Abstract This paper explains that the Butskellism consensus in Britain represented a broad and general agreement between Britain's two major political parties on how the nation should be governed.
The paper then proceeds to outline the characteristics that personified the post war consensus in order to not only ascertain whether its extent has been exaggerated but also to learn why it emerged in the first place. The paper also addresses the positive literature along, with the revisionism that the post war political period has been subject to and concludes that a broad agreement on the goals to be achieved existed, although the methods to carry out this endeavour may have differed.
From the Paper "When the Conservative Party was returned to office in 1951 there was widespread concern within Labour ranks that their nationalisation legislation would be quickly reversed. However, with the exception of Iron and Steel and Road Haulage, denationalised in 1953 and 1954 respectfully, Churchill's government retained the Atlee administrations principle measures of nationalisation and with it the commitment to a mixed economy. Dorey sums up this point admirably, "The main thing to stress is how little was done by the Conservatives either to change the existing structures or to clarify the relationship between the government and the state owned corporations". "
Tags: winston, churchill, Conservative, Party, labour
Abstract This paper examines the consensus approach to criminal justice. This approach is one that emphasizes the opinion of the whole society. These opinions are ones that are streamlined through legislation and reinforced through social institutions. The paper makes reference to the principles of Michalowski, where social institutions come together in order to act in positive manners. This means that all actions carried out by social institutions are legitimized in the eyes of the society.
From the Paper "If laws did not exist, there would be no social institutions, and hence chaos would prevail with much insecurity. There would also be no education, and therefore no development as well. Since there would be much chaos there would be plenty of injustice, which no one would want to live amidst. Hence laws applied and the actions that are taken through them are all seen as justified. This is the reason why those who break the law are all seen as evil or abnormal in some way or the other. This legitimizes the actions that are taken against them."
Abstract The paper discusses the origins, strengths and weaknesses of gender-based theories of criminal behavior and whether they are consensus-based or conflict-based. The paper discusses how gender-based theories of crime are often neglected in investigation into crime theory. The paper explains that such dismissals are erroneous, not only because they ignore the role women play in crime but because they dismiss discussion over why males are so proportionally involved in crime.
Outline:
Introduction
The Birth of Gender-Based Crime Theories
Contemporary Gender-Based Crime Theories
Strengths and Weaknesses of Gender-Based Theories of Criminal Behaviour
Gender-based Theories of Crime as Conflict or Consensus-Based Approaches
Conclusion
From the Paper "The lack of theoretical investigation into gender-based schemas of crime has been noted by contemporary criminologists. This is strange, given that gender is clearly a notable factor in criminal and delinquent behaviour: only 7 percent of prison inmates and 11 percent of jail inmates are female, and women comprise only 14% of sworn officers in large police departments (Flavin, 2003, p. 225). So why is gender and its relationship to crime so often overlooked in academic circles? Past inattention to the issue has been somewhat redressed in recent times based on a growing number of gender-based theories of criminal behaviour. The sum of these theories generally relate to the "invisibility" of women in a patriarchal society defined by paternalism, sexism and traditional notions of chivalry. Gender theories of criminal behaviour generally revolve around two schools of thought: that of criticizing traditional male approaches to crime study and of developing "gender-sensitive interpretations of deviance and a consideration of the nature of female criminality" (Williams & McShane, 2004, p. 254)."
Abstract This paper explains how two major historical occurrences - The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution gave rise to a new way of thinking in society - Functionalism. It also discusses the theory of Symbolic Interactionism and links these two theories by analyzing how they relate to race and ethic issues.
From the paper:
"Functionalism in sociology stresses the importance of interdependence among all behavior patterns and institutions within a social system to its long-term survival. Functionalism is often referred to as ?consensus? theory because it doesn?t address the issue of conflict in society, rather it projects and ideal picture of harmonious social relationships."
Abstract This essay explores the conventional consensus that the human coping capacity under the stress of catastrophic or disastrous events was determined primarily, if not solely, by the nature of the traumatic event before the twentieth century. This paper examines how this belief failed to take into consideration the fact that different individuals in many instances exhibit very differing reactive behaviors to similar situations. The author contends that this failure to recognize the factors that cause one individual to react one particular way in the face of disaster while another reacts in a widely opposing manner under similar circumstances, tends to group catastrophic reactive behavior into one generic and somewhat narrow category.
Table of contents
The Range of Reactive Behavior
Early Reactive Behavior Research
Early Findings Concerning Coping Ability & Catastrophe
Recent Research - The Full Scope of Reactions Realized
Future Research - Concepts of Control & Counter-Conditioning
Coping With the Twenty-First Century
From the Paper ?In the early decades of the twentieth century, Sigmund Freud introduced the world of psychology to the concept of narcissism as applied to self-esteem and individual equilibrium. Freud was intrigued by the general idea and psychological implications of narcissism, a condition that Sam Vaknin later clarified as not an actual love for one's "true self", but instead one's love of a perceived reflection or image of one's self (1999, PG). In his posited theory of narcissism, first voiced in 1914, Freud presented the idea that it is a necessity for individuals to "maintain a positive sense of self" and that this process was normally accomplished through the act of "engaging in ego-defensive behavior in order to preserve self-esteem" (Brown, 1997, p. 643). ?
Abstract The paper discusses the literature about lynching in Virginia. This paper explains that the history of lynching in Virginia is almost entirely a series of misrepresentation and misconceptions; and even today, decades after the last official lynching, it is difficult to find accurate and truthful information regarding this most ignoble tradition. The author continues that nonetheless several items of consensus emerge: Lynching originated in Virginia, Virginia actually historically has the lowest rate of lynching and lynching continues to this day in isolated cases.
From the Paper "The history of lynching in Virginia begins, as mentioned above, with Col. Lynch. He and his comrades, ?responded to unsettled times by making their own rules for confronting Tories and criminal elements...? Due to their distance from formalized courts, these early Americans felt free to form informal courts in the esteemed Col.'s front yard, try, and punish offenders. Contrary to popular misconception, lynching is not and never has been synonymous with hanging. Most early Virginian lynchings consisted of whippings or similar punishments, and in many rural areas, such a definition continued for over a century. In addition, historical lynchings that did result in death were not always hangings either. Lynching tradition does not necessitate hanging by any means. Other popular methods included shooting, torture of various sorts, skinning, burning (alive or dead), beheading, evisceration and other ghastly methods. Regardless of method, ?lynching is a criminal practice which is peculiar to the United States.? "
An in-depth examination of the fragmented theories that apply to physical education in schools. The paper explains that there is no consensus and examines the problems involved.
Abstract Practical experience in teaching is a controversial issue. There is no consensus about it. This field includes training physical education teachers for schools. Many students believe that practical experience is the core of the teaching process that applies the theories they learned, the didactic methods to impart knowledge skills. This paper examines several influential parameters, including the interaction between teaching students and the pedagogical instructor, as well as mentor, and their contribution to the practical training of physical education instruction students. The paper also indirectly proposes changes and emphasis on content in the practical experiment curriculum of these students, which makes an essential contribution to their training success.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter A ? Literature Review
Teacher Training
The Behaviorist Model
The Rationalist ? Platonic Model
The Hermeneutic Model
The Critical Model
The Constructivist Model
Physical Education
Chapter B ? Research Methods
Chapter C ? Findings
Chapter D ? Discussion
Chapter E ? Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Bibliography
Appendices
Appendix A
Appendix B
From the Paper "In addition, during the practical training, factors that are involved in training students in their training process and that affect them are involved, such as pedagogy and the mentor (Reichenberg 1998). There are two basic perspectives regarding the practical application of theories in the work conducted by students of teaching.
The first, and more dominant, views actual teaching in a classroom as an applicable science, i.e. a process that links the theory to practice. In other words, the development of the ability to apply theoretical knowledge learned by the student within the educational framework, and the practical experience in the training process in schools."
Abstract This paper examines how the success of the liberalization thesis depends upon the enforcement of stability and control and how strengthening both institutions and regulation is important to the development of a robust securities market. It looks at the current liberalization and globalization methodology set down in the liberalization thesis and the Washington Consensus. It also investigates the neglected pre-conditions for successful liberalization.
From the Paper "The development of strong securities markets is of great assistance to successful financial liberalization. A strong stock market provides capital which requires no repayment thus lowering a firms? cost of capital. Such equity financing alleviates the illiquidity and repression prevalent in many liberalizing countries- for example; Switzerland had a 1997 market capitalization and repression index of 226.0 and 84.2 respectively, compared to Armenia's scores of 1.0 and 48.1 . Of further importance is the implementation of accountability and value creation- when coupled with the removal of government directed lending, firms become accountable to stock holders for capital; enforcing value creation and the productive use of capital."
Abstract This paper explains that, officially, the Catholic Church opposes the death penalty, but a large majority of Americans support capital punishment. The author points out that, in the past history of the church, some theologians, such as St. Thomas Aquinas, have allowed for the practice of capital punishment, although some modern Catholic opponents say Aquinas's position is commensurate with killing for self-defense, not formal, state-sanctioned death when the offending sinner is incarcerated and no longer dangerous to the community. The paper concludes that the consensus within the faith community indicates capital punishment is contrary to the teachings of Christ; but, in terms of the theological reasoning and justification for this position, there still remains a point of contention, rhetorically and in terms of Church rationales.
From the Paper "Not all American Catholics who are outspoken against the death penalty have condemned capital punishment in the same language and terms. Rather than stress that the death penalty is against the free laws of the United States, and the concept of cruel and unusual punishment, Sister Prejean of "Dead Man Walking" fame, prays in her prayer against capital punishment. ?Jesus, our brother, you suffered execution at the hands of the state,? suggests that to engage in act of capital punishment is to mimic, however unconsciously, the actions of Christ's executioners. Rather, she implores Christ to ?Help us to reach out to victims of violence so that our enduing love may help them heal.""
Abstract This paper explains that Japanese companies keep their subsidiaries very tightly controlled by the parent company than most other multi-national firms; even when decision-making is delegated to other managers, the Japanese practice of consensus results in consultation with the head office in Tokyo. The author points out that, having learned some tough lessons from the financial problems of the last several years, there is now a "liberalization" of the traditional Japanese ultra-conservative and xenophobic economic policies, which makes it easier for foreign companies to invest in joint ventures. The paper relates that Japanese companies are making an effort to go global, which means they are not merely sending expatriate Japanese managers, as in recent years, but are opening up more to the cultures and practices of other countries.
From the Paper "There are now several valuable books on the subject of doing business in Japan. It would be wise for our top executives to become familiar with many of the "do's and don'ts" for Japanese communication. However, at the same time, Japanese firms are now under constraints from the international business community, including the U.S. "We feel it is perfectly legitimate to insist that Japanese companies doing business globally adhere to fair practices, both at home and abroad." In other words, for our company to penetrate Japanese markets, we need to be aware of several factors tilting in favor of local companies visa vie outsiders. This is one more reason for initiating a joint venture with a well-situated Japanese firm. It would save our company valuable time and money. Instead of starting from scratch as a "foreigner" and "outsider" we would have an entree with a "local" (i.e. Japanese) firm."
Abstract This paper examines the effect of globalization on nations. It considers the criticism of globalization and evaluates the Washington Consensus, a policy developed in the 1980s for Latin American countries. The author also defines globalization and discusses its benefits and drawbacks.
From the Paper "Today's business environment has been called a global village and many Americans simply accept without question the concept that transportation, finance and telecommunications has made the world a smaller place."
Tags: globalization, washington consensus, effect of trade
Abstract This paper explains that the main theory behind this research is the belief that entrepreneurs do act differently from standard employees and that these entrepreneurs may either help or hinder their businesses based on the actions that they take. The author points out that, within the literature on management and organizations, there is a growing consensus that entrepreneurship has a very significant effect on an organization because innovation and invention, which are related to organizational productivity, are linked very strongly to entrepreneurship. The paper reports that research will be quantitative, using scaled questionnaires, which will involve entrepreneurs from both large and small companies.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Justification for Research Topic
Aims and Objectives
Aims
Objectives
Theories and Concepts
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Research Approach and Methods
Setting or Context for the Research
Explanation and Justification of Research Methods
Accessibility of the Data
Interpretation and Analysis of the Data
Tentative Timeline for Research Completion
From the Paper "Because the relationship between the performance of the organization and the entrepreneurship issue is so important, it has not been limited strictly to the private sector but has also been discussed within the context of education. Academic entrepreneurship is generally designed to increase the institutional or individual profit, prestige, or influence through developing and then marketing various research ideas or products that were based on that research. Generally, universities are not seen as being leaders when it comes to entrepreneurship. Individual attitudes and characteristics are often emphasized by organizational psychologists as being a strong source of entrepreneurship."
Abstract The paper examines "Patterns of Democracy," by the political theorist Arend Lijphart. The paper looks at Lijphart's theories of the flaws in the American system of government and contends that, although the United States may not be a perfect model for the Middle East, neither is the consensus model. The paper explains how Iraq is based upon tribal schisms even more divisive than those which faced America during the Civil War or the Civil Rights movements. The paper maintains that a majoritarian government with a strong central rule may be necessary for Iraq to function effectively, even if it does not give voice to every possible interest within the nation.
From the Paper "At the beginning of his book, Patterns of Democracy, the political theorist Arend Lijphart cites Abraham Lincoln's definition of a democracy as a government for the people, by the people. (Lijphart, p.1) Yet analyzing the United States as a representative democracy, whereby persons elected by an entity nebulously defined as 'the people' purport to represent the popular interests, the theorist is immediately confronted by a series of contradictions. Lijipart can only resolve these contradictions by constructing a more narrow definition of what constitutes democracy, namely its manifestation into either majoritarian or consensus-based models."
Abstract The paper examines gender-based evaluations of crime. The paper explains the difference between conflict theories and consensus theories and shows how John Hagan's power-control theory of gender and delinquency seems to be primarily a conflict, anti-feminist theory. The paper argues that gender-based theories are a most welcome innovation in the field of criminology, rectifying a profound insensitivity to the fact that women exist and allowing policies that actively combat sexist biases and stereotypes. The paper relates that many feminist theories of crime must be conflict theories, due to the fact that feminism itself is arguably built upon a conflict theory view of the world.
From the Paper "In the broadest sense, sociological and criminological theories tend to fall into two very different camps: conflict theories and consensus theories. Criminological conflict theories emphasise the political nature of crime, and view society as being based on conflict, as opposed to consensus. Conflict theories posit the existence of two or more groups in conflict, such as two different classes, or many different groups vying to achieve their own ends. An appearance of consensus is created by using laws to enforce consensus, by for example enforcing the law. On the other hand, consensus theory focuses on the stability of society, and sees the maintenance of this stability as a central endeavour - in which most people participate willingly, while some have to be coerced by law enforcers."
Abstract The paper discusses a research project on the death penalty in the United States. The paper explains that the purpose of the study is to gain an accurate picture of consensus opinion regarding the death penalty. The paper further explains that the research project is quantitative in nature, relying on an experimental methodology. The paper states that a random sampling of the U.S. population will be utilized with the telephone directory databases acting as the sampling frame.
Outline:
Abstract
Overview
Type of Research
Implications of Research
Research Design
Sampling Type
Sampling Frame
Data Gathering Technique
Survey Questions
From the Paper "The death penalty is a contentious issue in the United States. As a rule, Americans recognize its importance as a legal deterrence but beyond this broad recognition of importance it quickly devolves into arguments of moral authority versus ethical constraints regarding humanitarian treatment, among others. In fact, although the Supreme Court has ruled that the death penalty is a legal form of punishment, the judiciary across the United States is quite ambiguous about the rationale behind it (Bedau & Cassell, 2004, p.7). Based on these and other observations it is clear that a definitive opinion regarding the death penalty, as it relates to the general public could prove quite useful to future research as well as future legal ramification related to it."
