Abstract
This paper explains that 'Article 41 No. 1' of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR) was laid down by the United Nations in relation to the proper and legal arresting procedure of consular officials should the need arise for such arrest under international law. The author stresses that clearly it may be deduced that only dire events would results in even the initial arrest of a consular officer and that the consular office cannot be held until time for trial unless the competent judicial authority authorizes such arrest or detention. The paper relates that the purpose of 'Article 41' of the VCRR is to allow for an interim period pending trial in which the consular officers of the country involved are enabled to go on with their business in the period between the commission or occurrence and the trial of the crime for which the individual is accused.

Table of Contents
Objective
Introduction
Interpretation of Article 41 Part One
Interpretation of Article 41 Part Two
Breard v. Greene (U.S. 1998)
Paraguay v. United States of America (ICJ 1998)
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR) has been ratified under Article 6 of the U.S. Constitution as part of the "Supreme Law of the Land". The Consul is the official representative of a foreign country assigned the responsibility for matters in the location of the occurrence requiring notification thereof. Therefore, it may be understood that 'consular relations' refer to the intricate dealings in negotiations among those who are best at handling such charged arenas in international relations."

Tags:arrest, consular-officials, un, interim, immunity

Abstract
A paper on the issue of bribery of foreign officials by US companies.

Tags:bribery, foreign, officials

Abstract
This paper will discuss how New York City voted for limitations on how long a public official may spend in his or her office. By understanding this recent event in New York City history, we can see how this has an effect on the present Mayor Rudy Guliani and how this will create change all across the board for New York politicians. This year, a new law goes into effect that limits the terms of New York City elected officials, forcing the mass retirement of most incumbents in the city - including the mayor, the comptroller, the public advocate, four of the five borough presidents and 36 of the 51 members of the City Council.

Abstract
This paper discusses measures which can be taken by immigration officials to reduce the risk of terrorists or their weapons entering a country. It explores reasons why they should be trained to do so. The paper uses steps taken in the US as an example and describes some of the techniques used at the airports where foreign nationals enter the country.

From the Paper
"Because terrorists can strike anywhere at any time there is a pressing need today to sensitize immigration officers to be on their guard to detect people trying to enter the country on false or altered documents, people on terrorist watch lists and people ..."

Tags:immigration, terrorism

Abstract
This paper examines the case of a mayor and city manager in the midst of an ethical dilemma and responds to the question "What should the mayor do?" The philosophical principles of utilitarianism and act- and rule-utilitarianism are incorporated into the response.

From the Paper
"In the case of the young mayor David Glaser, the city manager needs to ignore his protests that his private life is none of the public's business and take steps to have the mayor removed from office and replaced. Although many public officials throughout America's history have engaged in surreptitious affairs and the public generally concedes that politicians are expected to be corrupt, the corruption of a public official impacts the people negatively in numerous ways. Not only does it destroy any trust, they..."

Tags:government, ethics, utilitarianism, act-utilitarianism, rule-utilitarianism, mayor

Abstract
This paper will discuss white-collar crimes, and seek to discover what may determine such a crime. Also, by analyzing the results of such a crime, we can see whom losses in this manner of fraud.

Abstract
This essay talks about bilingualism in Canada and the response to the official languages act which made the provinces use both English and French. This essay is based on research taken from book sources and articles from the Globe and Mail. According to this paper, not only is it an issue of language, but also of culture and outlook.

From the Paper
" Canada is a country that was founded by two different groups of people; Anglophones and francophones (Aboriginals and other groups have been largely ignored in most accounts). Anglophones are English speaking Canadians and francophones are French speaking Canadians. Besides speaking different languages and having different cultural backgrounds each group saw its position in Canada differently. For example, in "The First Century" Kenneth McRoberts states, From the beginning, English-speakers and French- speaker have seen Canada in fundamentally different ways. At the time of Confederation, most Anglophones saw themselves as members of a British nationality that transcended the boundaries of the new Dominion, whereas most francophones identified with a Canadian nationality that fell considerably short of these boundaries (McRoberts 2)."

Tags:official, bilingualism, canada

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks first at Judaism, an official religion and studies its historical beginnings. The writer outlines its fundamental beliefs, rites and rituals and scriptures. The writer then takes a look at Rastafarianism, a non-official religion, and examines its beginnings, beliefs, rites and rituals and sacred writings. In addition, the main areas of the world where these religions were developed and are mainly practiced today are highlighted. In the end, the differences between these two religions are understood. The writer concludes that the parallels found between official and non-official religions prove that they have more in common than they appear.

From the Paper
"After a long journey, which crossed the Red Sea, the Jews arrived in the area of Mount Sinai. Yahweh appeared again to Moses, and was given the Ten Commandments, or laws that the Jews must obey in order for the covenant to be fulfilled. In return for their obedience and sole worship of Yahweh, the Jews were promised land and a blessing. This event shaped Judaism forever. The idea of covenant is central to the Jewish belief system, and the laws given in the Commandments are still observed throughout the world by Jews today. This brief history of the Jewish faith, from its beginnings with Abraham through to the Exodus with Moses is important to understand before studying the beliefs, rites and rituals and the holy text of the Jews.
"The Jews believe in one God, meaning that they are monotheistic. Jews throughout the world believe in strong obedience in God as a means for eternal blessing and salvation. Jews worship in their holy house, the Synagogue and study their holy scripture, the Torah. "

Tags:Jews, God, Torah, Marcus, Garvey

Abstract
This paper focuses on answering the question of whether or not English should be made the official language of the United States of America. The paper explains that this debate is even older than the country itself, stretching all the way back to the time of the First Continental Congress. The paper asserts that a fair consideration of the question must examine the effects that granting English such an official status has had, in addition to examining the motives behind the passage of such legislation. The paper cites research results suggesting that making English the official language might actually have detrimental results; English can be taught without making it official, but other languages will fade in importance if we rob this state of the heritage that these other languages represent. The paper concludes that there is no need for the protectionism felt by many; acceptance and evolution has been the greatest strength of the English language since its creation, and the linguistic melting pot continues today.

From the Paper
"There seem to be two main points stressed by those who would have English made the official language of the state. The first of these is a feeling of protectionism towards the English language accompanied or even caused by a feeling of nationalism for the United States of America. These arguments, though logically sound in the effects they attest official status of the English language would produce, have no place in government--there is no right or responsibility granted to the state to protect a language, and history and linguistics both teach us that such protectionism is impossible; without isolation, languages are in a constant state of change (Opposing Views). In addition, any law defining or advancing any sort of "American ideal" was specifically left out of this nation's Constitution, in order that "American" abuses cannot be carried out on minorities. This leaves the second common reason cited for making English the official language of government--simple efficiency. This claim has more validity in the political sphere; there is a lot of evidence that suggests that a single-language government could have many benefits for the citizens of this state. At the same time there is a sense that this world limits many people's civil liberties and access to government. An examination of both sides of this issue makes it clear that the people of this state and the United States as a whole stand to lose a lot more by making English an official language than they do from keeping government operating in the languages of its people, which are many."

Tags:nationalism, immigration, bilingual, multicultural

Abstract
This paper explores the use and availability of official statistics, particularly for business. The phrase "official statistics" is thoroughly defined, and the paper gives examples of industries and departments in which official statistics are commonly used.