Abstract This paper explains that 'Article 41 No. 1' of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR) was laid down by the United Nations in relation to the proper and legal arresting procedure of consularofficials should the need arise for such arrest under international law. The author stresses that clearly it may be deduced that only dire events would results in even the initial arrest of a consular officer and that the consular office cannot be held until time for trial unless the competent judicial authority authorizes such arrest or detention. The paper relates that the purpose of 'Article 41' of the VCRR is to allow for an interim period pending trial in which the consular officers of the country involved are enabled to go on with their business in the period between the commission or occurrence and the trial of the crime for which the individual is accused.
Table of Contents
Objective
Introduction
Interpretation of Article 41 Part One
Interpretation of Article 41 Part Two
Breard v. Greene (U.S. 1998)
Paraguay v. United States of America (ICJ 1998)
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR) has been ratified under Article 6 of the U.S. Constitution as part of the "Supreme Law of the Land". The Consul is the official representative of a foreign country assigned the responsibility for matters in the location of the occurrence requiring notification thereof. Therefore, it may be understood that 'consular relations' refer to the intricate dealings in negotiations among those who are best at handling such charged arenas in international relations."
Tags: arrest, consular-officials, un, interim, immunity
Abstract This essay talks about bilingualism in Canada and the response to the official languages act which made the provinces use both English and French. This essay is based on research taken from book sources and articles from the Globe and Mail. According to this paper, not only is it an issue of language, but also of culture and outlook.
From the Paper " Canada is a country that was founded by two different groups of people; Anglophones and francophones (Aboriginals and other groups have been largely ignored in most accounts). Anglophones are English speaking Canadians and francophones are French speaking Canadians. Besides speaking different languages and having different cultural backgrounds each group saw its position in Canada differently. For example, in "The First Century" Kenneth McRoberts states, From the beginning, English-speakers and French- speaker have seen Canada in fundamentally different ways. At the time of Confederation, most Anglophones saw themselves as members of a British nationality that transcended the boundaries of the new Dominion, whereas most francophones identified with a Canadian nationality that fell considerably short of these boundaries (McRoberts 2)."
Abstract This paper explores the use and availability of official statistics, particularly for business. The phrase "official statistics" is thoroughly defined, and the paper gives examples of industries and departments in which official statistics are commonly used.
Abstract This paper will discuss how New York City voted for limitations on how long a public official may spend in his or her office. By understanding this recent event in New York City history, we can see how this has an effect on the present Mayor Rudy Guliani and how this will create change all across the board for New York politicians. This year, a new law goes into effect that limits the terms of New York City elected officials, forcing the mass retirement of most incumbents in the city - including the mayor, the comptroller, the public advocate, four of the five borough presidents and 36 of the 51 members of the City Council.
Abstract The author of this paper disagrees with opinions that English should not be the official language of the United States. He shows that if English is not the official language, it makes learning it optional and in some cases, for non-English speakers, trivial. The author feels, however, that the United States government should offer federally-funded programs to help immigrants learn English. The paper examines several sources on the subject.
From the Paper "Overall, I do not feel that any extreme is the right solution to a situation. I feel that in the United States, English is a common bond that allows people of diverse backgrounds to reach common understanding. However, I do not agree with the "English-only" movement. In my opinion, it is the extreme of English becoming the official language of the United States. I believe that anyone that resides in the United States should be able to speak proper English. But, people can still speak whatever language they choose at home and in private life."
This paper examines some of the virtues of giving officials free reign with their power as well as some of the drawbacks that can result from an abuse of that power, with reference to three Chinese plays from the Yuan Dynasty.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 0 sources, 2002, $ 37.95
Abstract This paper compares three plays: "Rain on the Hsiao-hsiang" by Yang Hsien-chih, "The Mo-Ho-Lo Doll" by Meng Han-ch'ing and "The Lute" by Kao Ming. It explores the advantages of allowing officials to freely exercise their power. The writer asserts that the most important way in which this freedom can benefit the citizens is the ability to make judicial decisions based on the specific situation.
From the Paper "The power of officials to overcome the corrupt officialdom of others is shown in The Mo-Ho-Lo Doll. Chang Ting is able to use his influence with the Prefect to overturn the unjust ruling of the 1st judge. He was able to uncover the truth that had been obscured by the poor job of investigation that the 1st judge had done to discover the killer of Li Te-Ch?ang. In the Prefect's opening introduction he says: ?Now this area of Honan Fu is suffering under corrupt officialdom which has been snaring and harming citizens in every fashion. His Sage Presence appointed me Special Prefect here. I am to root out all evil and sustain justice; armed with the "sword of authority and the seal of power"?. By exercising this symbolic "sword of authority and the seal of power", the Prefect was able to correct the injustice done by the previous judge."
Abstract This paper discusses measures which can be taken by immigration officials to reduce the risk of terrorists or their weapons entering a country. It explores reasons why they should be trained to do so. The paper uses steps taken in the US as an example and describes some of the techniques used at the airports where foreign nationals enter the country.
From the Paper "Because terrorists can strike anywhere at any time there is a pressing need today to sensitize immigration officers to be on their guard to detect people trying to enter the country on false or altered documents, people on terrorist watch lists and people ..."
An argumentative essay that examines the question of whether or not making English the official language of the U.S. would be an act of patriotism or an act of racism.
Abstract The author of this essay argues in favor of making English the official language of the United States based on arguments propounded by a Canadian-born Japanese immigrant with the same views. The author takes an objective approach at analyzing the costs and benefits of implementing an official policy of multilingualism. Some of the topics discussed in this paper include basic public sentiment of native English speakers as well as the high monetary cost of implementing two official languages in a country as large as the U.S.
From the Paper "Each day there are millions of people that speak a language other than English. There are actually over 300 languages that are currently spoken in the U.S." ("Should English Be the 'Official' Language of the U.S.?"). Recently; there have been efforts to make English the official language of the United States. Some say that this is discrimination against immigrants, others think that this will make us all more American and bring us together as a nation. So, would making English the official language of the U.S. be racist or patriotic?"
Tags: immigrants, spanish, multicultural, multilingual, bilingualism, languages
A paper which shows how people in America's underdeveloped areas of cities sometimes have to resort to taking the officials to court to obtain what they consider their rights.
Abstract Rights for people in under-developed areas of cities, often called urban areas, has been a long standing battle. This paper shows how, in the state of New Jersey, two court cases represent the needs of the urban people not being met, and the legal stance taken against discrimination of people in these areas. The paper explains the cases of Abbot vs. Burke, and the Mt. Laurel case - one, a case against school officials for failing to provide special education, and the other, against town officials who refused to use government funding for housing improvements.
From the Paper "The Mt. Laurel case and subsequent fair housing litigation and legislation have catalyzed the creation of a significant amount of affordable housing in New Jersey. Furthermore, the case and its progeny in other states have stimulated discussion and action on the issue of exclusionary zoning around the country. Similarly, the Abbott v Burke case established a comprehensive program for the financing, design, renovation, repair, and new construction of primary and secondary schools throughout the state of New Jersey. The most significant change in the law is the level of State aid for public school construction."
Abstract This paper begins by giving a general introduction to crime and its main causes. It then analyzes and examines the multitude of issues related to the abuse of male and female offenders in prisons. In the second part of the paper the writer discusses the nature and extent of this abuse. In the concluding section, recommendations are offered for improving the relationship between male and female offenders and prison officials. This is in order to eliminate or at least reduce the level of abuse of offenders in prisons. The paper argues that only when government, law enforcement officials, and society ensure that offenders have the same basic human rights as non criminals, will the practice of abusing inmates end.
From the Paper "Few issues transcend all economic, educational, ethnic, occupational, political, religious, and social lines and impact all individuals, either directly or indirectly. Crime is one such issue, affecting all individuals and society, both economically and non-economically. The main causes of crime are relatively simple to identify, i.e., lack of affordable housing, lack of high-paying jobs for lower and middle class wage earners, lack of trust between citizens and police officers, racial tensions, rising unemployment, etc. However, while the main causes of crime are relatively easy to identify, few effective and viable solutions to eliminating and/or reducing crime have been identified and implemented".
Tags: crime, recommendations, nature, extent, officials, elinminate, government, law, rights
Abstract This paper discusses the phenomenon of bilingualism. The paper examines the Spanish-speaking, Puerto Rican population of America. The paper explores the option of the United States becoming officially bilingual. The paper presents several controversies that surround the issue of whether the United States should be officially bilingual or not.
From the Paper "Americans can see some effects of bilingualism as official policy by looking at the packaging of many things sold in the United States, because much of that packaging already contains two languages -- English and French. This is because Canada is officially bilingual, and anything sold in Canada must be labeled in both languages. First examination of this marketing practice suggests that recognizing the presence of two languages in a country may be good for business, as people speaking both languages can shop with ease."
Abstract This study examines the history and national trends of poverty rates for senior citizens and compares them to the statewide levels in Minnesota. Projections of the senior population and income levels are examined to see if they are increasing or decreasing. Poverty can be measured by any of the following: absolute, U.S. government (officially sanctioned level for means tested programs), and relative. This study examines official poverty levels of seniors in comparison to being able to purchase a median-priced home and the availability of the U. S. government's Section 8 subsidized housing programs.
Introduction
Research Question
Literature Review
Theoretical Framework
Results
Implications
Limitations
Recommendations
Conclusions
Bibliography/References
Appendix
From the Paper "The history of the current Federal Government's Section 8 housing programs can be traced to the civil rights movements in the early 1960's. The 1968 Housing Act states that everyone no matter race, color, age or religion is entitled to equal housing. This section 8 program gives vouchers to each state in the USA and the Federal Government funds these. Minnesota uses these vouchers to subsidize rent for means tested participants. These rental units can be in multi-family apartments or in single-family stand-alone homes. Property owners that participate in this program agree to meet certain minimum housing standards in exchange for rent and incentives (low rate of interest on mortgage or lower taxes)."
Abstract The most common type of white-collar crime, bribery, also known as corruption, occurs in many different business environments. In particular, this paper looks at how China has put a lot of effort into enforcing the law related to three kinds of bribery, which are bribery of foreign officials, bribery of public officials and commercial bribery.
From the Paper "Bribery of foreign officials has made it easier for China to go into foreign markets. Other than local development, overseas development and foreign direct investment of Chinese companies are increasing at a rapid rate. According to the article "China and India 'Top Bribe List'" on BBC News on October 4th, 2006, anti-corruption group Transparency International (TI) puts China and India in the list of countries that are most ready to pay bribes to other countries, which are usually less developed countries. Other than China and India, Russia, Turkey and Taiwan are just below them in the ranking (BBC). This shows that international anti-corruption laws in these countries are not being effectively followed and regulated by the government. "
Abstract This paper looks at the Oklahoma City bombing. The paper first examines the facts, based on published information and investigations, about the pre-bombing preparedness of the federal, state and local officials on the date of the bombing. The paper then discusses the emergency disaster response to the bombing by the respective official agencies at the local, state and federal levels.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Before April 19, 1995
Emergency Response on April 19, 1995
Profile of a Domestic Terrorist
Conclusion
From the Paper "Would Terry Nichols have withheld the name of the unidentified John Doe alleged by some witnesses to have been with McVeigh on the day of the bombing? Only if, as a conspirator, as a disgruntled American convinced that he was guaranteed the right to revolution under the Constitution of the United States, and because Nichols already knew that he would not receive the death penalty it is very possible that there exists a third man that has gone unidentified. Or whom the FBI is still investigating and, therefore, the element of withholding information on such a suspect would still be rational and logical and acceptable."
