Abstract This paper shows that, unlike the measured procession of syllables and the soft vowel sounds that characterizes the feelings conveyed in "Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening," the poet Robert Frost uses sharp, crackling consonants to denote the dangerous and active life of the birches of his poem "Birches." The paper shows that the poem "Birches," particularly in the first lines that set the scene and the stage for the active engagement of the poet with nature, is rife with crackling sharp 'b' explosive sounds that seem to create a sense of brittleness and breaking and exploding upon the reader's ear, as opposed to the softer vs and ws of the more leisurely and measured progression of verbiage in "Stopping by the Woods."
From the Paper "Although "Birches" is about apparently planted trees, the theme of the poem is dramatic, almost eschatological as the seasons cause the trees to change and the ice to break and form glass. Unlike the horse of "Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening's" the second stanza has the trees themselves taking a human, living quality, even in the absence of humanity. They are "trailing their leaves on the ground/Like girls on hands and knees that throw their hair/Before them over their heads to dry in the sun." The trees are full of motion as human beings, and the harshness of the 'g' of the girls and the hands and knees causes the reader to raise his or her voice aloud, rather than to drop his or her tone in the whispered, plodding quality of the "Snowy Evening" in its progression of diphthongs."
Abstract This paper examines the language acquisition of two children, A and G, who are each two years old. The paper places particular emphasis on their strategies for simplifying word-initial s+ consonant clusters. The paper also discusses noted deviations from adult forms, suggesting possible explanations to account for those deviations.
Outline:
Introduction
Evaluation of Data
Conclusion
From the Paper "Language acquisition is a complex and gradual process for children. The process works on two levels. Part of it is innate, and part is learned. As they advance developmentally, children absorb what they hear in their interactions with others, especially in their home environments. Phonological development is a gradual process during which speech patterns are first reproduced, and then eventually acquired. It is normal for mistakes, or phonological deviations, to be made during this process. Since young children are still developing their sound systems, their speech can at times be difficult to understand. Anyone who has tried to communicate with small children will have experienced this at some point. This is particularly true in very young children, specifically those under the age of five, since they have not yet mastered the ability to organize sound systems in the same way that adults do."
Abstract This paper is an analysis of the similes, descriptive word choices, and sound patterns used in the poem "Dulce et Decorum Est" by Wilfred Owen. The paper has an underlying metaphor that compares poetry and painting that is developed and carried through the entirety of the paper, with an emphasis on the emotional hues of the poem.
From the Paper "Similes are used to lay the foundation colors, and create a tangible link between the incomprehensible scenes of war and everyday real life images. Few can imagine the true horrors of war without witnessing them first hand, so Owen creates two similes at the onset of the poem to set the scene in terms that the lay reader can envision. "Bent double, like old beggars under sacks" (line 1) and "Knock-kneed coughing like hags" (2) summon images of destitution, desperation, and weariness and help to portray the worn emotional state of the soldiers. Our first view of the unfortunate man suffering from the poison gas is of him "floundering like a man in fire or lime" (12) providing a clear image of the exquisite suffering that he was enduring."
Tags: beats, consonance, descriptive, pattern, rhyming, similes, war, words
Abstract This essay begins with an introduction to the relationship between the mind and music. Both concepts are highly complex and awe inspiring. They are similarly very difficult to measure because of their complexity and when they merge and overlap, they magically bridge the gap between mind and body. An example explored is how music cannot only feed the soul, but also heal the physical body. Chapter two explores the more physical relationship between music the brain as a genetically built, evolutionarily selected for machine and the utility of music as an input. The conclusion returns to the magical interaction between mind and music through a discussion of how a Chopin Etude can help us better understand how we process visual and auditory input as musicians and listeners.
From the Paper "The physical human brain and its intimately related partner the metaphysical mind is complex enough that we may study how it works in several ways. Directly we can take physical measurements of the brain using positron emission topography (PET) as someone takes in visual stimulus. These become even more valuable when we can compare the physical measurements that result under different circumstances such as comparing PET scans from the actual looking at a score of Handel's Messiah and visualizing the same score in your "mind's eye". Indirectly we can measure the brain's activity by observation and interpretation of behavior and cognition. Cognition studies require our understanding of the mind as this aspect of the physical brain that can be measured outside of the physical world. These studies are less concrete than physical measurements because they are not directly dealing with the physical world that we usually assume to be a reflection of the truth about the world (lower case t). However, less concrete means the data is more malleable and allows scientists and philosophers to say a lot more. This is more satisfying for us because the indirect means in this case allow us to use our brains more. It is also true that some of the most ambitious research offers data that combines several if not all of the components we can study. With this in mind it is therefore important to represent and reflect on the studies of all these in their relationship to how we understand and experience music. "
Abstract ADHD, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, is a common childhood problem affecting as much as 3-5% of the school-age population. The paper shows that the core symptoms of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Children with ADHD exhibit functional impairment across multiple settings and engage in disruptive behaviors, thus inviting criticism from adults and peer rejection. The paper examines how psycho stimulant medication has been shown to be reasonably successful, but may produce significant side effects in a school-age child. A multi-component model of intervention consisting of pharmacological treatment in consonance with contingency management and cognitive behavior modification techniques seems to be the answer for this very baffling problem. The paper shows that for practitioners to have confidence in the expected outcomes, specific procedures to implement behavioral management in school classrooms must be scientifically replicated.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is ADHD?
Impact of ADHD
Diagnostic Standards
Related Disorders and Comorbidity
Review of Literature
Multi-Component Intervention
Comorbidity
Pharmacological Intervention
Methodology
Findings and Results
Conclusions and Summary
From the Paper "The authors also suggest that practitioners should tailor the intervention to match the needs of the child. For example, while psychostimulant medication has been shown to be successful, it may produce significant side effects in a preschool-age child. School practitioners therefore should take an active role in monitoring the effects of medication. Also, systems should be in place, whereby immediate and consistent feedback is given, supplemented by age-appropriate rewards and procedures. Parents must be enabled to provide support and guidance to affected children, and need appropriate training. A well designed program incorporating the efforts of all concerned, could result in a potentially successful treatment approach. "
Abstract This paper first examines the meaning of Robert Frost's "The Wood- Pile" and then examines the structure of the poem, including Frost's use of poetic devices such as rhythm, meter, rhyme, alliteration, consonance, assonance, and simile.
Abstract This paper provides a history and an analysis of Keats's poem, "Ode on a Grecian Urn". Examples of Keats's use of metaphor, personification, and imagery are provided, and the qualities that characterize him as a Romantic are discussed.
From the Paper "Perhaps his most prolific work, Keats? "Ode on a Grecian Urn" aesthetically articulates the archaic beauty of a simple urn while simultaneously capturing a sense of ideal beauty in the world. While the reader might first be deceived by the simplistic fa?ade of the poem, the work stands as a complex piece succeeding in deriving poetic bliss from that which lacks letters. In true Romantic fashion, Keats culminates with the declaration "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" (line 49)"an ambiguous aphorism that encapsulates the essence of the poem. In the end, Keats" effective use of literary devices and poignant imagery combine to reveal human passion as ?Beauty.?
Abstract This paper explains that one of the greatest challenges for any educator is dealing with a student with reading difficulties. However, a number of different programs exist to deal with the different forms of comprehension difficulties: Edmark Reading Program and Reading Matery programs. The author points out that the auditory and picture matching approach of Edmark has been shown to be helpful for students from developmentally and socially disabling backgrounds. The paper relates that since dyslexics often report grappling with frequently misused letters and miss substituting of vowels and consonants; the program Reading Matery,designed to underline the specific dyslexic's need for reinforcement in his or her word sorting capacity and to learn other decoding methods to compensate for potential cognitive decoding difficulties, is better than the overall reinforcement of pictures, words and sounds in Edmark.
From the Paper "The experimental group students received 15 minutes per day of tutoring by America Reads Volunteers in the Edmark Reading Program, a highly structured sight word program; control group students were simply read aloud to for 15 minutes each day by the same volunteers. Results indicated a significant difference in the performance of experimental group of students on the WRMT-R Passage Comprehension subtest and Edmark posttest. Qualitative data indicated that more experimental group students than control group students exhibited significantly improved reading ability, attitudes toward reading, attitudes toward school, and attitudes toward self. Results suggested that schools should consider the use of volunteers to implement one-on-one tutoring in the Edmark Reading Program to teach a supplementary sight word vocabulary to at-risk first graders. Thus, Edmark's 'hands on' approach may be helpful for students from disadvantaged backgrounds as well."
Tags: dyslexic, developmental-disabled, decoding, social
Abstract This paper studies James Merrill's poem, Annie Hill's Grave", in terms of its sounds and how the sounds relate to the subject matter of the poem, death. Through an analysis of Merrill's use of assonance, alliteration, rhyme and iambic and trochaic feet, the paper explains how the sounds reflect and represent the meaning of this poem.
From the Paper "In the first stanza much alliteration exists; "s" sounds predominate. Also, the "k" in "casket" is repeated in "like"; there are "t" sounds in "casket," "visit," "airtight," and "comfort"; there are "n" sounds in "Necropolis" and "not," "nice," and in a way in "amen," "streamlined," "one," "want," "underground," and "round"; and "w" sounds are found in "would," "one," and "want." Interestingly, a particular consonant sound tends to repeat within the same line."
Abstract Boot camps have been brought to the arena of intermediate sanctions in recent times. A boot camp is regarded as a correctional system in consonance with military style, in which the inmates are imparted with a highly organized and tough routine for training, along with vocational, educational and curative programs. This paper examines how boot camps were started and why they are so important. It examines the pros and cons of boot camps and concludes that while there are limitations to this form of punishment, they have their advantages both for inmates and society at large.
From the Paper "They enter the boot camps with very little confidence with their abilities or necessity to establish relationships with adults. The camp fosters positive relationships between the boys, and at the minimum, their primary counselor. They attain a sense of their ability to generate and maintain such relationships that contributes to a developed sense of self-worth and the motivation to engage in other positive activities. (Kilgore; Mede, 64)"
Abstract This paper explains that the multinational force (MFO) was instituted two decades ago in consonance with the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty to act as an alternative to the International Emergency Force, whose mandate expired in 1979. The author points out that the multinational force had the responsibility of taking the operations at checkpoints, conducting patrols and maintaining observation units along the international borders splitting Egypt and Israel so as to watch for any violation of the provisions of treaty. The paper reviews also the conflict between Israel and its neighbors especially Palestine and relates that MFO style enforcement as a strategy of jobs for peace is beginning in Gaza.
Table of Contents
Reasons for Creation of MFO
MFO Mandate and Agreement between both parties of Egypt and Israel
What are the Benefits that are being Enjoyed by Egypt and Israel because of the MFO Why has the MFO worked?
MFO is Worth Repeating, It could be Applied to an Agreement between Israel and Palestinians
MFO Style Peace Enforcement Could Keep The Peace between the Two Parties, the Palestinians and Israelis
From the Paper "It has also been agreed upon that in case Jordan decides not to participate in the negotiations, the negotiations would be made by Israel and Egypt. The two governments unanimously agreed to persistently negotiate and in good faith to conclude such negotiations as soon as possible. The agreement was also made that the goal of the negotiations are the establishment of the self governing authority in the West Bank and Gaza so as to promote complete autonomy or power to the inhabitants. The Israel and Egypt had fixed the goal of completion of the negotiations within a period of one year so as to make possible the conducing of elections as expeditiously as possible after the agreement between the parties."
Abstract This paper is a linguistic analysis of the German language. It compares German with Dutch and Afrikaans. The varieties of the German language; divisions into North Germanic and West Germanic are all discussed.
From the Paper "The German language bears many similarities to other Germanicl anguages such as Dutch and Afrikaans. Standard German is spoken with auvular R although the alveolar pronunciation is used in many of the standard German ..."
Abstract This paper explains that the beta in an investment scenario, which is a measure of the magnitude of the systematic risk involved in an investment, is either positive or negative depending on the positive or reverse movement of the return of the investment in relation to the market trends, taken on an average. The author points out that negative beta stocks are rarely found in the real world markets since they are seen to go against the trend of the market; however, one possible sector, which has negative beta stocks is the gold industry that normally goes against the trend shown by equity markets. The paper relates that, in consonance with the capital assets pricing model (CAPM), the market-driven price of a security would vary in accordance with the variation in its beta. The paper includes a formula and table.
From the Paper "But during the last few years, it is quite evident that amidst political uncertainty that has risen in the world that the price of gold has shown material gains when equity markets have indicated recorded sharp decline. Similarly, another commodity that has performed quite well is the oil. As with gold, the oil prices have suffered over most of the past two decades, while the equity prices evidenced a rapid growth. It is only during the recent years that the oil prices have indicated a recovery. The present political uncertainty has made the situation extremely problematic for investors."
Abstract The paper shows how, in conversation, people cooperate in making utterances, thereby creating social communication in an effort to express meaning. The paper discusses what constitutes a request and reveals that much of the time, a speaker will make an indirect appeal for action, slightly obscuring the request within an indirect sentence. The paper then investigates and compares how indirect directives are expressed in the English and the Mandarin Chinese languages. The paper appends a pronunciation guide for Chinese tones, vowels and consonants.
Outline:
Introduction
Speech Act Theory
Speech Act Categories
Speech Act Categories in Chinese
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
Grice's Cooperative Principle
Politeness Theory 'Face' and Its Effect in Indirect Directives
Examples of Co-Maintaining Face in Chinese Conversation
Levels of Politeness in Conversation
Conclusion
From the Paper "In speaking people do more with words than share information, and when they do share information, an implicit meaning in an utterance is often expressed along with what the words in the utterance explicitly express. In an utterance, there can be three diverse levels of action that may be associated with the utterance. According to Austin, these levels include "the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, and what one does by saying it..." (Bach, K: internet) and are called locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Take, for example, the utterance, "There is a car coming." The locutionary act in that utterance is the act of informing a hearer that there is a car approaching. There is a lack of literal information regarding where exactly the vehicle is and exactly at what time it is due, but the sharing of the information occurs. The illocutionary act is what the utterance does, which in this case involves informing the hearer of a moving vehicle and advises him to look for the car. The perlocutionary act is the effect that the utterance has on the hearer, which in this utterance is that the hearer becomes vigilant and looks for the car. In the utterance itself, there isn't any explicit warning spoken to the hearer, but the implicit warning can be understood."
Tags: information, utterance, statement, request, command, sentences, meaning
Abstract This paper explains that, in today's world of information, it is very common for borrowed words, such as Japanese "sushi" or American-English "supermarket", to be adopted as a part of the lexicon of several languages. Every language, the author explains, borrows words because of either the lack of lexical items in the recipient language or the desire for prestige of the dominant donor language. The paper describes and analyzes the Thai language for linguistic features such as not only lexical borrowed items but also certain sound patterns, morphemes, syntactic structures, semantic meanings and orthography.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Lexical Borrowing in Thai
Table: Some Characteristics of Thai Lexicon
Phonological Borrowing
Figure: Two-Way Models of Phonological Borrowing
Morphological Borrowing
Syntactic Borrowing
Semantic Borrowing
Orthographic Borrowing
Figure: Thai Consonant Symbols
Figure: Thai Vowel Symbols
Figure: Thai Tone Marks
Figure: Thai Special Diacritics
Conclusion
From the Paper "As I have introduced earlier, when words are borrowed, the pronunciation also changes. It is remodeled to the conventions of the borrowing language; this process is called by Campbell "adaptation", a foreign sound in borrowed words which does not exist in the receiving language will be replaced by the nearest phonetic equivalent to it in the borrowing language. In the case of Thai language, we can obviously see that a lot of foreign loanwords in Thai have gone through the adaptation process. And there are several results come out of the process."
