Abstract In this paper, the writer offers a dictionary definition of a yawn and relates that according to Medline Plus, normal yawning is induced when the brain or the lungs are not receiving enough oxygen. The writer then looks at the position of Dr. Jerry Yee who contends that yawning cannot be contagious since yawning is psychological. The writer considers David Gray's hypothesis on why yawning appears to be contagious and then refers to Dr. Robert Provine on what yawning is and why it is contagious. The writer is personally inclined to side with Dr. Robert and David Gray in that yawning is most certainly contagious and responsive to suggestion.
From the Paper "It is 7 o'clock at night and I have just sat down to write this paper which will explain why yawning is contagious. Normally I am wide awake at this time of the night, with still a good five to six hours left before I head off to sleep for the night. But as I sit here contemplating the topic of this paper, and reading the title, over and over again, I find myself unable to do anything but yawn. In fact, in the process of writing the three prior sentences I yawned eight times, and yet another time just now! I have not had an overly strenuous day, I have eaten well, and I had a full nights rest last night, so really I have no logical reason to be tired, and in fact, other than the yawning, I do not particularly feel tired (oh - there's another yawn - a big one!). Everyone has had the frustrating and annoying experience (yawn) of 'catching' someone else's yawn. Somehow by simply witnessing another person yawn we feel compelled, and in fact are helpless to prevent ourselves from yawning."
Abstract This paper examines the complex repercussions of venereal disease for both men and women in Britain at the turn of the 20th century. It discusses the implications of the Contagious Diseases Acts in Britain and analyzes the methods by which repealers sought to overturn the Acts and looks at the responses their actions provoked. In this way, the paper explains why venereal disease and its management was such an intensely politicized issue.
From the Paper "In attempting to repeal the acts, a whole host of feminist and social puritan organizations sprung up in opposition - not only to the acts themselves, but to the whole system of double standards, social mores and political inconsistencies that underlay them. The interactions and alliances within and between these groups were complex and at times counter-intuitive. For example, middle and upper-class women formed a partnership with working class men (who undoubtedly sought repeal of the acts for different reasons to the women), as well as prominent sexologists. But in general, the movement for repeal, at least in the eyes of women, sought common and clear aims - ones which went beyond simple repeal of the acts and asked for a great deal more. This in turn sparked much opposition from the men who were threatened by such demands, resulting in a volatile political climate."
A review of the achievements of early feminists and social reformers in encouraging European women to participate in business and politics during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Abstract This paper looks at the efforts of the Bluestocking Society social group and the feminist influence of Mary Wollstonecraft. The paper discusses the obstacles that European women faced in achieving their rights including the Contagious Diseases Act. The paper also notes the accomplishments of Octavia Hill, a social reformer that set out to develop more suitable social housing. The paper shows how through their activism, women were able to gain more opportunities to participate in both business and political activities.
From the Paper "The eighteenth and nineteenth century in Europe was a time that great importance was put upon family life, romantic love and child rearing. Society felt that maternal bonds were more significant than having women in the workforce; therefore a steep decline occurred in the number of employed women. Women were tied to the private sphere of the home and were encouraged to remain subordinate to men. Their attention was being confined to their private world of the family. For Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a Western philosopher whose ideas were immensely influential in England at this time, the separation of the public from the private sphere, the confinement of women to the private and domestic world, and the establishment of an orderly domestic and familial life were not only important in themselves, but were integral to the establishment and maintenance of social and political order."
Tags: Bluestocking, Society, Mary, Wollstonecraft, Octavia, Hill, Contagious, Diseases, Act
An examination of several plagues and epidemics, such as HIV and malaria, including a look at why some diseases die out quickly and others continue to plague humanity.
2,960 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 7 sources, 2000, $ 87.95
From the Paper "Throughout history there have been many epidemic diseases. Perhaps the most famous in history is an insect-born disease known as the plague. But epidemics are not restricted to history books; several diseases still occur in epidemic proportions today. Despite the strides made in medical knowledge in the past century, diseases such as HIV and malaria still thrive. Understanding why some diseases seemed to die out on their own, while others persist in spite of extensive efforts to eliminate them, may explain what causes epidemics to thrive, and allow humans to predict the longevity and extensiveness of a particular disease. For example, a comparison of the plague with the modern malaria epidemic may explain which characteristics of a microbe help it survive in the modern world."
From the Paper " Tuberculosis
On the job exposure to infectious diseases has long been one of the hazards associated with the nursing profession. In recent years, such exposure has become especially dangerous. Nurses need to be aware of the risks. Without precautions, diseases such as AIDS and drug.resistant tuberculosis might prove deadly.
Tuberculosis (TB) has been one of the leading causes of death in human populations throughout much of recorded history. Hippocrates described clinically active pulmonary tuberculosis 2,300 years ago as "the most considerable of the disease which then prevailed" and "the only one which proved fatal to many persons" (Ismeurt & Long, 1993, p. 16). The Greeks and Romans called it consumption or phthisis; TB is even described in the."
Abstract This paper introduces smallpox, a very serious, contagious and often fatal infectious form of the "pox" type virus. It describes the causes of the disease, its incubation period and its symptoms. The paper then focuses on the smallpox vaccine, its side effects and risks. The paper also discusses the plan which the United States Health Department will implement if there should be a new outbreak of the disease.
From the Paper "In conclusion, it would be fair to ask why health care and public health workers should not receive the smallpox vaccination. To answer this, several points must be explored. First, although smallpox no longer exists in the natural world, its agent the variola virus still does. Thus, without vaccination of public health care professionals, three factors could possibly help spread smallpox than was routinely seen in the past. First, virtually no one currently alive has immunity to smallpox due to the absence of naturally occurring disease and the stopping of routine vaccinations in the U.S. in the early 1970?s. Second, a potentially delayed recognition of the smallpox virus by health personnel who have never seen a case of smallpox could result in tragedy, and third, the disease could spread due to increased mobility and the crowding of the population in places like Florida, Arizona and California."
Tags: variola, innoculation, Advisory, Committee, on, Immunization, Practices, HIV
The paper discusses the nature of cholera and the social reforms enacted by the English government as a result of the epidemics of the nineteenth century.
Abstract The paper examines the nature and causes of this contagious disease and the response of the English government, once they realized that the filthy living conditions of much of the population was the prime cause of cholera. The paper traces the medical and social reforms enacted by the government and their far-reaching effects that are still felt today. It also analyzes the reaction to the epidemic by ordinary people as well as physicians and medical practitioners.
From the Paper "Outbreaks of cholera in the nineteenth century began in Asia and India, and spread across Europe rapidly. "Every year the disease moved west, from southeastern Asia, in 1819, to China in 1820, and to Siberia in 1823. It was in Moscow by 1830, in Vienna and Berlin in 1831. It reached London in early 1832" (Athanassoglou-Kallmyer 686). This first outbreak was the worst, and was completely baffling to the people and to health professionals. They could not cure the disease, they could not control its spread, and it continued to occur in later years, which was even more frightening. There were several other outbreaks later in the nineteenth century, which did not kill as many as the first had, which some estimate killed up to 90,000 people in England. The second major outbreak was in 1848-1849, the third in 1853-1854, and the final outbreak took place in 1866."
Abstract This paper looks at how there are two different types of the herpes simplex viruses. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is usually associated with infections of the lips, mouth, and face and is often referred to as labial herpes and Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) or genital herpes is sexually transmitted and is usually associated with genital ulcers or sores. It discusses the effects of both labial and genital herpes in terms of typical consequences and more severe complications that are less likely to arise. It examines how infections caused by the herpes simplex virus are now a wide-spread problem and how more than ten million people in the United States suffer with genital herpes and how many more suffer with labial herpes. It shows how both labial and genital herpes are highly contagious when active sores are present and
while these diseases can be treated and cared for, there is no cure.
From the Paper "When a person is first infected with genital herpes, their immune system is not well developed and the virus can multiply and spread more quickly than it might at later stages of the infection. First symptoms may appear within two weeks after the virus is transmitted and can be uncomfortable. First episode symptoms may include small pimples or blisters that curst over and scab like a cut and may be accompanied by flu-like symptoms, fever, and/or swollen glands in lymph nodes near the groin. First episodes can take as long as six weeks to heal fully and may be the most extreme outbreak a person will ever experience."
Abstract This paper reviews four theological books that discuss how to bring secular or faithless individuals into the church. These books are "Next Church Now: Creating New Faith Communities" by Craig Kennet Miller, "The Contagious Witness: Exploring Christian Conversation" by Ron Crandall, "How to Reach Secular People" by George G. Hunter, and "Worship Evangelism: Inviting Unbelievers into the Presence of God" by Sally Morgenthaler.
Abstract What is Lupus? How does it affect the individual? Is it contagious? These questions will be answered, and the treatment options that are available for the illness will be addressed.
Abstract This paper provides a summary and discussion on nine books, which cover the subject of evangelism, especially in America, and the need to expand the concept of Christianity, both spiritually and physically.
The nine books discussed are:
"Building Contagious Church: Revolutionizing the Way we View and do Evangelism" by Mark Mittelberg
"Values-Driven Leadership: Discovering and Developing Your Core Values for Ministry" by Aubrey Malphurs
"Evangelism Outside the Box: New Ways to Help People Experience the Good News" by Rick Richardson
"The Connecting Church: Beyond Small Groups to Authentic Community" by Randy Frazee
"The Church of Irresistible Influence" by Robert Lewis
"Finding Common Ground: How to Communicate With Those Outside the Christian Community"While We Still Can" by Tim Downs
"High Expectations: The Remarkable Secret of Keeping People in Your Church" by Thom S. Rainer
"Learning to Lead Change: A Transformational Journey" by Jim Herrington
"The Purpose-Driven Life: What on Earth Am I Here For"" by Rick Warren
From the Paper "But Richardson stresses, ?Evangelism is for all of us.? And he goes on to offer suggestions in how to reach people. Understanding the "modern mindset" of today's culture is key, and that mindset began, he says, with the philosophers of the Enlightenment (Bacon, Newton, and Descartes). But the post-modern mindset is symbolized in the movie ?Titanic,? and all our worldly possessions can, and do, sink to the bottom, if we are on the wrong track. Hence, evangelism is needed to keep us afloat."
Abstract This paper looks at the threat that the growing number of infectious diseases throughout the world poses to the world and to the U.S., in particular. The paper mentions several types of infectious diseases, but focuses on the worldwide security threat posed by the AIDS epidemic. In addition, statistics on AIDS in the United States are included, as well as a discussion on the need for adequate funding of programs that will enable the U.S. to notice and react to disease threats instigated overseas.
From the Paper "In a progressively more mutually dependent world, the United States confronts an array of novel global challenges that rise above the customary classification of national security. One significant instance is the reappearance of infectious disease. In the 1960s and 1970s, influential antibiotic drugs and vaccines seemed to have expelled the major outbreaks from the industrialized world, leading to an atmosphere of satisfaction and the abandonment of programs for disease observation and avoidance. Over the preceding few decades, on the other hand, infectious diseases have come back with revenge (1)."
Abstract This paper focuses on malaria, the plague, and tuberculosis in Great Britain, Africa, and India in the 19th century. The impact these diseases had on the imperial effort and the medical profession are also discussed. The paper uses the following main texts: "Colonizing the Body" by David Arnold; "Contagious Divides" by Nayah Shan; "Curing Their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness" by Megan Vaughan; "Tools of Empire" by Daniel Hedrick; "Warm Climates and Western Medicine' by David Arnold; and "Machines as the Measure of Men" by Michael Adas.
From the Paper "In most reviews of the technologies of nineteenth century imperialism, three technologies are pinpointed as having given the imperialists their edge in the fight for dominance: the steamship, advanced military weaponry (such as rifles), and quinine. These technologies allowed the imperialists to gain ground over their new lands, to be able to conquer the people of these new lands, and to be able to conquer their new lands, through mapping projects, and the building of, for instance, hill stations (as in India) which helped the British keep an eye on their new territory, and to ensure the suppression of plots to overthrow them."
Abstract Subconscious racism is the more contagious form of prejudice that affects people's ways of thinking without their conscious knowledge. It is the lifeblood of all other forms of racism in American society. This paper examines how this form of racism is linked to the way new immigrants to the U.S. both experience and contribute to racism, prejudice, and general feelings of xenophobia in American society.
From the Paper "If the nation is comprised largely of immigrants, then it is logical to conclude that these immigrants would be both contributors to and victims of our national racism problem. Immigrants may embrace the racist and oppressive attitudes of their new American home because they are fearful and disoriented in their new surroundings, because they are attempting to fully assimilate into American society, and because they have brought these prejudices from their native country."
Abstract The writer examines the power of language in showing cause and effect in literature. For example, the writer shows how, through silence, Shakespeare is able to portray just as much, and sometimes more, than during dialogue. The paper includes many direct quotes from both plays.
Contents
Language and Power in Othello
Iago and the Addiction of Equivocation
Othello: Contagious Profanity and Failing Syntax
Speech, Paradox, and Fleeing Destiny/Identity
Conclusion on Othello
Magic Words and the Equivocation of Witchery
The Characterization of Macbeth: The Contagion of Power and Prophesy
Language and Prophecy in Macbeth
Lady Macbeth: Language for Self-definition and Self-destruction
Conclusion on Macbeth
Conclusion
From the Paper "Othello and Macbeth stand out as two important works among a small handful of Shakespeare's best plays. They have remained among the most popular and powerful of his works in no small part because of their profound emotional content and strong dramatic story. In these works, as in Hamlet or King Lear, Shakespeare seems to transcend the merely theatrical, presenting his audience with a work of such mythical intensity that one might almost consider it revelation. In Shakespeare's finest works, one has a sense of mythological import -- it is for this reason that subsequent generations of writers have held Shakespearian allusions on par with references to ancient Grecian mythologies or even biblical symbolism, and that his work has truly shaped the course of literature since his time."
