Abstract
This paper examines how the main argument of Igoe's "Conservation and Globalization A Study of National Parks and Indigenous Communities from East Africa to South Dakota" has, as its title suggests, two main parts. It looks at how on the one hand the author examines the conservation movement and its impact upon indigenous peoples. However, the author is also interested in the processes by which conservation is spread through globalization and through colonialism in earlier years by the shaping of our perspectives on the world in which we live.

Tags:anthropology, conservation, discourse

Abstract
This paper first compares preservation and conservation and the distinctions between the two. It then talks about how they relate to the maintenance of ecosystems, the concept of natural regulation, and the concept of succession, with particular reference to grasslands.

From the Paper
"Conservation refers to the maintenance of environmental quality and resources or maintaining a particular balance among the species which populate a given area. Resources refers not only to biological resources such as tropical forests but also to natural resources such as oil and other fuels and cultural monuments. In its use in today's science it implies management of the biosphere within the given social economic constraints, avoiding depleting the natural resources of the area while producing goods and services for human consumption and acknowledging the natural dynamic nature of..."

Tags:preservation, conservation, ecosystems, grasslands

Abstract
Two sets of authors present divergent views on issues related to the management and protection of biodiverse regions. While the topic question is framed in an either/or fashion about National Parks or community based conservation, the authors really do not present a clear either/or answer. Instead they seem to be advising for a more in-depth look at many factors for selecting both locations and methods of preservation.

From the Paper
National Parks vs. Community Based Conservation These two articles present varied approaches for preserving natural diversity, conservation and land use in the developing world. They do not, however, present opposing approaches nor do they present "national parks" vs. "community based conservation" as the central conflict facing conservationists in their efforts to protect the World's remaining biodiversity. Instead, the authors of both articles recognize that the current methods for conserving the world's shrinking biodiversity are not working. Both articles, however, present optimistic alternatives that suggest that it may be possible to make progress in this endeavor.

Tags:biodiversity, conservation, ecology

Abstract
This paper addresses the "land ethic" put forth in Aldo Leopold's "A Sand County Almanac" in which he suggests that human beings will never be able to reconcile conservation efforts with their desire to maintain a contact with the natural world. In turn, this destroys the natural world.

Tags:ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND ECOLOGY / ETHICS, conservation effort leopold

Abstract
This paper shows that an important concept in children's development of cognitive skills is the concept of conservation of properties. As was pointed out by Jean Piaget, a very significant feature of pre-operational thought is that it tends to center attention on one noticeable or striking feature of an object, while ignoring or neglecting other aspects, resulting in a distortion of the reasoning process.

From the Paper
"An important concept in children's development of cognitive skills is the concept of conservation of properties. As was pointed out by Jean Piaget, a very significant feature of pre-operational thought is that it tends to center attention on one noticeable or striking feature of an object, while ignoring or neglecting other aspects, resulting in a distortion of the reasoning process. An older person is able to decenter, i.e. to take into account aspects of the object that compensate for the biasing effects of the one thing that is more prominent (Flavell, 1963). This has been clearly demonstrated in the so-called conservation studies (Lovell & Ogilvie, 1960; Rao, 1976; Ayers et al., 1974)."

Tags:piaget, conservation, preschool

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the growth and development of the marine industry has been sustained by the rise and application of newer technologies, innovative business ideas and incentives given by the government. The writer then points out that with the turn of the twentieth century, one witnessed marine resources being widely explored and exploited for profit making. This exploration and exploitation has been enabled mainly by improved and enhanced technological innovations, which included fully developed and customized boats, fishing, digging and navigational equipment. This mushroom growth has left behind the institutions that are responsible for regulating marine laws. The writer discusses that Governments have been unable to maintain their regulatory measures with the pace of growth assumed by the private sector. The writer concludes that one of the most successful endeavors for the promoting of marine preservation and marine life protection has been the Greenpeace project that has been pressuring international and national governments to make and implement laws that protect the underwater environment, the animals and the future of the under water life. There is still a long way to go and sincere steps have to be taken to ensure comprehensive marine conservation

Outline:
Introduction
Background to the Problem
Marine Conservations Organizations
The First Law: The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
The Second Law: The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)
The Third Law: Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act - Ocean Dumping
Conclusion

From the Paper
" Organizations engaged in political campaigning to pressurize Congress to pass laws and enforce them countrywide use public awareness and attention to rally support for their cause. The more public support they acquire, the higher the propensity of politicians jumping in the marine conservation campaign. Coast Alliance is one organization that can be considered as an ideal example for organizations that are currently active in political campaigning and gathering local support. It currently has coalition partners (other non-profit organizations) across America, all of whom are striving for maximum results. Similarly, Earthjustice is another organization that has been proactive engaged in the enforcement of existing laws representing hundreds of other marine conservation organizations. In addition, Marine Conservation Biology Institute aims to rally the scientific community on one platform in order to facilitate scientific research and set agendas for policy issues and pass on accurate information to both government and public."

Tags:seas, maritime, ocean, resources

Abstract
The paper discusses how forests around the world provide habitats for animals, oxygen for the air that is breathed and wood for needed building supplies. The paper asserts that the forest loss is already having a significant negative impact on the global environmental, social and economic issues. The paper shows the importance of researching and designing a forest conservation program that will reverse the current downward spiral of the future of the world's trees. This proposal hypothesizes that with education of the general public, forest conservation can be dramatically increased.

Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Limitations
Conclusion
Timeline

From the Paper
"To date an estimated 50 percent of the world's forests no longer exist. Each year mankind loses another 40 million acres to use, progress, fires and disease. The forest loss is already having a significant negative impact on the global issues surrounding environmental, social and economic issues."
""Until recently most forest loss occurred in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and temperate North America; between 1960 and 1990 one-fifth of all tropical forest cover was lost(Falconer, 1998).""

Tags:sustainable, ecology, oxygen, trees

Abstract
This paper explains that the actual process of genetic conservation utilizes sophisticated technology and a method of "banking" animal sperm, eggs and embryos by means of keeping them on ice until they can be reintroduced to a species, a process that can be used not only for a species facing extinction but also for a species that has already become extinct. The paper relates that conservationists still struggle with the task of prioritizing and allocating effort; nonetheless, it appears that genetic conservation fulfills the standards of scientific credibility.

From the Paper
"Proponents of genetic conservation to save endangered species argue that this method of wildlife breeding is not genetic engineering, because they are not putting in genes that were not there before. The arguments for this are that genetic conservation does not create a new species based on a combination of genes, but merely preserves an existing species. They also argue that encouraging genetic diversity helps a species survive, and that in-breeding, which can weaken a species, does not occur. Supporters of genetic conservation hold the view that technology and committed people is what will ultimately save animals."

Tags:breeding, cloning, sperm, splitting, insemination

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed discussion about implementing conservation policies. The writer takes the reader on an exploratory journey of conservation policies and uses the case between General Electric and the EPA regarding the clean up of the Hudson River.

From the Paper
"Over the last few decades mankind has begun to realize that the earth's resources are not an unlimited supply. The industrial revolution combined with the increasing population have caused the natural resources to become strained in certain areas. Scientists and others have been sending out warnings for years that mankind had to make changes to the way things are being done or future generations are going to be faced with huge survival problems."

Tags:new, york, state, epa, ge, general, electric, environment, earth, resources, industry, waste, pollution, nature

Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the economic and political influences that made possible the implementation of conservation of historic buildings in contemporary society. This paper posits that rapid urbanization and need for economic gain and concern for environmentalism are the economic and political factors, respectively, that helped promote heritage conservation become implemented among historic buildings.

From the Paper
"The prevalence of the practice of heritage conservation has been instigated with cultural concerns that arise from a developed human society, along with its gradual movement toward becoming a more technologically-advanced civilization. Primarily, heritage conservation, specifically of historical sites and buildings, was introduced as part of organizations' attempts to preserve humanity's cultural heritage. That is, the argument put forth in introducing heritage conservation is culture-based."

Tags:urbanization, environmentalism