Abstract
The paper explains that Caesar's conspirators were certain Caesar would have become a dictator because of his personality, and therefore they killed him. The paper discusses how the conspirators were wrong to take the actions they did, regardless of how justified they felt. The paper further asserts that the negative result of their actions indicates that they acted unethically.

From the Paper
"His conspirators were certain Caesar would have become a dictator because of his personality. Shakespeare hints that they may be just in their fears of Caesar's ambitions. He is, after all, very arrogant when it comes to his powers. He is just a man but he is prone to forget this fact when he is filled with pride. His arrogance is seen when he changes his mind about staying home as Calphurnia wishes. When confronted with the image of a crown, he calls her fears "foolish" (Shakespeare II.ii.105) and tells her that he is ashamed of himself for giving in to them and to her. The conspirators were not wrong in what they thought about Caesar. He was indeed an arrogant man and we cannot know what kind of ruler he would have been. We do know that he was stern and shrewd and these characteristics would not have faded under the crown. Harold Bloom claims that while Caesar "may idealize himself, and yet he is accurate. He is the northern star in of his world (Bloom 110). These characteristics fueled fear and Myron Taylor puts it succinctly when she states, "Playing the role of Caesar has cost Julius Caesar his life" (Taylor 306). Caesar's murderers had a clear conception of Caesar; it was their fear of that and their means of getting rid of him that brings them trouble."

Tags:justification, fears, ethics

Abstract
Using Marlow, a character in Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness", this analytical essay looks at the history of colonialism and the European conquest. Describing and analyzing the inner monologue of the character, the writer presents a different view that Conrad, in writing this novel, was portraying the brutal conquest of other continents. Breaking down various imagery and metaphors, the writer paints a picture that is meant to help one understand the sublime meaning within the text.

From the Paper
"The first images of African nature that Marlow provides are found in geographical maps and these images set up Africa as dangerously devoid of humanity or civilization. This supposed lack of civilization in Africa, or its "darkness", corroborates the idea that Africa is essentially empty and therefore available to be divided up amongst European nations. Marlow first references this idea of Africa lacking humanity by stating that as a child, "I would... lose myself in all the.. many blank spaces on the earth... there was one yet, the biggest, the most blank... that I had a hankering after" (1894). He then states that Africa, the blank space he had been describing, had "become a place of darkness" (1895). These descriptive images of Africa as a "blank" and "dark" space have the effect of denying African people agency and erasing their humanity, since from their viewpoint African land would most certainly not be blank or empty. Yet if Africa is positioned as blank, an idea which Marlow aligns himself with by default as no other maps that offer an alternative perspective seem to be available to him, then the colonization of Africa would not be land theft or morally objectionable."

Tags:Heart of darkness, joseph conrad, colonialism, conquest

Abstract
William F. Pepper, in Orders to Kill, presents the argument that the United States government conspired to assassinate Martin Luther King, Jr. and to cover up the plot afterwards by framing James Earl Ray for the murder.

From the Paper
"William F. Pepper, in Orders to Kill, presents the argument that the United States government conspired to assassinate Martin Luther King, Jr. and to cover up the plot afterwards by framing James Earl Ray for the murder. Although such a conspiracy may be difficult to accept for those readers who believe that the government of the United States would never commit such a horrible act, Pepper presents his case step by step and detail by detail until the open-minded reader slowly begins to see that the case was not the simple matter that the government has tried to say it was.

Basically, Pepper argues that King was assassinated by a conspiracy which included the military of the United States, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, members of organized crime, members of the executive branch of the government, as well as the ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the motivations of John Wilkes Booth and the conspirators which are based upon their belief that Abraham Lincoln was a tyrant who was intent upon subjecting the South to black domination. It explains that Lincoln's emancipation of the slaves, promotion of black equality, and recruitment of tens of thousands of blacks into the Union Army convinced the conspirators that Lincoln and his Cabinet advisors had to be assassinated in order to prevent the South from being dominated and ruled by blacks and radical abolitionists intent upon revenge.

From the Paper
"The motivations of John Wilkes Booth and the conspirators were based upon their belief that Abraham Lincoln was a tyrant who was intent upon subjecting the South to black domination. Lincoln's emancipation of the slaves, promotion of black equality, and recruitment of tens of thousands of blacks into the Union Army convinced the conspirators that Lincoln and his Cabinet advisors had to be assassinated in order to prevent the South from being dominated and ruled by blacks and radical abolitionists intent upon revenge. In order to understand these motivations, it is necessary to recognize that the pressures of the Civil War had created a huge and powerful central government in Washington D.C. McPherson (1989) notes that one of the reasons why the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861 ..."

Tags:booth, lincoln, assassination

Abstract
This essay studies William Shakespeare's play, "Julius Caesar". It approaches the antagonism of both Caesar and the conspirators and the motivations of the conspirators. The themes of political achievement and popular responsibility are also discussed.

From the Paper
"Caesar was popular on the streets. His popularity was his source of power. Manipulation is a vice of politicians; on the converse side, influence is a political virtue. These are characteristics of Caesar. Because of his popularity, he can do anything he wants, as the Plebes rule Rome indirectly. This sets the stage for the political statement of the play. As there is an order set, this pure democracy of Rome is one of a kind. The people cast no votes as a whole, but only the elite. However, the approval of the Plebes is the primary concern of all politicians in Rome. This power of the people, however, is flexible in an uneducated society, as is most of Rome. Those who ran the politicians could easily be persuaded by those they ran (i.e. the politicians), who offered supremacy to Caesar."

Tags:Rome, Brutus, Cassius, Republic

Abstract
The paper looks at Otto J. Scott's "The Secret Six: John Brown and the Abolitionist Movement" where Scott explores the origin, meaning and consequence of modern terrorism through a discussion of the radicalism of the early abolitionist movement. The paper asserts that Scott's personal agenda is evident throughout the book, and he therefore can not be established as a credible author. The paper concludes, however, that in general he would recommend this book for its entertaining and disturbing analysis into the minds of John Brown and his six co-conspirators.

From the Paper
"Scott is concerned in this book with the radicalism of the early abolitionist movement; he explores the origin, meaning and consequence of modern terrorism. The book follows the story of the "Secret Six" the six wealth individuals who funded and encouraged Brown in his murders and plans for revolution. These six individuals were all well respected members of society, Thomas Higginson, Samuel Howe, Theodore Parker, Gerrit Smith, Franklin Sanborn and George Luther Stearns. These individuals not only encouraged Brown to commit his acts but actively collected money to fun him. They were able to raise over a period of three years, enough money for Brown to assemble a strong artillery staple needed for his revolution."

Tags:Brown, terrorism, violence, revolution, slavery

Abstract
This paper discusses whether there really was a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy. The paper looks at how we may never really know positively, despite the efforts of the Warren Commission to go on record and state, unequivocally, that Lee Harvey Oswald killed the President, that there was no conspiracy, and there were no co-conspirators.

From the Paper
"There are a number of others who disdain the lone gunman theory., One author, David S. Lifton, believes he has found a document that leads to more than a single shooter. But, as his law professor pointed out: "If there's another assassin, where's the bullet?" (Lifton, p. xvii) Lifton replied: "They simply took the bullet out before the autopsy....That is why FBI agents...reported that when the President's body arrived at the autopsy room of the Bethesda Naval Hospital, there had been, quote, 'surgery of the head area, namely at the top of the skull', unquote." (Lifton, p. xviii) He, too, began to believe in a conspiracy theory, and tended to agree with much of Mark Lane's theories and evidence."

Tags:lee, harvey, oswald, warren, commision

Abstract
Aaron Burr is significant to American history for many reasons. As a soldier, a distinguished lawyer, an attorney general, and vice president of the United States, Burr's life is colored with mystery and controversy. This paper explains how his tie results in the presidential election of 1800 made the country realize the electoral system was flawed and in need of repair. It also looks at how his duel with Alexander Hamilton was a first in American history and how, through deed and action, Burr proved himself to be one of the nation's greatest conspirators.

From the Paper
"After the war both men returned to practicing law, often meeting each other in the courtroom. Isaac Cox describes Burr as being noted for "clarity and conciseness of utterance. He never ranted nor lost his temper" (Cox) Melton adds that he "came across as a smart and straightforward lawyer, and he was good at listening" (Melton 30). He became incredibly successful and popular as an attorney but always with an eye on politics. It is also important to note that during these years Burr and Hamilton appeared to be moving in two different directions when it came to politics. Hamilton "cultivated" Washington while Burr "antagonized" him. (31) Hamilton was gearing himself to become a national figure forming what would soon become the Federalist Party, while Burr focused his attentions on politics in New York."

Tags:jefferson, quebec, hamilton, president

Abstract
This paper analyzes and compares four historians' responses to the article in the October 2001 issue of the the history journal "William and Mary Quarterly" entitled, "The Making of a Slave Conspiracy" which focused on the historical issues about black slavery in America particularly the Denmark Vesey insurrection conspiracy in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822. The articles reviewed include a review essay penned by Prof. Michael Johnson, entitled, "Denmark Vesey and His Co-Conspirators" which offered a new interpretation of the famous (and foiled) uprising of the Negroes in Charleston in the early 19th century.

From the Paper
"Of all his criticisms of Johnson, Egerton said that the historian s biggest error is when Johnson failed to consult sources other than the Official Report and Evidence. Egerton said that Johnson became too focused in spotting differences between the two documents that he failed to recognize the importance of some small but significant and helpful sources such as church records, city directories, and newspapers in St. Domingue , and most importantly, correspondence among people of Charleston during the time of trial and execution of the blacks. These common biographer s technique should have been helpful in his study of the issue. He also refuted Johnson s claim that the court punished heavily those who did not admit their guilt and pardoned those who did by giving an example. Sandy Vesey, Denmark s son, was also implicated in the insurgency plot, but unlike his companions who confessed and turned against them, Sandy Vesey did not admit his guilt, and as punishment, he was transported to Spanish Cuba in 1822 ."

Tags:Lionel, Kennedy, Thomas, Parker, St., Domingue, Court, of, Magistrates, Freeholders

Abstract
This paper explains that the most importance of the computers to the terrorists is less in hacking and more in recording their financial ledgers, target lists, attack plans and names of co-conspirators as in the case of Ramzi Yousef, who was the mastermind of the World Trade Center bombing. The author explains that cyber terrorism is expected in the air traffic system because the air traffic control system all over the world are well computerized; however, this fear ignores the fact that these computers do not directly control the aircraft, but act as mere aids to the human controller. The paper discusses the vulnerability of the electrical energy systems, gas and oil pipelines under the SCADAS or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems and of the Defense computer systems, which have had many attacks that have not led to any degradation of the capabilities of the US military.

From the Paper
"Yet the problem is not so simple, and the US government has very little power in this regard. This was seen when the Chairman and Vice Chairman regarding critical infrastructure met the President. They had been informed by Finland that researchers had found a serious deficiency in the Internet's standard language for sending data through the switches. The concerned government team had found this to be a threat for air traffic control and military phone links, among other threats. This led to the critical infrastructure board and the homeland security office asking private organizations whether they would tell the government the names of people working in those sites. The FBI can only collect the names of bank employees, but is unable to take action in other industries."

Tags:al-qaeda, laptop, air-traffic, language, defense