Abstract
Consequentialist ethical theories maintain that right and wrong depend only on the consequences; while non-consequential theories claim that right and wrong do not depend entirely on consequences. Following the generally admitted differentiation between the two theories, philosophers draw the conclusion that a successful defense of the non-consequentialist ethical theory elies greatly on the existence and proper justification of the "constraints" that appear in such cases. This paper begins by defining non-consequentialist constraints and follows through by justifying their necessary presence. In the second part of the essay, the paper compares some of the defenses we were described and draws relevant conclusions.

From the Paper
"Kant's theory relies exactly on the existence of a set of mutually accepted and recognized moral norms, ethical criteria which help a person make the right decision at the right time. Kant's entire ethical theory relies on the existence of deontological constraints. These universal laws, as Kant sees them, allow us to function correctly in a society."

Tags:Kant, universal, law, moral, right

Abstract
The paper provides an overview of consequentialism and outlines the central objections to this philosophical and theoretical stance in the context of criminal justice practice. The paper analyzes the extent to which this moral philosophical perspective is relevant to modern criminal jurisprudence. The paper presents the position that while this theory is limited, it also serves some important legalistic purposes and therefore this theory should be integrated with other philosophical points of view.

Outline:
Introduction
Overview of the Philosophy of Consequentialism
Objections to the Theory of Consequentialism
Consequentialism and Criminal Justice
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Substantive moral theories in modern philosophical discourse typically fall into the categories of consequentialist or deontological. Consequentialist theories, which derives from the ethos of utilitarianism, state that, "...agents must always act so as to produce the best available outcomes overall" (Scheffler S. review). In contrast to this position, deontological moral theories stress that the best overall outcomes are not of primacy significance. In the context of modern philosophical and moral theory, it is generally acknowledged that the consequentialist view is inadequate in terms of a comprehensive and inclusive moral theory."

Tags:utilitarianism, consequences, personal, rights, value, neutrality

Abstract
This paper examines how John Mill's utilitarianism is based on the greatest happiness principle - that an action is right (and indeed morally right) in so far as it promotes happiness and wrong in so far as it promotes unhappiness. It looks at how Mill believes that there are different degrees of rightness and wrongness, depending on the amount of happiness or unhappiness generated. It also explores how consequentialism is the view that the value of an action derives entirely from the value of its consequences and that its value cannot be intrinsic or be altered by the kind of character whose action it is. It evaluates whether it follows that Mill's Utilitarianism then must be seen as a form of consequentialism.

From the Paper
"The question of equality is also important. Given the choice between making one person extremely happy and another nine people neither happy nor unhappy or making each of the ten people moderately happy, which is better? According to the utilitarian principle, the better action would be the one that maximises overall happiness, assuming that the application of fairness will have no other effects on utility in general. If the two situations produce the same overall happiness however, utilitarianism does not distinguish between which is better of the two. One can argue that this decision will not have to be made that often, as the diminishing law of returns will mean that reducing the happiness of one such person by a small amount will allow one to increase the happiness of the others by a proportionally greater amount, however the situation may still arise in certain discrete circumstances and unless guided by other notions of morality, the utilitarian will not be placed to make such a judgement."

Tags:actualism, equality, happiness

Abstract
This essay discusses the ongoing debate in professional and philosophical circles concerning codes of ethics. Both philosophers and professionals are interested in whether it is possible to develop a professional code of ethics that will actually be functional within a professional environment. The paper discusses how consequentialism is one of the ways in which professionals have tried to make a functional professional code of ethics is to find an ethical system that will work with their profession.

Tags:indirect, consequentialism, professional

Abstract
The paper explains how the consequentialist ethical approach determines the relative morality of human conduct strictly in relation to the consequences of that conduct, while the deontological approach is based on adherence to rules as the highest moral conduct. The paper explains how consequentalism is applied in practical situations and considers the deontological criticism of consequentialism. The paper then focuses on the insufficiency of the deontological approach by highlighting the deontological obligation to provide truthful information to a murderer on the location of his victim. The paper contends that consequentialism is more useful in that lying and violating other established general rules is ethically justified only in circumstances that meet objective criteria characterizing the consequences.

Outline:
Consequentialist Ethical Principles
Consequentialism in Practice
Criticism of Consequentialism
Consequentialist Response
Resolution

From the Paper
"The consequentialist ethical approach determines the relative morality or immorality of human conduct strictly in relation to the consequences of that conduct. Like other philosophical systems, consequentialism incorporates variations in the specific definitions and distinctions or classes of consequences that matter the most: utilitarianism emphasizes consequences that benefit the greatest number, even at the expense of some; hedonism emphasizes the maximization of pleasure; and aestheticism emphasizes beauty. Consequentialism is contrary to other ethical systems that determine the relative morality or immorality of human conduct strictly on principle and without regard for different types of effects of conduct, such as in relation to their underlying motive (virtue ethics), or their adherence to established social rules or laws (Kantian Deontology)."

Tags:morals, consequences, rules, principles, motives, results

Abstract
This paper examines the differences in Cambodian and American culture from a sociological perspective as divided into five cultural dimensions and demonstrate examples from each one. Such examples include Cambodians' value of collectivism over independence or their more authoritarian perception of masculinity. This paper also explores the vast differences in the English and Khmeri language as well as how facial expressions, body posture, and hand signals are interpreted differently in the two cultures.

From the Paper
"Collectivism is a crucial non-verbal communication, which is faithful both to Hofstedete and to Bond's update of Hofstedete. Collectivism is perhaps the most significant form of non-verbal communication for Cambodians, and is directly related to custom and etiquette, and directly determines how Cambodians will interpret each other's behavior. There was a stark contrast in etiquette when Arun and Chakra reached this country, and they had to integrate what were highly symbolic gestures in Cambodia to seemingly unnoticed or meaningless random physical and cultural gestures in America--not cultural gestures at all, in effect."

Tags:asia, integration, sociology, multiculturalism, Khmeri

Abstract
This paper briefly discusses the period of history known as the 'scramble for Africa' when European countries tried to colonize as much of Africa as possible in the late 1800s until the start of WWI. It looks at the political, social, and nationalistic reasons for this hype and, in turn, discusses the resulting need for the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885. It explains how this conference was necessary to make international 'rules' about colonization.

From the Paper
"The competition among the European nations to colonize Africa led to the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885. This was necessary because of the intense amount of treaty-making and colony-building by the competing European nations, and it became a three-month bargaining session among the 14 attending nations regarding who would gain control over what parts of Africa, without regard for the cultural boundaries already in place. The nations attending were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Turkey and the United States. (Wikipedia) The main purposes of the conference became assuring nations access to major trade routes, suppressing the internal slave trade in Africa, banning the importation of firearms into Africa, and discussion of the occupation of territories. "The result of this conference was a treaty called the Treaty of Berlin. By 1900, almost 90% of Africa was under European control." (Bergstrom)

Tags:treaty, african, border

Abstract
The paper considers pure loss exposure for asset, personnel, liability and consequential loss for a container shipping company.

From the Paper
"Containerized shipping companies own large ocean-going vessels that carry standard sized containers. These containers can be filled with many different types of products and their standard size allows them to be loaded and unloaded quickly. In addition, they can be placed directly on trucks or trains at the port for distribution to their final destination. As a result, global movement of goods has been greatly enhanced in recent years as container ships have become commonplace. This research considers the various types of pure loss..."

Tags:risk management, insurance, loss exposure, asset exposure, personnel exposure, liability exposure, consequential loss exposure, shipping company, pure loss

Abstract
This paper discusses the philosophy of ethics. It discusses the difference between moral philosophy and ethics and the origins of their meanings. The paper briefly compares deontological ethics and consequential ethics- it considers the nature of these theories separately and then contrasts them. Finally, the paper acknowledges that the consequential ethical theory has many flaws, but argues that such flaws should not overcome the positive aspects of the Consequentialist theory.

From the Paper
"The opposition between Deontological and Consequential ethic theories rests upon the values that they ascribe to different portions of the act. While Deontological theories rely upon the motivations behind the act, and belittle the consequences of the act, Consequential ethics gives value only to the end results of the action. The latter theory has obvious importance in an age where the consequences of actions are the most easily noted by the media; here consequences are definitely given weight over means. At the time of writing, in England controversy surrounds the shooting dead of an innocent man by law enforcement officers: they believed they were doing so in order to prevent a terrorist act. The Deontological theorist might suggest that they were morally wrong for sacrificing the right of one for the benefit of many; but no-one is currently insisting that their motives were wrong."

Tags:morality, society, conduct, behavior, belief, codes, duty

Abstract
This paper looks at the famous philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche's (1844-1900) whose contributions to 20th Century thought are numerous and consequential. His thoughts helped shape existentialism, but can also be felt in many other facets of 20th Century thought. His views on the nature of God can be contrasted with Aristotle's view of God as the prime mover.

From the Paper
"Friedrich Nietzsche has historically been one of the Western worlds most misunderstood philosophers. Doubts regarding his mental health, the (supposed) irrationality of his work and the association of his writings with the Nazi era have plagued his reputation. It has only been during the latter part of the 20th Century that Nietzsche's work has been allowed to stand on its own merit (Hollingdale 3)."

Tags:god, aristotle