Abstract
This paper discusses the tensions and divisions that conscription created within Canada in 1917 when the allied situation in World War I demanded a massive mobilization of manpower. At the beginning of the war, voluntary enlistment was taken for granted, but as the war dragged on it did not produce the needed numbers. The writer explains that the French-speaking community in Quebec was seen as not doing their part and this led to heated and bitter debate and further divisions between them and the English-speaking community. The writer provides the historical and political background for these divisions and discusses how conscription affected other groups negatively as well.

Outline:
Introduction
World War I
Quebec
Conscription
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The start of World War I affected Canada as a new Conservative government headed by Robert Laird Borden set out to rally the public to the British cause in the war. At the end of the previous term, Canadians had been divided on the issue, but Borden managed to bring them together after Germany invaded neutral Belgium. It was then that 33,000 Canadian soldiers reached England and fought at the second battle of Ypres. By 1916, there were four Canadian divisions, with a fifth available for reinforcements. Canada's participation served to bolster the nation's image in the world and contributed to the end of its colonial status."

Tags:Francophone, solidarity, diversity, unification, culture, farmer, rebellion, Parliament, controversy

Abstract
This paper argues that in the shadow of Vietnam, we live in an incredibly technological era that does not want to forget what happened. It also makes a case that with all the rage that is being direct toward the government because of the war in Iraq, the backlash our country would see as the result of a military draft is almost unimaginable. It contends that reinstating the draft would only complicate the relationship between the people and their government and that as long as there are men willing to serve, there should be no reason to force others serve alongside them.

From the Paper
"The CBO also looks at other negative aspects that a draft would impose upon the military. One would be a level of commitment and dedication, noting that armed forces would "become more junior and less experienced than the current AVF. Because inductees serve for a shorter time than volunteers, having larger numbers of draftees relative to volunteers would necessarily result in a force with fewer average years of service" (CBO). In addition to this, because most "draftees leave after completing a two-year obligation, a draft might affect the services' ability to perform those functions efficiently" (CBO). Service is simply more than making on serve. In the military, we want soldiers to want to be there. Somehow, the notion of a dedicated, proud soldier trumps the vision of an angry, bitter young boy force to sit in a jungle or in a dessert. Thomas Sowell agrees with this notion, adding that a mandatory draft would only endanger the welfare of this nation because of how our children are raised today. "

Tags:vietnam, iraq, military, congress

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the issue of conscription as a philosophical concept of political justice. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which the issue of conscription as an instrument of political policy may arise, and then to discuss, with reference to various philosophers of state structure, the nexus of theories of statism and the rationale or explication of the practice of conscription.

The question of conscription as a valid policy of state involves consideration of the circumstances under which the state might compel a citizen to relinquish individual discretion and become part of a military force. Answering such a question goes to the consideration of the very structure of society, for it must be presumed that conscription is put forward as a policy in part for the reasons of state. It follows that the validity of ..."

Abstract
This paper argues that military registration needs to be a choice open to all young men, starting at age 18. It discusses the attitudes prevalent in American society today, which call for the raising of the age to 21. The paper argues, however, that if, at 18, they are legally recognized as adults, then they should be allowed to make the decision regarding conscription themselves.

From the Paper
"The system of Selective Service strives to balance the country's need for an active pool of reserves and the rights of individual citizens who oppose military conscription. An 18-year old is legally recognized as an adult who could make decisions regarding his vote, career decisions, his ability to consent to marriage and sexual activity and his culpability in the commission of crime. It therefore stands to reason that an 18-year old could make an informed decision regarding serving the country in the military as well."

Tags:adult, serving

Abstract
Conscription is often believed in principle to be either wrong, unnecessary, or both, or necessary under certain circumstances and therefore morally permissible due to them. There has also been extensive argument over the question of how exactly the clauses of the Constitution that relate to military powers and their foundations in the branches of government should be interpreted. The paper shows that this question logically leads to the examination and assessment of the intentions of those men who actually conceived of and wrote these clauses. At first, one might assume that the Framers never considered the prospect of a military draft in the United States, since its first instance in this country occurred over 70 years after the ratification of the Constitution. The paper argues that although we will never know for sure the true original meaning of the Constitution's language, there is an abundance of evidence that strongly suggests that the Framers never intended to institute a general conscription of ordinary citizens, and even that they were expressly opposed to and made efforts to guard against the implementation of conscription. The paper further argues that by using the evidence we possess of the Framers' intentions to interpret the Constitution's clauses concerning the military, as well as supporting background evidence from the time period, only one conclusion can be reasonably drawn: By applying a standard which focuses on the original meaning of the Constitution as the Framers intended it, the United States military draft cannot be considered constitutional.

From the Paper
"It appears, then, that Holzer would also likely agree that underlying the formation of American political thought in the independence and post-independence era is the philosophy of John Locke and his social contract. This contract is made possible by citizens who voluntarily give up some of their natural rights in order to enjoy an even better set of rights in a political community. These concepts are themes that we see in both the Declaration of Independence and our Constitution, which provide for the government protection of life, liberty and property that Locke advocated. This fact becomes important to the question of the constitutionality of conscription when we consider that the draft "contradicts this element of liberal democracy by demanding the possible sacrifice of one's life for one's country.""

Tags:draft, framers, tenth, amendment, Federalist

Abstract
The paper discusses how the Russian army is plagued by a number of problems, ranging from under financing and hazing to draft evasion. The paper argues that reform of the army appears to be the only viable strategy that can prevent a further decline of military personnel, preserve Russia's strategic forces, and allow Russia's forces to be comparable to those abroad. The paper explains the mechanics of a reform, the opposition in Russia to any form of military reform and whether Russia can afford the costs of a reform. The paper highlights the necessary components the reform needs in order to bring long-lasting benefits. The paper contends that without reform, the Russian army will not be able to reestablish itself as a global force.

Outline:
Existing Problems
Why Does Russia Need a Military Reform?
What is Military Reform?
The Mechanics of Reform
Opposition to the Reform
Can Russia Afford the Reform?

From the Paper
"The charge of the Russian army has not been significantly lessened since the end of the Cold War. Instability in neighboring regions and within the Russian military itself, international terrorism, and the threat of devastation by weapons of mass destruction call for a strong focused military that is able to respond to contemporary challenges. In his recent address to the Federal Assembly, Vladimir Putin stressed that, "(m)odern Russia needs an army that has every possibility for making an adequate response to all the modern threats we face. We need armed forces able to simultaneously fight in global, regional and - if necessary - also in several local conflicts. We need armed forces that guarantee Russia's security and territorial integrity no matter what the scenario."1 These aims, however, are not realistic for the modern day Russian army. The state of the army has been deteriorating for years after the fall of the Soviet Union. And if Russia is looking to establish itself as a strong regional power, it must address the deficiencies of its army."

Tags:transparency, contracts, draft, generals, officers, weaponry, funding, warfare

Abstract
The paper contrasts Eire's policy of neutrality, during WWII, to that of Northern Ireland's involvement in the fight against the Axis powers. The paper explains the reasons why each government had to choose either neutrality or involvement. The paper then looks at how each government managed to cope with the state of war. Finally, the paper studies the effectiveness of these governments in matters of war, namely security, regulations of supplies and conscription.

From the Paper
"During World War One, the whole Ireland, linked with Great Britain by the Act of Union of 1800, had chosen to fully support the Allied side against Germany. Following the call from both the leader of Northern Ireland, Edward Carson, and the leader of Southern Ireland, John Redmond, the Ulster Volunteers and 90% of the Irish Volunteers had enrolled as divisions of the British army. Twenty-five years later, the deal had changed and it was with a newly divided Ireland facing various internal problems that World War Two broke. The result was that Eire chose to observe a policy of neutrality, while Northern Ireland, still part of the United Kingdom, followed Britain in the fight against the Axis."

Tags:Axis, Britain, neutrality, involvement, volunteers, conscription, supplies, security, Eire

Abstract
This paper integrates several Civil War topics, including the power dynamics of oligarchies in the antebellum South, the authorship and diffusion of pro-slavery ideology, the development and implications of the plantation slavery economy, and an analysis of different explanations for the collapse of the Confederacy, into the thesis that the South's lack of pragmatism and adaptability brought about its defeat. The writer dissects the discourse of James Henry Hammond and John C. Calhoun and presents pro-slavery ideology as a fundamentally conservative reaction to early capitalism that diffused from a planter elite to the Southern masses through the conflation of the Southern identity with the institution of slavery. The industrial and technological stagnation, aristocratic trends, and dependent nature of the Southern economy are weighed as cogent factors in the failure of Confederate resources. The writer explains, using cognitive dissonance theory, how the conflicting elements of Confederate nationalism, such as scriptural fundamentalism, states' rights theory, and pro-slavery discourse, failed to successfully coexist with the reality of slavery and led to problems with strategy, conscription, enlistment, and solidarity.

Paper Outline
I. Introduction
II. Reactionary, Principled Ideology
III. Socioeconomic Maladjustment
IV. Confederate Defeat by Tradition and Ideology
V. Conclusion

From the Paper
"James Henry Hammond, editor of The Southern Times, defended the right to property through scriptural fundamentalism and carried slavery above human criticism by declaring it a biblically sanctioned institution. In order to justify chattel slavery's presuppositions of vindicated human property, proslavery ideology needed to incorporate the priority of slaveholders , right to property over slaves, right to liberty. Hammond provided this by asserting that man's right to "property in man" had been "consecrated" by the Bible. Suggesting a similitude between abolitionism and anti-property radicalism, as did many reactionary Southerners, Hammond anticipated that, after defeating slavery, the property-threatening ideology of antislavery would challenge the capital of the North."

Tags:calhoun, civil, confederacy, confederate, conscription, economic, economy, enlistment, hammond, historical, history, ideological, ideologue, ideologues, ideology, lost, plantation, planter, planters, political, politics, proslavery, slavery, south, southern, strategy, tidewater, wa

Abstract
This paper examines how occasionally disobedience may be necessary to preserve one's moral integrity. For instance, if one is directed by law to kill a human being, or to commit some other sort of heinous crime it is up to the individual to decide whether obedience poses enough of a threat to his or her moral integrity that he or she cannot continue following the law or rule. It evaluates how in most cases, however, it is in the best interests of the individual to obey and to instead amend the system where necessary. It provides examples throughout history where disobeying laws had positive results such as leaders of nonviolent protest movement (e.g., Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr.) who broke laws in the strict sense. It also analyzes laws such as conscription laws which can cause a travesty of moral obligations.

From the Paper
"Therefore, strictly speaking, it is extremely difficult to act against a law without violating some facet of the body of law in some way. Much of our conception of changing things by "working within the system"is based on Western governmental notions of democratic government. In many other political contexts, there may be no system to work with. For instance, in a totalitarian dictatorship, such as exists in North Korea, for instance, what room is there to change the system? The very act of attempting to change any element of the system might very well be regarded as illegal. It is arguable that this can be found in United States history as well, as with the Sedition Act mentioned above."

Tags:morality, integrity, democracy, conscription, murder

Abstract
This paper discusses the events and effects of July of 1863, when a major four-day eruption of violence occurred in New York as a result of the passage of the Conscription Act. The draft riots represented a period in American history when government focus was on social conflict. The author illustrates how the riots highlighted two explosive issues in mid-century New York: Relations between the wealthy and the poor and between blacks and whites.

From the Paper
"The main participants in the New York City draft riots were Irish Catholic immigrants, although some were native-borns, German-Americans, and Protestants. A history of conflict between the Irish immigrants and the blacks was a strong motive for much of the riot's violent acts. In 1845 a potato famine hit Ireland, destroying the only food supply of millions of poor Irish farmers. This potato famine caused 2.5 million people to leave Ireland within the next ten years . These millions of poor Irish were moved into the Five Points, an area with many African-Americans due to the low cost. "Racial tension began to mount, as the two groups were thrown into bitter competition for the worst dwellings and lowest-paying jobs ." "

Tags:blacks, class, conflict, ethnic, history, social, violence, conscription