Abstract The chapter is discussed in terms of what it tells us of Taoist philosophy and its implications of the time and society in which it was written.
Abstract This paper examines the impact of international monetary speculation and proposals to constrain it. Currency speculation is generally identified as one of the roots of the financial crises of the 1990s. Consequently, means of reducing the worst consequences of this financial speculation-foreign exchange controls-are being considered. This paper advocates their introduction and outlines their potential benefits.
This in-depth paper details the results of both focus groups and clinical studies which provide a framework for clinicians to better understand and treat pain, based on the race and ethnicity of the patient.
Abstract This well-researched, two-part paper examines the cause, effect and treatment of self-reported pain in patients of varying ethnicities and cultures. When healthcare providers are faced with patients who are experiencing pain, there may be a number of confounding factors that serve to constrain developing an effective treatment modality, including the clinician's own cultural bias, prejudice or ignorance. This in-depth research paper identifies the cultural factors that play a role in influencing healthcare providers' decisions to medicate patients based on their ethnicity. The writer of this paper also details which, if any, cultural influences within the patients themselves may serve to constrain their ability to adequately communicate their respective levels of pain in self-reports. This paper details the various focus groups and clinical studies and their results which provide a framework for clinicians to better understand the treatment of pain based on the race and ethnicity of the patient.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Part One: Development of a Pain Assessment Tool Relevant to Clinical Background.
Epidemiology of Pain
Ecological Perspective
Developmental/Temporal Perspective
Epidemiology Measures
General Pain Assessment Tool Considerations
Part Two: Application of Assessment Tool
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Although pain is a virtually universal phenomenon, it is also a highly subjective experience that is characterized by a wide range of epidemiological considerations that will vary according to the individual, of course, but the cultural setting within which the pain management experience takes place as well. In the increasingly multicultural society that characterizes the United Kingdom today, clinicians are hard-pressed to understand the complex relationship of how organic processes interrelate with cultural factors that may be unapparent or unknown to them. Furthermore, compounding the problem of developing an effective pain assessment tool that can be used across-the-board is the fact that occupational, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and possibly geographic, cultural, and cohort differences, as well as differences in lifestyle risk factors such as smoking may be so powerful for pain management purposes that the influences of other factors such as age and gender are difficult to identify."
Abstract This paper discusses the differences in perception and use of time between cultures. Although time carries with it different aspects and holds different values, it is constrained and used as a tool to constrain the actions of the individual for the betterment of a society. The author of this paper concludes that from the constraints of time there are rewards and punishments to allow a society to control individual behavior.
Outline:
Introduction
Sources
Analysis
Perception of time of each culture
The reason for time
Cultural valuations of time
Nature, event and clock time
Linear and Monochronic Time
Conclusion
From the Paper "Culture can be defined as a shared behavior--a behavior that unites people together in their actions and allows them to co-exist with each other--of course this is not to say that there are not rewards and punishments for helping the group to be functional or not co-operating with the group at all. Time then is a way in which a group (society) maintains a certain amount of functionality by exercising the constraints of time on everybody in the group. Those who do not work within these constraints of time cause chaos within the subsets in the group. Each culture has its own definition of time constraints--many European countries have siesta in the afternoon, in areas if the US where the heat in the summer is well over 100 degrees people schedule their days so they won't be out doing physically labor during the hottest part of the afternoon and in the United Kingdom they have tea time which is different than the traditional American supper time. The concept of time is one way that a culture is defined."
An argument that, although American colonists were not constrained to a social rank which they were born into, as in England, an aristocratic class structure soon arose and dominated America up to, and after, the Revolutionary war.
1,003 words (approx. 4 pages), 3 sources, 1999, $ 35.95
From the Paper "Americans during the colonial period of British origin may have found more of an opportunity to succeed in America than in their motherland, but the domestic structure in America could hardly be termed as democratic. The transplantation to America of the social habits of the upper class Englishmen, the agrarian system of land distribution and the obvious social hierarchy in the Americas were characteristics of a principally authoritarian society. Although colonists were not constrained to a social rank which they were born into, as in England, an aristocratic class structure soon arose and dominated America up to, and after, the Revolutionary war. "
Abstract The following paper discusses theories of criminal punishment and examines the advantages and disadvantages of incapacitation. The advantages and disadvantages of community programs are also reviewed and crime prevention strategies that work, do not work, and that are promising are also discussed. Finally, this paper concludes with a proposal to improve the effectiveness of incapacitation and community programs.
From the paper:
?Supporters of deterrence believe that if punishment is imposed upon a person who has committed a crime, the pain inflicted will dissuade the offender (specific deterrence) and others (general deterrence) from either repeating the crime or from committing similar crimes. Incapacitation deprives offenders of the ability or opportunity to commit further crimes that harm society. Rehabilitation seeks to prevent future criminal behavior by providing offenders with the education and treatment necessary to eliminate criminal tendencies, as well as the skills to become productive members of society.?
Abstract The framers of the U.S. Constitution intended to assign more power to Congress than to the presidency. Bearing in mind that Americans had waged revolution against monarchy, the framers intended to put a check on presidential power and gave Congress the power to override a presidential veto and to impeach and remove a president. However, the history of U.S. politics reveals that the presidency is a constraining force on Congress and presidents have frequently used the constitutional power to veto legislation passed by Congress.
Abstract The portrayal of the Russian Revolutions has at times proved so markedly different, that it is hard to believe that authors or observers are discussing the same event. This paper focuses on this discrepancy in representation, highlighting the various factors which determined the way in which 1917 has been portrayed by first-hand observers, and later, by professional historians. In a case like that of the Russian Revolutions, where the generation of ensuing scholars and interpreters of other kinds were constrained by political ideology, we will see that history became the handmaid of the totalitarian regime, particularly under Stalin and his supporters.
Abstract This essay considers two sides of Sarah Josepha Hale. On the one hand, Hale is regarded as widely influential in her work as an editor and social activist, and is recognized nationally for her work in the advancement of women's access to a higher education. On the other hand, Hale's poetry reveals a more complicated perspective where Hale seems to attempt to work through gender and class contradictions in the contexts of verse. Hale emerges as a woman who was constrained by class ideologies, and a conservative political agenda. At the same time, she succeeded in establishing important changes for women in relation to education, and she acted directly in producing recognition of women as domestic participants in the social and political realms of 19th century New England.
Abstract This paper examines Proportional Representation (PR) as an alternative to Canada's current system. The current system in Canada results in Parliament not reflecting the popular vote and constrains smaller parties.
Abstract This paper is a detailed discussion of the implications of Cdn economics in adopting the U.S. currency. Issues of international trade and business initiative are considered, as well as the possible outcomes for Canadian economics and business. The essay argues that adopting a foreign currency in Canada would restrict Federal monetary independence and constrain Canadian business in both local and international trade.
Abstract This paper looks at the present marketing strategy of Lufthansa German Airlines. It finds that the company's current strategy is positioned around quality conscious consumers and closely linked to the overall strategy of the Star Alliance. Lufthansa is constrained in what it can presently do, largely because of its external environment. However, it is currently in a position of strength with favorable trends influencing it from within and without. The recommendation is basically for a continuation of its current strategy with an increased effort to include price conscious consumers that could eventually be included in its target market strategy.
Abstract This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes, the readings, "Jude the Obscure" by Thomas Hardy, "The Awakening" by Kate Chopin, and "The Odd Women" by George Gissing. Specifically, it shows how Victorian women were willing to struggle for emancipation, even if it meant dying for it. Victorian women had to live under many societal constraints, which kept them subservient and shackled to their relationships. When women struck out for independence and vitality, they were crushed by an unbending Victorian society whose mores did not encourage personal growth and transformation for women.
From the Paper "Each of these novels portray a different facet of Victorian women, however, ultimately the females in these three works all suffer from the constraints of Victorian society, and each one struggles for emancipation and equality in her own way. Each woman lives outside the "norm" of Victorian society and works to become self-actualized long before it was a recognized or accepted concept."
Abstract This paper critically analyses the factors that may contribute to the chronically ill person maintaining or not maintaing adherence to treatment. Five related areas of concern associated with compliance metatheory are briefly reviewed. It is asserted that theory building, assessment, research, and clinical application have been needlessly constrained as a result of the tendency of compliance investigations to be: (a) unidimensional, (b) practitioner centered, (c) reductionist, (d) stability (consistency) oriented, and (e) a motivational. The problem listing is then followed by a discussion of potential conceptual alternatives, and by the presentation of a tentative family of terms to replace the current overextended usage of the compliance label.
From the Paper "Compliance is usually defined as a technical problem that is a theoretical in nature; that is to say, compliance is a problem associated with getting the patient to behave in accord with medical advice. Karoly finds this definition to be somewhat sterile and urges that compliance should be thought of as a construct not unlike intelligence. Karoly argues that control theory offers a useful meta-analytic framework for conceptualizing the construct. The power of this approach is that it offers the possibility of combining cause-effect models and those that attempt to analyze "properties of people and/or systems (e.g., families) that are capable of yielding consistencies in health maintaining behavior." Karoly offers a triarchic model of compliance that is analogous to Sternberg's model of the construct of intelligence."
Abstract This paper contends that Plato's myth of the cave parallels the movie, "A Time to Kill", symbolically, through the concept of the lives that some people lead and how they are constrained by society.
From the Paper "In the world today, there are several kinds of people that exist all of whom have different ways of thinking and life styles. The way that some individuals behave may not seem acceptable to others because of cultural norms and preconceived notions based on societal mores. People may even appear to be different in the way that they eat, dress, and look. However, this does not in any way mean that they should be discriminated against, as it would probably be unfair to judge a person based on his or her physical characteristics. Perhaps, from a legal perspective such discrimination might be defined as criminal. However, worse than this the racial bias is the physically harming of an individual based on his or her appearance. Consider here the movie "A Time to Kill" in which a ten-year-old African American girl is raped by white boys. Enraged by the death of his daughter, the girl's father, Samuel Jackson shoots both the rapists and in the process injures a cop finally finding himself on trial in a southern state upholding "white" racist values and yet, ironically being defended by a "white" lawyer, Jake Brigance (Berardinelli, 1996). When we hear the summation speech of Brigance we realize that his concepts were similar to those presented by Plato's myth."
