Abstract
This essay discusses the various types of constituency a legislative body has in American politics. The author draws appropriately upon readings and contemporary political events to develop the theme.

Tags:legislative, constituency

Abstract
This research paper analyzes the architectural and societal constituents of Frank Lloyd Wright's seminal 'Prairie Style' houses, built between 1893 and 1909. It discusses his social and historical roots in rural Wisconsin, his apprenticeship to Louis Sullivan and his rise as a talented independent young architect in Chicago. The writer discusses that the interplay of dynamic social forces, and architectural forms enabled Wright to synthesize an iconic new domestic vocabulary, which is still influential today.

From the Paper
"Frank Lloyd Wright, always a great showman and popularizer of his own architectural works, did nothing to discourage the legends and mythology surrounding their creation. From his writings, one can easily draw the implication that they sprang "sui generous", germinating in some kind of virgin birth from the mind and spirit of the great master himself. In fact, all of his brilliant innovative works, including his extraordinary Prairie Style houses, are built on a foundation that came before. They are the logical result of antecedents found in the architectural environment ..."

Tags:wright, prairie, architecture

Abstract
The paper relates that in the fall of 2008, Congress was called upon to pass legislation to address what many consider one of the worst financial crises in United States history, and while one would hope the current crisis represents a rare event for the American taxpayer, unfortunately, it has been scarcely more than twenty years since the so-called savings and loan crisis of the 1980s. In light of these two historical events, the paper examines how the congressional response to the current crisis compares with the response to the savings and loan debacle of the 1980's. Specifically, the current study discusses the backgrounds to each of these cases and how the political dynamics influenced the legislation produced by congress to address them. Emphasis is placed on the constituency concerns of members of congress and how these affected their ability to work together collectively to take action at a critical time.

From the Paper
"In the fall of 2008, congress was called upon to pass legislation to address what many consider one of the worst financial crises in United States history. And while one would hope the current crisis represents a rare event for the American taxpayer, unfortunately, it has been scarcely more than twenty years since the so-called savings and loan crisis of the 1980s. In light of these two historical events, the following report..."

Tags:s&l crisis, subprime crisis, financial crisis

From the Paper
"Black nationalism in the United States was an old idea by the time Malcolm X arrived in Harlem in the early 1950s.. Marcus Garvey and many before him had dreamed of taking black men back to Africa; the Communist party and the Black Muslims had imagined a black state within America. Malcolm helped the Muslim prepare the ground for this separate nation, expanding their following from 400 to about 40,000. He did this by turning the negro's self-hatred into a hatred of white people and a black sense of pride. The black race, he believed, had been brainwashed into believing it was inferior. No one could get rid of his color, and instead of telling his followers to suppress this painful sense of difference, he urged them to turn it upside down: to convert it from shame to pride. They were no longer "negroes" they were "black"--a word that allowed the blacks to turn ... "

Abstract
The paper outlines the reasons why Congress has become an oversized, inefficient institution, full of self-serving politicians who are out of touch with the country's most pressing problems. It discusses the length of the terms of service, the size of the constituencies and the manner in which campaigns are funded. The paper proposes the development of a system which would effectively monitor the activities of Congressmen in order to minimize the abuse of power. It also proposes changes in fiscal behavior, committee setup and campaign funding in order to prevent specific interest groups from interfering in Congressional matters.

From the Paper
"It is also extremely critical to bear in mind that the public anger and frustration will only increase with the passage of time if noting is done to change the way Congress conducts itself. Apart from various internal structural problems, the Congress should actively allow impartial bodies to investigate various allegations against it. This way it will be able to clear some of the blame that public has placed on its shoulders."

Tags:funding, interest-group, corruption, government, constituency

Abstract
This paper explains that there is an extremely high incidence of addiction not only to cannabis but also to cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, abuse of other substances, gambling and even to food resulting in significant obesity among the Maori youth population in Marewa City, New Zealand. The author points out that the Don't Do Drugs Trust believes that getting kids off drugs should not be the only end result of a program, but rather life skills and introduction to life's rewards should be integral to the program before, during and post-drug use including an innovative way to reach those who relapse. The paper relates in detail the program whose key constituencies are the Maori youth population itself, non-Maori youth, the representative governmental agencies, the local business community, the philanthropic community and the public at large: The program strives to begin to remove the stigma of dependency the public associates with today's Maori lifestyle and replace it with pride that extends beyond the boundaries of Maori culture.


Table of Contents
Background
The Plan's Components
Key Constituencies
Outcome Objectives
Schools Program
After School Program
Philanthropic Community
Job and Business Creation
Constituency Objectives
Maori Youth
Non-Maori Youth
Governmental Agencies and School Leadership
Business Community
Philanthropic Community
General Public
Output Objectives
Schools
After School Programs
Businesses and Financial Institutions
Key Messages
Maori Youth: Do Life!
Non-Maori Youth: Share life.
Governmental Agencies/School Leadership: Give a kid a life!
Business Community/Financial Institutions: Teach a kid how to earn a great life!
Philanthropic Community: Life as we know it....
General Public: Life matters.
Strategies and Tactics
Maori Youth: Do Life!
Non-Maori Youth
Governmental Agencies/School Leadership
Business Community/Financial Institutions
Philanthropic Community
General Public
Timetable
Evaluation
Justification

From the Paper
"There is more than sufficient evidence to suggest that a bold and far-reaching program is needed to arrest the downward slide of the Maori youth population in Marewa City. Our recent survey of drug-prone central street city kids revealed that they were seeking "alternative occupations" to fill the time when they were no longer spending their days making deals and were busy "getting a life" instead. There is also evidence, however, that cannabis, in particular, is not alone in destroying the Maori youth; "social and spiritual poverty is. That's the unanimous message form Maori social, health and youth workers who argue cannabis abuse is just one indicator of a much more profound problem." "

Tags:addiction, skills, reward, community, message

Abstract
The paper examines how film festivals work, their history, and their growth. It looks at the differentiation between them with respect to niche markets, genres, or constituencies. The paper focuses on the Cannes Film Festival.

From the Paper
"An Overview of the History of Film Festivals
In the film industry, festivals at which films are screened, judged, and evaluated and their producers, directors, and casts acknowledged with prestigious awards, have become increasingly commonplace in recent..."

Abstract
This paper presents a comparison and contrast of the presidential and parliamentary systems of government in terms of their key characteristics as well as their strengths and weaknesses. It finds that, to varying degrees, both systems are concerned with the promotion of accountability, responsibility and efficiency. Each system has a leader, the President and the Prime Minister, respectively, and power is held on the basis of popular support through political constituencies that are generally equal in population. A major difference between these two systems of government is that while the Senate in the American presidential system of government is an important and integral part of the day-to-day functioning of the system, the same cannot be said for the Senate in the Canadian parliamentary system. A major weakness of the American presidential system of government is that the legislative process can be slow and cumbersome.

Abstract
This research paper discusses how one would go about lobbying Congress to modify the AMT. The paper offers an approach to seek a dilution of the impact of the AMT particularly on the middle class. The paper begins with suggesting an appeal to key Congressional committee members in both parties, followed by building grassroots support for it among key Congressional constituencies and enlisting the assistance of various interest groups. Specifically this paper looks at an important ancillary lobbying effort to directed at the George Bush administration.

From the Paper
"The AMT was first included in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) in 1969 and has since been expanded by legislative amendments, especially under the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The AMT was designed to ensure that all taxpayers, especially wealthier ones, paid a minimum tax which was higher than would be due if all otherwise allowable exemptions, deductions and credits were given full effect in the computation of the federal income tax due from a taxpayer in any given calendar year."

Tags:government, congressional, bush, tax, reform, administration, politics

Abstract
This paper examines the history of campaign finance and campaign finance reform for elected officials in the U.S. It discusses the main issues in the debate including corruption, disorganization, and mass media influence. it outlines the McCain-Fiengold Bill as well as the debate between Bush and McCain during the primaries of the 2001 Presidental Election campaign.

Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Campaign Finance Reform
3. Issues
4. McCain-Feingold Bill
5. McCain / Bush
6. Conclusion

From the paper:

"From the first democratic election, politicians, journalists, and the public have decried the high cost of campaigns. It cannot be disputed that political campaigns rely on money from filing until the election and well beyond. From the beginning of the democratic election process, politicians, journalists, and the public have individually and collectively viewed with horror the ever-increasing cost of campaigns. Each election cycle sets a new record for spending. The critics cite the cost of presenting a candidate or issue but fail to take into consideration the increasing number of voters, distribution of constituencies, competition to spend, cost of new technologies, and inflationary pressures."

Tags:Bills, elections, soft-money