Abstract
The lack of a consensus in terms of a standardized protocol for smoking cessation is largely due to the paucity of up-to-date evidence regarding best practice. Pharmacological interventions may be offered to willing individuals as well as regular follow-up and easy access to a support group comprised of health providers willing to offer not only services, but a helping hand, as these times may be most trying for smokers attempting to quit. While aggressive patient surveillance, advice, assessment and referral to formal programs is in deed desirable, the nurse - or any health professional - must be willing to work in a multidisciplinary environment to steer smokers towards a more healthy way of life.

From the Paper
Evidence-Based Practice: Smoking Cessation and the Nurse's Role Problem Background Smoking is considered a risk factor for the development or acceleration of many preventable diseases, many of which lead to death. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2005), chief among the many deaths smoking is associated with from 1997 to 2001 include cardiovascular disease (86,800), coronary ischemia, myocardial infarction and strokes (17,400), diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema (90,600) and a host of malignancies (34,700) apart from lung cancer (123,800) that can involve the oral cavity, esophagus, kidney, pancreas,

Tags:smoking, cessation, nursing

Abstract
In this article, the writer first notes that sociological and criminological theories may be separated into two distinguishably different areas, those of conflict theories and consensus theories. The writer notes the existence of conflict within society and within conflict theories. The writer discusses gender-based issues and theories within crime.

From the Paper
In the broadest sense, sociological and criminological theories tend to fall into two very different camps: conflict theories and consensus theories. Criminological conflict theories emphasize the political nature of crime, and view society as being based on conflict, as opposed to consensus. Conflict theories posit the existence of two or more groups in conflict, such as two different classes, or many different groups vying to achieve their own ends. An appearance of consensus is created by using laws to enforce consensus, by for example enforcing the law. On the other hand, consensus theory focuses on the stability of society, and sees the

Tags:criminology, gender, conflict

Abstract
The paper discusses the origins, strengths and weaknesses of gender-based theories of criminal behavior and whether they are consensus-based or conflict-based. The paper discusses how gender-based theories of crime are often neglected in investigation into crime theory. The paper explains that such dismissals are erroneous, not only because they ignore the role women play in crime but because they dismiss discussion over why males are so proportionally involved in crime.

Outline:
Introduction
The Birth of Gender-Based Crime Theories
Contemporary Gender-Based Crime Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses of Gender-Based Theories of Criminal Behaviour
Gender-based Theories of Crime as Conflict or Consensus-Based Approaches
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The lack of theoretical investigation into gender-based schemas of crime has been noted by contemporary criminologists. This is strange, given that gender is clearly a notable factor in criminal and delinquent behaviour: only 7 percent of prison inmates and 11 percent of jail inmates are female, and women comprise only 14% of sworn officers in large police departments (Flavin, 2003, p. 225). So why is gender and its relationship to crime so often overlooked in academic circles? Past inattention to the issue has been somewhat redressed in recent times based on a growing number of gender-based theories of criminal behaviour. The sum of these theories generally relate to the "invisibility" of women in a patriarchal society defined by paternalism, sexism and traditional notions of chivalry. Gender theories of criminal behaviour generally revolve around two schools of thought: that of criticizing traditional male approaches to crime study and of developing "gender-sensitive interpretations of deviance and a consideration of the nature of female criminality" (Williams & McShane, 2004, p. 254)."

Tags:delinquency, males, females, feminism, consensus-based, conflict-based

Abstract
The paper examines gender-based evaluations of crime. The paper explains the difference between conflict theories and consensus theories and shows how John Hagan's power-control theory of gender and delinquency seems to be primarily a conflict, anti-feminist theory. The paper argues that gender-based theories are a most welcome innovation in the field of criminology, rectifying a profound insensitivity to the fact that women exist and allowing policies that actively combat sexist biases and stereotypes. The paper relates that many feminist theories of crime must be conflict theories, due to the fact that feminism itself is arguably built upon a conflict theory view of the world.

From the Paper
"In the broadest sense, sociological and criminological theories tend to fall into two very different camps: conflict theories and consensus theories. Criminological conflict theories emphasise the political nature of crime, and view society as being based on conflict, as opposed to consensus. Conflict theories posit the existence of two or more groups in conflict, such as two different classes, or many different groups vying to achieve their own ends. An appearance of consensus is created by using laws to enforce consensus, by for example enforcing the law. On the other hand, consensus theory focuses on the stability of society, and sees the maintenance of this stability as a central endeavour - in which most people participate willingly, while some have to be coerced by law enforcers."

Tags:conflict, consensus, stereotypes, feminism, power-control, theory, delinquency

Abstract
The paper outlines how this recent CBC news article discusses the important health issue of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in Canada. The paper discusses the causes, incidence and prevention of this disorder, but points out that the information discussed in the article could have been more effective had appropriate statistical figures been used. The paper asserts, however, that despite this deficiency, the article highlights the existing lack of consensus among the physicians in Canada about alcohol use and the lack of a clear policy guideline that could be universally adopted. This paper argues that it is time that Canada, which is supposedly enjoying the highest standards of healthcare in the world, wakes up to this growing crisis.

From the Paper
"A recent CBC news article discusses the important health issue of fetal alcohol syndrome in Canada. Fetal alcohol syndrome refers to a spectrum of disorders from learning disabilities to impaired memory, loss of attention span to hyperactivity, physical deformities such as facial distortions, cardiac complications, etc. Prenatal exposure to alcohol is the cause of this group of symptoms, which are collectively known as the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). The article quotes Dr.Vyta Senikas, the vice president of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. "It is one of the most common birth defects that we see. The key issue with this birth defect is that it is completely preventable". [CBC News]"

Tags:women, health, gynecologists, physicians

Abstract
Consensus is lacking as to the etiology of anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder that almost exclusively affects middle- and upper-class girls and young women in the United States, Western Europe, Japan, and other postindustrial societies.

From the Paper
"Consensus is lacking as to the etiology of anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder that almost exclusively affects middle- and upper-class girls and young women in the United States, Western Europe, Japan, and other postindustrial societies. Those who suffer from anorexia display a morbid fear of becoming overweight, spurred on by distorted body image, and severely restrict their intake of food, leading to numerous biomedical complications and frequently, if untreated, to starvation. Each of the three principal explanatory models--the biomedical, the psychological, and the cultural--supplies insights into the nature, prevalence, distribution, and causes of the disorder. But no one model can be shown to locate the ultimate cause of the disease and there is a growing conviction..."

Abstract
This paper uses the criteria established by Robert Dallek in his book "Hail to the Chief. The Making and Unmaking of American Presidents" to determine which presidents of the United States qualify as the top five. Citing Dallek's conclusion that the five characteristics found in the most effective presidents are vision, pragmatism, consensus, charisma and credibility, the paper assesses which presidents possess these qualities and concludes that Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush are the top five U.S. presidents ever.

From the Paper
"Dallek points out that the White House today is as removed from Washington's day as space travel is from the horse and buggy, and that the global responsibilities a president faces today actually dwarf those his counterpart encountered in the 1790's, as well as the president's impact on the economic and social life of the country. Because of nuclear weapons, electronic communications, and national and international responsibilities, presidents today are forced to think and act differently than earlier predecessors, however, the elements of compelling leadership have remained unchanged through the years."

Tags:presidential, greatness, american, historians, rate, failure, personality, character

Abstract
This essay examines globalization by juxtaposing the Western point of view with the Eastern one. It explores the Western point of view as exemplified by Samuel Huntington's theory of an impending clash of civilizations. Next it explores the Eastern point of view as represented by Armatya Sen who advocates a resistance to the cultural hegemony of the West. The essay weighs the pros and cons of each point of view, but argues that Huntington's views are more reflective of the true situation. However, it further argues that the objective stance of Huntington needs to be overridden by the ideological advocacy of Sen, so that cultural hegemony is overcome by the desirability of consensus. It goes on to argue that certain aspects of Western civilization are universal, and that these need to be preserved. Finally, the paper considers the role of women as vital in reaching a globalization based on consensus.

From the Paper
"The West having taken the lead in the perpetration of global civilization, there is bound to remain an imbalance in favor of the Western world. It has on its side all the institutions necessary to run modern society, and these institutions are effective because they have grown up organically, through the key revolutions that shaped the same society. The rest of the world must build such institutions anew for themselves, and they have no other resort but to copy the extant models."

Tags:Clash of civilizations, Westernization, World Bank, WTO, world trade, imbalance, consensus, cultural hegemony

Abstract
The paper examines "Patterns of Democracy," by the political theorist Arend Lijphart. The paper looks at Lijphart's theories of the flaws in the American system of government and contends that, although the United States may not be a perfect model for the Middle East, neither is the consensus model. The paper explains how Iraq is based upon tribal schisms even more divisive than those which faced America during the Civil War or the Civil Rights movements. The paper maintains that a majoritarian government with a strong central rule may be necessary for Iraq to function effectively, even if it does not give voice to every possible interest within the nation.

From the Paper
"At the beginning of his book, Patterns of Democracy, the political theorist Arend Lijphart cites Abraham Lincoln's definition of a democracy as a government for the people, by the people. (Lijphart, p.1) Yet analyzing the United States as a representative democracy, whereby persons elected by an entity nebulously defined as 'the people' purport to represent the popular interests, the theorist is immediately confronted by a series of contradictions. Lijipart can only resolve these contradictions by constructing a more narrow definition of what constitutes democracy, namely its manifestation into either majoritarian or consensus-based models."

Tags:Iraq, consensus, models, schisms

Abstract
This paper explains that the main theory behind this research is the belief that entrepreneurs do act differently from standard employees and that these entrepreneurs may either help or hinder their businesses based on the actions that they take. The author points out that, within the literature on management and organizations, there is a growing consensus that entrepreneurship has a very significant effect on an organization because innovation and invention, which are related to organizational productivity, are linked very strongly to entrepreneurship. The paper reports that research will be quantitative, using scaled questionnaires, which will involve entrepreneurs from both large and small companies.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Justification for Research Topic
Aims and Objectives
Aims
Objectives
Theories and Concepts
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Research Approach and Methods
Setting or Context for the Research
Explanation and Justification of Research Methods
Accessibility of the Data
Interpretation and Analysis of the Data
Tentative Timeline for Research Completion

From the Paper
"Because the relationship between the performance of the organization and the entrepreneurship issue is so important, it has not been limited strictly to the private sector but has also been discussed within the context of education. Academic entrepreneurship is generally designed to increase the institutional or individual profit, prestige, or influence through developing and then marketing various research ideas or products that were based on that research. Generally, universities are not seen as being leaders when it comes to entrepreneurship. Individual attitudes and characteristics are often emphasized by organizational psychologists as being a strong source of entrepreneurship."

Tags:consensus, innovation, productivity, quantitative, questionnaire