.05 ppb (parts per billion). The safe drinking water standard for DNTs is 0.05 ppb." The detection of this cancer - causing agent in the Badger water prompted the military to hurry up and wait. Time has elapsed, dollars have been spent, and there is still no cure."

Tags:water, dnr, dnt, ammunition, submarines

Abstract
This paper describes undisclosed bottled water contamination in America. The paper reports that most of the bottled water is not frequently checked, and that a small percent of it is unsafe for the public. It illustrates how the American public has been advertised into perceiving that bottled water is pure and clean. The author calls for the labeling of bottled water to disclosing the water source, treatments and other key information.

From the Paper
"According to a four-year scientific study made recently public by Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) stated that the sales of bottled water in the United States have been blown up in recent years, mainly as a result of a public awareness of purity driven by advertisements and packaging labels featuring unspoiled glaciers and crystal-clear mountain springs. However, bottled water sold in the United States does not necessarily cleaner or safer than most tap water (NRDC)."

Tags:tap, marketing, Environmental, Protection, Agency, (EPA), safe, safety, treatment, source

Abstract
This paper gives a full overview of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB). The paper presents background information on PCBs, including their sources, cleanup efforts, stakeholders, and similar toxins. The paper emphasizes environmental and water quality applications.

From the Paper
"Advances in the treatment of affected aquatic systems have been made and PCB contamination is becoming less widespread. The stakeholders associated with this issue are large electrical companies like White-Westinghouse and General Electric and biotechnology corporations such as the Monsanto Company. The electric companies needed a chemical that could be used for industrial cooling and the Monsanto Company used their technology to create this chemical. (Schmidt,48)"

Tags:bioaccumulation, biphenyls, polychlorinated

Abstract
This paper relates that the negative health effects of lead-contaminated drinking water are significant and occur at very low concentrations. The author points out that the primary source for contamination has been identified as corroding plumbing, which means that almost the whole of the developed world is faced with this danger. The paper urges that samples of real-world concentrations of lead in the drinking water supplies in the developed world should be taken from residential, commercial, industrial, and public buildings. The author suggests that this information should be used to develop public health policies.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Discussion and Analysis
Summary of Findings

From the Paper
"Even at very low levels of lead exposure, individuals can experience measurable and permanent neurological damage. This is especially true for the young. Bryant (2004) contends that children are most susceptible to lead exposure from birth until the age of six. This is consistent with remarks by Watt et al. (1996), who outline the effects of minimal lead exposure to infants via drinking water--from bottle feeding, breast, or directly from the mother's blood before birth. Watt et al. (1996) points out that exposure to low levels of lead in infants has been positively correlated to decreases in intelligence over the course of an individual's life."

Tags:children, plumbing, aged, school, intelligence

Abstract
This paper examines how a study of Southern California coastal waters in 1999 showed that the waters rarely contain enough bacteria during the summer to make swimmers sick, except at creeks and storm drains that are releasing urban runoff. It looks at how significant portion of coastal water contamination comes from non-point source pollution such as agriculture and urban runoff, faulty septic systems, marinas and recreational boating and habitat degradation. It proposes a study to determine the coliform count in water samples from New Port Beach, California which is considered to be one of the best urban beaches in the United States and provides an analysis of the results.

From the Paper
"Newport Beach is the fifth best urban beach in the United States, according to the Surfrider Foundation report issued in May, 2000 (Mehta, 2000). The city was one of three California communities to make the list as a place where healthy shorelines and urban development coexist. However, Newport Bay suffers from extreme pollution from the Santa Ana River. In January, 2000 Gumbel (2000) reported that all 8 miles of Huntington Beach, a few miles north of Newport Beach, had been closed since the previous summer because the water had shown exceptionally high levels of enterococcus bacteria, indicating fecal contamination. Surfrider Beach in Malibu was plagued at the same time by E. coli bacteria and viruses. The contamination in both cases was attributed to urban runoff."

Tags:bacteria, pollution, shorelines

Abstract
This paper summarizes a DHHS study on the impact of lead-contaminated soil on public health. It also looks at different methods of assessing lead contamination in soil which could have been used in this project, and their sensitivity and specificity.

From the Paper
"A study reported by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) summarized the complex interactive forces considered by health scientists and environmentalists when evaluating the impact of lead-contaminated soils on public health. It looked at the relationship between exposure to lead contaminated soil and its impact on public health. The study showed that soil and dust contaminated with lead are major pathways by which children come in contact with lead from..."

Tags:lead contamination, soil testing, DHHS