Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses whether Hitler was a strong dictator or not. The writer finds that if one believes a dictator's strength to be defined by their level of administrative control of the state, it can be argued that Hitler was a weak dictator. The writer also finds that if one believes a dictator's strength is determined by their ideological following, Hitler again was a strong dictator. The writer concludes that whether Hitler was a weak dictator or not is entirely dependent on the individual's belief in what constitutes a strong or weak dictator.

From the Paper
"Under Nazi rule, Hitler led Germany to total war and to genocidal actions against both Russia and the Jewish nation. These were state actions of the most severe nature. That Hitler was Germany's dictator is hard, if not impossible, to deny. Whether Hitler was a strong dictator or a weak dictator, however, is an intensely debated question. In the absence of having lived as Hitler or at the least within the very upper echelons of Nazi leadership, one can only truly speculate based on limited primary sources, the level of Hitler's dictatorial strength during his dictatorship. Some, such as Hans Mommsen in his piece 'Hitler's Stellung im Nationalsozialistischen Herrschaftssystem' and Martin Broszat through his text 'The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the internal structure of the Third Reich', have argued conclusively that Hitler was somewhat of a weak dictator, with the true power of the Nazi state lying in fragmented decision making processes dispersed throughout the state."

Tags:nazi, german, fascism, genocide, dictatorship, adolf

Abstract
This paper explores the role of the exclusionary rule in the US legal system. The writer first defines exclusionary rules as a set of guidelines which dictate that evidence and or admissions of guilt obtained illegally will be excluded from being heard in criminal trials. Next, historical controversies involving this set of rules are discussed. Also examined is the manner in which law enforcement is affected by the exclusionary rule. The author also considers the need to seek a balance between collecting evidence yet protecting the individual's Constitutional rights. Finally, the author proposes changes for the exclusionary rule, which may include compensation when rights are violated.

Outline
Introduction
Controversy and History of the Exclusionary Rule
Law Enforcement Effects
Protecting Good Faith Exemptions
Is it Time for Change?
References

From the Paper
"The exclusionary law or laws, more appropriately, then go on to provide a set of rules that dictate that evidence and or admissions of guilt obtained illegally will be excluded from being heard in criminal trials. What this quite often amounts to is that criminals who are guilty can go free, if the evidence needed to convict them is tainted in some manner, having been acquired illegally, with certain exceptions, though many argue the exceptions and rules are unclear and are in constant need of redress by the courts. (Chun 2000:799) (Holland 2000:1107)"

Tags:exclusionary, rule, checks, and, balances, constitution, evidence

Abstract
The paper shows that In the interests of preserving the civil rights of all Americans, legislation over the past few decades has mandated a conspicuous absence of Christian or Jewish symbols, prayers or teachings from public places-- the classroom, the sports arena, the courts, public buildings of all sorts. Yet, followers of these faiths make up the majority of Americans. The paper discusses that in the wake of the tragedy of September 11, and the previous shocking incidences of student violence at Columbine and other schools, Americans feel the need for increased, rather than decreased, emphasis on religion in the classroom and everywhere their children go. The author of the paper asks what can be done to protect the rights of these citizens to observe the dictates of their beliefs in their daily walk of life outside of their homes and places of worship.

From the Paper
"What about the right of Judeo-Christians to display their symbols or other aspects of their beliefs in public places? The national motto is "In God We Trust", and all fifty states have a reference to God in their constitutions, the preambles to the constitutions, and/or on their state seals. Presumably this would constitute a precedent for the mention of God in civil settings. The case of County of Allegheny v. ACLU, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, 492 U.S. 573 (1989), restricted the display of a Nativity scene on public property. By the so-called "plastic reindeer" test, religious displays should not have to incorporate secular symbols in order to be permissible, any more than secular displays should have to add religious symbols."

Tags:Istook, Amendment, Abington, Schemp, Constitutional, Amendment

Abstract
This paper explains that, during the past four years, with the help of international aide, Afghanistan has worked towards the goal of justice for its people, but the outcome has created international and internal conflicts, which threaten the badly needed autonomy of the court. The author points out that the problem lies with the very vocal minority, the radical Islamic Shari'a, who are frowned upon by the majority of the Muslim population and the western countries offering aid but, in the past, have bullied and terrorized those who defied them. The paper relates that, although the Afghanistan government is determined to create a justice system that both strengthens the country and appeals to the populace, the fact that nothing has been resolved and that nothing is currently being done to close the loopholes in the constitution doesn't seem to be a big concern to the leadership of Afghanistan.

Table of Contents
The Challenge in Afghanistan
The Shari'a
A History of the Legal Systems of Afghanistan
The Modern Reformation of the Legal System
A Test of the New System
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Warlords continued to fight each other until the mid-1990s when the Taliban took control of the country. The Taliban brought back the Shari'a, only this time in an extreme form, as the law of the country, partly in response to support from Pakistan. Their interpretation of Islam was enforced by religious police known as the Ministry of Virtue. They oversaw the implementation of radical Shari'a that included amputation for theft, stoning for adultery, banning of television, music and sports. The Taliban framed the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan, 1,800 year old statues carved into the side of a mountain, as an extension of the Shari'a law prohibiting idols."

Tags:terror, shari'a, justice, constitution, dictate

Abstract
The paper argues against judicial activism, maintaining that it is a dangerous concept only appropriate in extraordinary situations. It explains the fact that the judiciary's independent nature gives it considerable unchecked power. The paper advocates judicial restraint but agrees that judicial activism is justified when the aggrieved party has no other recourse.

From the Paper
"Americans have debated the proper role of the judiciary since the nation was founded in the 1780s. Though the founders established the judiciary as one of the three equal branches of government, the Federal Courts did not assert that role until the mid-20th century. Indeed, the nation's leaders and courts themselves have often been wary of the judiciary because it is such an undemocratic institution. Federal judges wield considerable power, often unchecked except by other judges, and they wield such power for life."

Tags:debate, democracy, doctrine, majority, constitution

Abstract
This paper explains that the University Student Council of the University of the Philippines is not only a service, campaign and activity center for students but also plays a historic militant role in political upheavals, which support the democratic interests of the Filipino people. The author points out that, while the members of an organization understand the formal structure, rules and regulations of the organization, its administrative culture dictates how and why members of an organization operate and deliver its goals. The paper stresses that the Weberian characteristic of strict subordination is very difficult to implement in the USC because of the strong notion of democratic leadership in the student council.

Table of Contents:
The UPM University Student Council (USC) Constitution in Brief
The NUSP Edgar Jopson Student Council Manual
Maintaining Leadership
Develop Expertise in Technical Work
Reviewing Waldo's the Study of Public Administration
The Pull of Culture in the University Student Council
Militant National Democratic Culture
Contemporary Youth Popular Culture
Understanding Culture is Key

From the Paper
"Nonetheless, understanding the politics-administration dichotomy might be very important in understanding the dynamics of the USC due to its fused politico-administrative character. The dichotomy stems from the notion that politics and administration can never be totally isolated from each other, no matter how big or small the bureaucracy is. In terms of structure, the administrative portion of the bureaucracy is clearly accountable to the political branches of government, to the policies laid down by the political actors at a given time."

Tags:grass-roots, collective, leadership, militant, centralism

Abstract
The paper analyzes the two major points of war defining the profiteering and the horrific reality of war in "War is a Racket" by Smedley Butler. The paper discusses how during the early part of the 20th century, Butler saw a growing military industrial complex that was constantly gearing up for war, going against the sovereign dictates of the American Constitution that sought only to use the military as a defensive institution.

Tags:war, profit, america

Abstract
This paper is about the Hindu Caste system, its orgins, its present status and the future of the social dictates of it. It explores the basic tenets of the Hindu religion, reincarnation, karma, and moksa and their relation to the four castes of Hindu society and the fith caste fo the untouchables. The present day status of India is reviewed regarding the constitutional prohibition against discrimination and the affirmative action requirements of including the lower castes into modern education and employment.

Tags:hindu, india, caste

Abstract
This paper stresses that it is impossible to determine precisely what Christian ethics or morals are on any given issue without a plausible definition of what constitutes a Christian. The author points out that, from this review of the history of Christianity, the religion is practiced in varying formats and with various degrees of adherence to the moral and ethical dictates of the religion; furthermore, one observes that more than likely the "root-cause" for failures to adhere to Christian morals and ethics is a product of the slow-paced evolution of the Christian religion. The paper relates that, as an example of these other ethical issues, most scholars from both sides of the abortion issue feel that the resolution will come in the form of pre-natal research and development because advancements made within this science have already dropped the abortion rates appreciably nationwide.

Table of Contents
Thesis Statement
Why Christianity is in Turmoil
An Important Turning Point in Establishment
The Bible and the Establishment of Morals and Ethics
The Christian Ethics of Euthanasia
A Brave New Set of Ethics
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The Christian ethic concerning physician-assisted suicide is of course spelled out within the "Ten Commandments," of the Old Testament. Quite simply, "Thou shall not kill." On the other hand, down through the decades since the inventions of or development of "pain-relieving," drugs, physicians have been quietly going about the process of Euthanasia where there is no hope for continued productive life - usually labeled "end-stage relief," and their work although secretive in nature has not conjured much debate until the past two decades. Indeed, with the passage of a new "politically correct," law in the Netherlands recently the ethical reaction into the nature of this act has been minimal at best with discussions cropping up from time to time brought on primarily by the Religious Right. For example, the Reverend Billie Graham is one, along with his son Franklin that is quite out-spoken on the issue."

Tags:translation, research, fundemental, reconciliation, evolution

Abstract
This paper defines organizational socialization as the process through which individuals are transformed from outsiders to participating, effective members of organizations. While organizational change is defined more simply as either down-sizing or reengineering within the corporation, which both constitute the same radical corporate transformation within a business or corporation. The writer of this paper contends that the success of today's organization depends on unleashing and maximizing the talents of its workforce. The overall purpose of both occupational socialization and organization change is to help managers and supervisors achieve better results by identifying when and how to be participative. It is based on the premises that participative management and leadership practices are essential to building commitment. This paper details the various scenarios which require businesses to make drastic cutbacks or structural changes in the set up of the company as well as the reactions from both management and the workforce. Some of the more positive reasons for a company to change are in a shift of how to do business, manage complexity as well as the ability to transcend existing inertia and become more effectively competitive. Some of the more negative effects of change are that it can distract from the basic company goal, changing just to increase team spirit. The writer of this paper discusses several models in organizational socialization methods, including the Schein method which dictates that socialization to higher levels of management includes socialization to more central roles and influence within the organization.

Table of Contents:
What is Occupational Socialization?
Organizational Socialization Techniques
What is Organizational Change?
What Are the More Positive and Negative Aspects of Organizational Change?
What Happens When a Company Decides to Change?
How Does Occupational and or Organizational Socialization Affect Organizational Change?
Occupational Socialization Footnotes and Bibliography
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Some formal socialization techniques include orientation programs, new employee training, and employee handbooks and for on going socialization, job rotation. On the other hand informal socialization may include on-the-job training from a supervisor or coworkers, word of mouth and upending or transformational experiences. One of the better known organizational socialization models is Schein's which states that socialization to higher level of management includes socialization to more central roles and influence in the organization. One informal method of doing this is through personal mentoring. The Schein method describes that some of psychosocial functions of mentoring include role modeling, acceptance and confirmation and friendships."

Tags:labor, business, applied, practice, labor, security, employment, change