Abstract
The writer of this paper discusses the obvious lack of efficiency in governmental departments which are a result of a lack of adherence to strict rules and regulations. This paper explores the effectiveness of the five areas of action outlined in "Banishing Bureaucracy: The Five Strategies For Reinventing Government" by Osborn & Plastrik. The authors describe these five actions as 'levers of change' which should be considered when attempting to improve productivity and efficiency in different field such as education, business and government. One strategy is the consequence strategy which when applied correctly to the classroom setting has been shown to improve both the teacher's performance as well as the students' test results. This same consequence strategy can also be implemented into any working environment, however results may vary resulting in certain unwanted behaviors and outcomes. This paper describes the five strategies in details as well as their effectiveness or ineffectiveness.

From the Paper
"Conventionally, organizations have been designed in a hierarchical manner because most people believe that this type of system is easier to manage. However in reality, most organizations find that the hierarchical structure neither facilitates management, nor improves production results. This is primarily because they are adhering to the idealistic theories that a bureaucracy is supposed to represent rather than adjusting to, or correcting the defects. Professional development of teachers and improvement of their competencies and their students' competencies can in many ways rely on the structure of the organization's rewards and disciplines achievement strategies."

Tags:applied, practice, theory, education, government, business

Abstract
This paper is about China's development into a modernized nation. The paper delves into the subject of why China's modernization was set back for so many decades and what projects it took to join the modern world. The paper includes a discussion of Special Economic Zones, the Cultural Revolution, Mao Zedong, and much more. Next, the paper looks at the consequences of China's rapid growth, especially at its effect on the oil market and the global economy. in general. The paper also discusses OPEC, CNOOC, CNCP, and SINOPEC.

From the Paper
"The received wisdom is that higher oil prices are negative for economic growth, particularly for countries that are heavily dependent on oil imports. As prices rise, consumers turn cautious and profits fall, the countries' exports decline and trade deficits rise. A sustained rise in prices could lead to aggressive wage demands, possibly causing inflation. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has suggested that a permanent $15 a barrel oil price hike would reduce the level of GDP by 0.6% in the first year. China is one of these oil dependent nations but its GDP has not necessarily seen any cooling off even in the face of record high oil prices."

Tags:asia, cnooc, cnpc, economy, global, market, oil, opec, prices, sinopec

Abstract
An analysis of Stalinism, his dictatorship and personal style of leadership. The author examines the dictator's measures of leadership and their consequences on the social world.

From the Paper
"One wonders what would possess a man to such extreme lengths of cruelty and severity. As Adam Ulam observes, "the poverty and harshness of Stalin's early life left indelible imprints on him. Quite early in life he became a crude, unsentimental, and mistrustful person, tormented by an inferiority complex and very ambitious. Always displaying contempt for the traditions of kinship and personal friendship, usually so important to Georgians"( Ulman 20)".

Tags:dictator, russia, soviet, stalin, stalinism, ussr, wwii

Abstract
This paper focuses on the political concept of federalism, exploring theories as to its ethnic, geographical, political, and economic consequences throughout the world. The paper asserts that, in theory, after federalism has been established there is equal and shared power, so there is an incentive to work together for the benefit of all, rather than fighting or exaggerating differences between localities. The paper contends that this is able to happen because federalism guarantees power for regional governments in the central government, where regional interests can influence decisions as well as having a secondary government system. The federalist system offers an alternative to the centralized authority of unitary states, the paper explains; therefore, the expectation is that federal states with diverse populations will united despite this, and unitary systems with diverse populations will be disunited. The paper concludes that federalism is often found in countries with ethnic cleavages and due to the close relationship between the regional government and the electorate in many cases there is increased turnout at the regional level; however, each of the consequence has yielded results that contradict the general flow of this assertion. This paper contains illustrative tables and figures.

From the Paper
"The question also implies a degree to which the federalist system produces 'predictable consequences;' that there is some form of behavioural pattern or phenomenon that results due to the existence of the federal division of power. Based on this premise, it is possible to suggest patterns of behaviour that would be expected in federalist system. Three particular consequences have been chosen in order to assess this claim and to test how predictable they are. A federalist state would expect to have high voter turnout due to the localised nature of power in states, a voting system that uses a proportional representation in order to account for differences at the national level and finally that federalism has been implemented in states where there are diverse ethnic cleavages in the populations to increase unity. Each of these hypotheses will be taken individually and tested against case examples."

Tags:theory, international, structure, leadership

Abstract
This paper gives an in-depth analysis of the concept of "gender construction", which is one of the core tenets of scholarly research into gender roles and relations in human societies. This paper explores the issue of gender construction with particular reference to its personal and social consequences. The thesis will be argued that in both historical and contemporary contexts, the primary consequence of gender construction has been the shaping of inequitable power relations between women and men in society. On both personal and social levels, this inequity can often be seen translating into women being representedas passive consumers of technologies produced by active male agents.

From the Paper
"The concept of "gender construction" is one of the core tenets of scholarly research into gender roles and relations in human societies. This essay will explore the issue of gender construction with particular reference to its personal and social consequences. The thesis will be argued that in both historical and contemporary contexts, the primary consequence of gender construction has been the shaping of inequitable power relations between women and men in society. On both personal and social levels, this inequity can often be seen translating into women being represented - and thereby defined - as passive consumers of..."

Tags:gender, construction, society

Abstract
This paper describes an experiment designed to determine the fate of Planaria that had been cut in half, while immersed in varying concentrations of MgCl, as Magnesium has been shown to relax smooth muscles, inhibiting wound closure. The experiment had fatal results for the Planaria that were in the two highest concentrations of MgCl. It should also be noted that the experiment had to be halted after just five days, due to another student mishandling and spilling the Planaria. The data gathered leading up to the halt of the experiment showed that Planaria which are in the highest concentrations (provided that the concentration is not high enough to be fatal) of MgCl will have the slowest rate of regeneration and wound closure.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Results

From the Paper
"The class of Turbellaria contains the phylum Platyhelminthes, and the family Planariidae to which Planaria belong to. Planaria are free-living flat worms that can be found in marine, aquatic, and terrestrial environments. The planarian has very simple organ systems. It consists of a small brain, perceptual organs and digestive system that comprises of a mouth, pharynx, and an intestine (Pitt-Bradford, 2002). However, it is a planarian's morphogenesis that can be mysterious and is of interest. Planaria have highly robust regeneration systems with the ability to re-grow lost body parts (Brooks and Rodney, 1999). When part of its body is excised, each piece of the part has the ability to regenerate itself (Reddien and Alvarado, 2004). During regeneration, muscle contractions in the Planaria close the wound, followed by the spreading of epithelial cells. Regeneration in planarians depends on a population of adult stem cells called neoblasts that have the potential to turn into any type of planarian cell (Reddien et al, 2005). By studying this process, one can expand their scientific knowledge and perhaps develop ways of helping out other people and animals that have lost their limbs by finding a way of having their body regenerate the missing appendage back."

Tags:concentrations, volumes, systens

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the concept of cell membranes and molecules and discusses how they relate to the controversial issue of human cloning. It expands on the ethical issues which human cloning have arisen. The writer then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of cloning and the legal problems related to the issue.

From the Paper
"The subject of human cloning has recently become controversial because scientists are already technologically ready to undertake this revolutionary step into human reproduction. There are many proponents of human cloning who find justifying arguments to start to clone humans. They argue that cloning would alleviate trauma and grief for those who have lost a relative in an accident because a "replacement" could then be created. Further, infertile couples could use cloning techniques to have children; as a result, human cloning would terminate genetic faults in people. Additionally, people who would like to have an image of themselves to live forever could preserve their lives by creating their own clones. Human cloning in general would contribute to research and experiments on human body and scientific limits."

Tags:biology, cell, clone, ethical, law, life, molecules, science

Abstract
The paper discusses the fact that many Americans are generally dissatisfied with the Republican and the Democratic parties, due to perceptions that both parties generally operate to serve their own self-interests. This paper shows that once people are sufficiently educated about the democratic process and how to participate effectively, their uncertainty about their ability to influence public policy will dissipate.

From the Paper
"In order to promote public participation in political processes, the voting public must be adequately informed about the functions and limitations of elected representatives. They must also be reassured of the critical importance of public participation. Communication is the "glue" that holds society together. Yet when that communication process is thwarted, the entire political system can break down; eventually to the point in which we are living in a completely authoritarian society."

Tags:democrat, elections, science, Congress

Abstract
This paper names and analyzes four consequences of colonialism when a country moves from colonial rule to self-rule. Consequences and issues include the development of the compradore class, distortion of economies, over developed social control and the status of women.

From the Paper
"Life is change. The cycle of government and the change brought about in the United States, for example from one administration to another, illustrates how priorities can change almost over night when simply depending on an election. When a country moves from depending on acolonial government to independent self-rule, those changes can end up being extremely drastic in nature, despite the preparations made by everyone involved. How the governments and citizens of these recently liberated nations adapt and the problems caused by the colonial rule in..."

Tags:consequences, colonials, independence, third world, third world, self rule

Abstract
Millions of Americans, not to mention billions around the world, suffer from social inequality. This paper addresses this issue and its consequences.

Tags:consequences, social, inequality