Abstract
This paper reviews two articles by Mack P. Holt and Philip Benedict that explore the causes and effects of a series of events occurring in the weeks after August the 23rd, 1572. Those events would become known as The Saint Bartholomew?s Day Massacre. The paper contends that there are different views on the reasons, responsibilities and consequences of this massacre, but one thing that can be agreed upon is that the massacre eventually claimed the lives of as many as 3000 French Protestants. The paper examines the two authors' similar yet different ideas.

From the Paper
"Both authors also confirm that most of the killing of Huguenots and Calvinists was carried out by civilians under mob mentality; often the mob consisted of assisted members of the militia. Holt and Benedict's reasons for why the mob decided to kill the Protestants differ from each other. Holt believes that theological beliefs were the main cause. The Catholics felt the need to dehumanize the Huguenots, as they felt they were not worthy of human-status in the world- they must therefore be treated as animals. He uses one example, "The rights of violence", where "many participants in the massacre saw themselves as carrying out clerical roles of priests and purifies and magisterial roles of judges and executioner." He discusses how the mob dehumanized their victims and performed what he sees as catholic "rights", like the dumping of bodies into the river, which Holt interprets as the mob's version of baptism. Also the burning of the Protestant's houses was believed to "invoke additional purification" of all heretics." Benedict however; believes that the mob was driven by the desire for revenge. He feels that the revenge was for the Protestant's actions during the previous decade- during the civil wars of religion. The authors discuss how the massacre spread from Paris to other towns later on, sharing some of the same views and characteristics."

Tags:huguenots, catholics, calvinists

Abstract
This paper discusses what has come to be known as 'possibly the greatest hoax the U.S. government has conspired' - namely the first man landing on the moon. The author reviews the facts surrounding the issue together with a literature review of those that claim it was all a hoax.

From the Paper
"Let's rewind, back to the year, 1969. This was the year that the "globally accepted" American heroes, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin made history. Two astronauts were the first humans to land on the moon. The excitement was watched worldwide as the American flag was inserted into the surface of the moon. The words declared in 1961 by John F. Kennedy had prevailed. "I promise America.... America will land on the moon by the end of the century!"(Braeuing). The United States has defeated Russia (formerly known as the USSR) on the race to the moon. As people reflected about the great technological advances, one thought was forgotten. Can all of this really be realistic? Could America really accomplish an achievement that seemed flawless? Let's read in between the lines, and take a deeper look into reality. This can possibly be the greatest hoax the U.S. government has conspired. Open your eyes to an Apollo moon landing conspiracy theory. "Houston, we have a problem!"

Tags:atmosphere, flag, missions, radiation

Abstract
The paper details the lawsuit that accused Berkeley Nutraceuticals of numerous accounts of fraud, including luring customers in with a free trial offer and then billing them without their knowledge, false and unsubstantiated claims about their products' effectiveness, money laundering, mail fraud and bank fraud. The paper describes how the company was defiantly defrauding its customers and operating under unethical principles. The paper learns from here that an ethical company will tell the truth about the products that it sells, it will never cheat customers out of money and it will not let greed determine its business practices.

From the Paper
"There are three main things that a business needs to remember in order to stay out of trouble. First, always tell the truth about the products that you are selling, never cheat your customers out of money and don't be greedy. Engaging in these practices can do nothing but lead to trouble and nobody knows that better now than Steve Warshak and Berkley Premium Nutraceuticals. In the beginning Steve Warshak could not seem to understand that what he was doing was wrong, but hopefully after spending the next 25 years reflecting about his actions, he will finally get it.
"In the beginning Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals goal was to provide their customers with only the best natural supplements available to help improve their health and the health of their loved ones. They believed that many health concerns could be addressed without resorting to pharmaceutical options or cheap herbal cure-alls. Since opening their doors in 2001, Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals has focused on providing quality natural supplements, with superior formulas that use only premium ingredients, manufactured according to exacting standards (Berkeley Premium Nutraceuticals, Inc., 2009). This philosophy is what Berkley made available on their web site for everyone to read, if only they had practiced what they preached."

Tags:conspiracy, money, laundering, deception, billing, refunds, greed

Abstract
This paper examines the two articles "Just War Doctrine and the Military Response to Terrorism" written by Joseph Boyle, and "Nipping Evil in the Bud: The Questionable Ethics of Preventive Force", written by Douglas P. Lackey. It looks at how the two authors discuss in their articles the ethics of going to war against terrorism, how Boyle speaks of the necessity to defend the common good of the community and how Lackey speaks of preventive force versus preemptive force. The paper also discusses how although the authors do not necessarily have conflicting opinions, they do take a different approach. The paper gives a brief synopsis of the articles and exposition on the claims of each argument.

From the Paper
"Boyle's Just War Doctrine and the Military Response to Terrorism suggests that governments have the ability to conduct war against terror groups who seek to displace their peoples in an effort the change policy. Lackey's Nipping Evil in the Bud: The Questionable Ethics of Preventive Force suggests that preventive force destroys liberty and harmfully affects civilian populations. Boyle would argue Lackey's point as long as the decision for war meets his three criteria which are proper authority, just cause, and the right intent. According to Boyle, as long as the government responsible for the aggressive or deflective action has the consent of the governed, the cause is just, as well as the intent, preventive force is acceptable. Lackey would contend that Boyle's position would violate liberty and ignore human morality. Lackey would argue that Boyle would take a zealous position and go so far as to prevent solicitation and conspiracy."

Tags:ethics, preventive, force, conspiracy

Abstract
The paper looks at the arguments of conspiracy theory enthusiasts who have raised questions about the fluttering flag, the irregular shadows and the invisible stars, and details how NASA refutes their claims. The paper highlights the conspiracy theorists' irresponsibility, scientific inaccuracies and erroneous conclusions and argues that to support such absurd hypotheses and cast doubts in the minds of the American public is an affront to the courage of the astronauts and the brilliance of the engineers who worked hard to achieve mankind's greatest technological feat. Several photos are included in the paper.

From the Paper
"Have you ever been excited hearing: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind? (Jones, 1995)" On July 20, 1969, the entire world was wild with enthusiasm as the words were uttered by American astronaut Neil Armstrong because it meant the success of Apollo 11's mission of landing on the moon. The historical achievement verified not only the improvement of scientific technology of the United States, but was also a remarkable leap of human civilization as what Neil Armstrong said. At that pivotal moment, nobody entertained misgivings about the authenticity of the achievement because the United States launched spacecrafts five times more towards the moon after the Apollo 11 mission. Moreover, according to the Gallup poll in 1995, just six percent of the public believed that they did not go to the moon (Gallup, 2001). In other words, majority of Americans considered that they certainly went to the moon without doubt. However, the world was plunged in confusion because some plots about the landing being a hoax came out of Fox Broadcasting in 2001. Through the program from Fox, Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon, the network showed alleged evidences that NASA faked the moon landings. Indeed, many conspiracy theory enthusiasts raised questions about the fluttering Stars and Stripes, the irregular shadows, and the invisible stars. As they expected, can it be false?"

Tags:flag, shadows, stars, astronauts, Armstrong, Apollo, 11

Abstract
The paper discusses and reviews Alan Gottlieb's book, "She Took a Village", which took its title from Hillary Clinton's book, "It Takes a Village". The paper relates that Gottlieb's book was written during the time of speculation that Hillary Clinton would run for president at some point, and Gottlieb's book was largely an effort to forestall such an eventuality by raising all of the supposed scandals surrounding the Clintons, including a variety of unsubstantiated claims about criminal activity, fraud, drug-dealing, and even murder. The writer concludes that the basic details of Hillary Rodham Clinton's life may shape Gottlieb's book, but the reader learns little of fact about her or her husband and much more about the lengths to which conspiracy theorists will go to support their pet theories.

From the Paper
"Most of the hints at charges in this book are of the same stamp, from Whitewater to the death of Vincent Foster. Gottlieb is rehashing a lot of new accounts and similar data, and authorities with far more experience and far greater resources looked into these various issues and found no evidence of Clinton criminality at all. As with most conspiracy theorists, Gottlieb finds the absence of evidence to be evidence in itself. The focus of this book is supposed to be on Hillary Rodham Clinton, but for much of the book, the focus is on the Clintons and their supposed secret gang of operatives who carry out their every whim."

Tags:charges, discredits, murder, drug, smuggling

Abstract
This paper focuses on the role of technology in education, leaning toward concern that many young Americans are convinced that a higher education is not necessary in today's technological world, due to already possessing the skills needed for a huge selection of technology-based jobs. On the other side of the argument, the paper continues, almost every corporation in the United States that manufacturers and distributes computer-based technology equipment and software agree that technology is a necessary part of today's complicated world and that technology will help to advance education rather than destroy or erode young people's interest in obtaining a traditional education. The paper concludes with the claim that a number of American educators are convinced that the U.S. Department of Education and its affiliates are currently involved in a massive conspiracy to purposely cause young people and students to lose interest in obtaining a traditional education at the university level.

From the Paper
"With these two aspects of the question in mind, it is quite obvious that students, particularly in the United States, are losing interest in an education. The reasons for this trend are simple yet also complicated, due to the many changes that have occurred in the American public school system and to the great advances in technology over the last thirty years or so. For instance, as Tom DeWeese asserts in the article "The Fix That's Destroying Education in America," beginning around 1990, the American educational system "has been completely restructured to deliberately move away from teaching basic academics to a system that focuses on training students" for the technological jobs of today and the future (American Policy Center, Internet). As a result of this restructuring, the American educational system deliberately "dumbed-down the children" which has affected the academic strength "to make them the smartest students in the world" (American Policy Center, Internet)."

Tags:advances, teaching, classroom, computer

Abstract
This paper examines the origins of the economic collapse in March, 2008 that claimed Bear Stearns, once the venerable and renowned investment firm, as its first casualty of what would notoriously come to be known as the "Great Recession". The paper relates the history of Bear Stearns and JP Morgan Chase, the history of the events leading up to this economic crisis, an accounting of the year that led to the merger with JP Morgan Chase and a review of the merger agreement. Included in the paper is a discussion of the Federal Reserve Act and steps taken to prevent the collapse of several companies, which promise to forever alter the face of the banking system. Sources are listed as mla footnotes rather than in a works cited page.

Table of Content:
Introduction
History of Bear Stearns and JP Morgan Chase
Bear Stearns
JP Morgan
A Brief History of the Events Leading up to the Financial Crisis
Long Term Capital Management (1998)
The Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001
The Housing Boom and Bubble
CDO's, SIV's, MBS's - Wall Street Alphabetizes and Monetizes the Housing Bubble
Bear Stearns: From Profit to Crisis to Merger
March 2007 - April 2007
May 2007 - June 2007
July 2007 - March 2008
March 2008
The Merger Agreement: Loopholes and Questionable Legal Tactics
The First and Second Merger Agreement
Questionable Merger Provisions
The 'New' Federal Reserve Act
History
The New Interpretation of 13 Why Being a Bank Holding Company Became 'Cool'
A Section for the Conspiracy Theorists
Suspicious Short Selling and Options-Trading
Retribution for Non-Participation in the LTCM Bailout in 1998
The Role of Moral Hazard
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Bear Stearns was formed in May 1923 by Joseph Bear, Robert Stearns and Harold Meyer, with starting capital of $500,000. This period was marked by a frenzied post-war investment period in which the public was encouraged to enter the stock market and many enjoyed a brief period of prosperity before the market crash in 1929. Bear Stearns emerged from the Great Depression and entered into the bond market by selling large volumes of bonds to cash-full banks. This was followed by a foray into mergers and acquisitions and block trading through the 1960s and 1970s."

Tags:results-driven, federal reserve, housing bubble, short-term profits, moral hazard

Abstract
This paper explains that Occam's Razor, which was not invented by Occam, appears to have been changed and adapted through time into numerous variations, but this theory is generally represented as the principal of always preferring the simplest explanation of events to any other explanation. The author explains that many people attempt to apply Occam's Razor to "alternative history" or "conspiracy" theories as a form of discounting them; for example, claiming that the moon landing was a hoax is a far more complicated explanation than the actual landing would be. The paper applies the Occam's Razor to the mystery that pyramids, which are found around the world, have nearly identical properties.

From the Paper
"The easiest place to see this difficulty of translation is with the issue of whether, at some point in the past, intelligent life forms have landed on earth. On the surface, the application of Occam's Razor would seem to make alien visitation a poor belief, because history can be explained without an alien presence, and therefore their introduction into the narrative is nothing more or less than the an unnecessary hypothesis which should be stricken. Alien intervention seems very complicated, and should therefore be discounted. However, if one takes a closer look at the arguments for an alien visit, one might argue quiet the opposite -- that alien or supernatural intervention of some unknown sort is actually the simplest explanation for a variety of events."

Tags:aliens, moon, alternative, discounting, pyramids

Abstract
This paper details the various circumstances that led up to the 1945 nuclear bombing of Hiroshima. The writer of this paper explores several theories as to why Bombardier Ferebee and the rest of his crew were ordered to Japan to drop the bomb that killed 180,000 people. Some theorists claim that America's display of weapons superiority was to show the rest of the world that it would not surrender to futile conflict. Others claim that President Truman approved the bombings to stop further death and destruction of innocent U.S. civilians and soldiers, following the unprovoked attack on Pearl Harbor. This paper also discusses President Roosevelt's decision to provide funding for atomic science research which shows foresight on the part of the government in recognizing a possible means to a swift conclusion to the war. The rumors that Germany was also developing the same technology may have provided the powerful catalyst to action by the Americans.

From the Paper
"The hope for diplomacy was also waning; Secretary of War Henry J. Stimson recalls: "high American officials had made some...unpleasant remarks about the Emperor, and it did not seem wise...that the Government should reverse its field too sharply; too many people were likely to cry shame." An article by Karl Compton published shortly after V-J Day entitled "If the Atomic Bomb Had Not Been Used" served as a reassurance to all American people and especially to Truman that what they had done was the right thing to do. In the article Compton questions several Japanese military officials to get their perspectives on the events, and finds that they were not confident in their ability to prevail over the Americans but would have fought to the last man, thus by dropping the bomb Truman in effect saved the remaining members of the Japanese armed forces. Truman later sent a letter of acknowledgement and appreciation for Compton's "first sensible statement I have seen on the subject."

Tags:japan, nuclear, political, theory, conspiracy, president, truman, security, war, pearl, harbor, u.s., world, war, two, germany, atomic