Abstract
This paper outlines the two major views of the history of the founding of America: conquest vs. democracy. Historian Patricia Limerick believes that early American history was dominated by conquest, whereas historian Frederick Jackson Turner believes that early American history was dominated by democracy. This paper discusses the events of the founding of America in detail to examine which is true. It finds that both are correct, since the Spanish conquest of the fifteenth and sixteenth century lead to the beginnings of America; however, it was the beginnings of a democratic government that helped the English establish settlements at the end of the eighteenth century.

From the Paper
"Therefore, with the Native American culture being so different than the Spanish conquistadors and the misguided views about the Native American's timorous ways, it is not difficult to believe that these two clashing cultures resulted in brutal conquest by the more dominant Spanish. However, these points also shed light on Turner's view that the Europeans established America through sheer representative democracy."

Tags:American Colonization, Democracy, Conquest

Abstract
This paper explores the concept of nationalism in England in 1066, English unity, social make-up and the ferocity of their opposition to the invaders. It looks at how the Normans attempted to justify their conquest of England and, in particular, why. It examines how the ?rightful claimant to the throne? needed to put such an emphasis on the justification of the conquest. It looks at how William of Normandy held a strong claim to the English throne and how the Norman use of propaganda and their emphasis on the ?will of God? suggests there was a seed of doubt somewhere in the Norman establishment concerning legitimacy.

From the Paper
"To understand the Norman efforts to justify the conquest it is important to understand the nature of Anglo-Saxon England. How was Duke William of Normandy received? Did he face opposition because he was a foreigner or was it purely political? Anne Williams? provides an insight into English society much earlier than 1066, suggesting that the "emergence of Englishness" began as early as the 7th century . However, such an expression gives little more than a hint as to how developed and patriotic a society England was in the 11th century. The existence of patriotism in England is hard to identify in this period. Overseas invasions were not uncommon and it was only twenty-four years earlier that the Danish dynasty of Cnut had ruled."

Tags:castles, conquest, resistance, unity, william, edward, confessor

Abstract
This essay outlines Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul between 59 and 51 B.C. It outlines major points and battles and, more specifically, centers on how his conquests affected his standing in Rome and his rise to power. The paper also examines Caesar's commentaries on the great battle, "The Conquest of Gaul".

From the Paper
"Instances such as these show Caesar at his finest. With courage and enthusiasm Caesar routinely fought in the front ranks with his troops - leading by example to rally them. They won the battle of Sambre. Out of the force of 60,000 that came against the Romans, only 600 soldiers remained. Furthermore, the Conquest of Gaul not only showed his ability as a leader but also the type of man he was. Caesar was proud to be Roman, and his pride reveals itself in his commentaries. Caesar's commentaries were, in themselves, a reflection of that pride. To Pompey after having his command in Gaul revoked Caesar wrote, ?The glory of Rome has ever been my first object, dearer indeed than life itself.? Rome's will was his ambition."

Tags:Rome, Pompey, Sulla, Marius, Bellovaci

Abstract
This paper discusses and reviews Bernal Diaz del Castillo's book, "The Conquest of New Spain." The paper analyzes the content of the book and the biases that Diaz del Castillo appears to present in his accounting of events in the book. The paper suggests that "The Conquest of New Spain" raises many troubling ethical questions for a critical reader, reading with a post-colonial, post-modern mindset.

From the Paper
"Immediately upon reading the title of Bernal Diaz del Castillo's The Conquest of New Spain a critical reader bridles at the title, and expects an imperialistic history. After all, to our postmodern, politically correct ears, Mexico is not 'new Spain,' but an independent nation. When one hears that Diaz del Castillo's account is a 16th century memoir of one of the soldiers who accompanied the conqueror and, in today's view, the modern imperialist, Cortes to the New World of Central America, the reader grows even more suspicious. However, although the author's biases must be acknowledged, this is still an important account of a grounds-eye view of Cortes and his invasion of Central America. It was written after the destruction the Aztec Empire, and according to the author it was designed to deflate rather than inflate the mythology that had grown up around Cortes' invasion."

Tags:Mexico, Aztec, invasion, bias

Abstract
The paper outlines the history and events surrounding the figure of La Malinche, with a focus on her influence on and relationship with Cortez and her effect on the conquest of the Aztecs. The central contention of this paper is that without her help, the Spanish would not have been able to conquer the Aztec people. The paper portrays the historical figure of La Malinche and details her valuable knowledge and skills that assisted the Spanish. The paper concludes that although her role in the conquest of the Aztecs is without a doubt, the figure of La Malinche, however, remains ambiguous. She is seen as both a heroic figure as well as a traitor to her own country.

From the Paper
"Known as the mother to the ethnic Mestizo people of Mexico, La Malinche was also known as Dona Marina, Malintzin, Malinal and Malinulli. While much of the writing about here is mythical and partially unsubstantiated, various reports and studies claim that she was undoubtedly a figure who played an important, if not vital role in the Spanish invasion and conquest of Mesoamerica. Researchers, for example, claim that she successfully "...guided Hernan Cortez into, and out of, many a battle with great success.""

Tags:Cortez, Mesoamerica, invasion

Abstract
Greece was an established civilization around 500 BCE, reaching its peak in 400 BCE. During this era, a great young conqueror rose from the frontier state of Macedonia and shredded the might of great the Persian Empire. In the modern world, he is known as Alexander the Great of Macedonia. This paper analyzes his motivation and objectives that drove his conquest of Asia.

Outline:
Introduction
Brief Introduction to Alexander the Great
The Story Behind Alexander's Conquest of Asia
The Old Enemy
The Plunder
The Old Iliad's Impression
Ambition
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Before proceeding to discuss the reasons behind the Alexander's conquest of Asia, it is appropriate to take a brief look at the political situation of Greece at the time of Alexander. As per (Heckel 190), in 402 BCE Sparta earned a resounding victory over Athens which ended the balance of power in Greek world. As per (Heckel 192) the Spartan campaign was funded by Darius, the king of Persian Empire. The Persian Empire had an appetite for expansion, which according to (Skelton 8) led to wars of conquest around 500 BCE. The Persian efforts to undermine the Greeks continued openly and covertly throughout the times to come. The Spartan victory over Athens disrupted the whole balance of power and gave a chance of frontier kingdoms like Macedonia to rise. Philip, father of Alexander capitalized on this opportunity and made Macedonia a rising regional power. As per (Heckel 194), Philips forged an alliance named as league of Corinth, which united most parts of Greece under his flag. Philip planned an invasion of Persian Empire shortly. His assassination in 336 BCE halted the invasion temporarily."

Tags:Macedonia, Persian, Empire, War

Abstract
"Peace Without Conquest" was one of the most significant speeches of the 20th Century. It evoked the passions of Americans all over the country and cemented the nation's commitment to the War in Vietnam. "Peace Without Conquest" is Lyndon Johnson's explanation of the American involvement in the war as a means to bring harmony to the region while avoiding occupation. This paper presents a reaction to the reasons why America engaged in battle in Vietnam. It specifically explores the legitimacy of Johnson's assertions. The writer also explores whether Johnson's assertions were sufficient to justify America's continued involvement. In addition, it considers what reasoning he failed to discuss that would have argued against America's involvement.

From the Paper
"In this statement, Johnson asserts that the ability to exist in a world where nations have the right to dictate their own lives is dependent upon America's willingness to fight for this right. Johnson asserts that the only way to preserve freedom is to use force. This assertion seems accurate there is a price to be paid for freedom. In addition, the argument that American freedom is only truly secure when other countries are also allowed to be free is also legitimate. History has proven that humanity is a continuum and that "injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere". In this section of Johnson's speech it is clear that the war in Vietnam is viewed as a necessary agent. Johnson asserts that in some cases force must precede reason it is obvious that he believes that the war in Vietnam is one of those cases. The point that he makes in this section of the speech is legitimate and justifies our involvement in the war."

Tags:war

Abstract
The author of this paper uses an original style to produce this essay which brings across the story of Spaniard Hernan Cortez's conquest of Mexico and the local Aztecs with which he fought. By conducting an 'interview' with the Chronicler Juan de Pomar and Hernan Cortez and writing an article about Cortez's success in the Mexican conquest, the paper gives an overall picture of the events of the 1519 era and the culture of the Aztec people.

From the Paper
"Montecuhzoma allowed Cortez and his men into Tenochtitlan, which was not his normal policy of caution. Great diplomatic overtures were made on both sides, and at first the two warring parties almost seemed as though they might find peace.
Unfortunately that was not to be. The Spaniards were coarse, ignorant of local customs, and rude. They cared little for protocols and pleasantries. In the end, this disregard for the Aztec culture may have been what created their successful attacks and eventual takeover of Tenochtitlan- while the Aztecs were sacrificing warriors to their gods during battle, the Spaniards were killing them off in large numbers."

Tags:Terzcoco, Tabasco, Coast, Port, of, Potonchian, Malintzin, South, American, history

Abstract
This paper explores and negates many of the myths associated with the Spanish conquest of America. The paper points out that the allegations of Cortez's military genius and technological superiority over the Native Americans are unfounded, and, contrary to popular legend, the actual conquest of the native Indians was a long and arduous process and not a rapid and simple achievement; the concept of Spanish superiority over native Indians directly challenges what is known to be true about the native Indians' advanced and sophisticated societies.

From the Paper
"The suggestion that the Conquest was achieved rapidly by defeating the native Indian armies with a small group of Spaniards acting alone is also a myth. Such tales of the Conquest, according to the Spaniards, completely disguises the incomplete nature of this event and throws a dark shadow over the roles played by the Native Indians and the free and enslaved West Africans. It is also a myth and a widespread misconception that the Conquest reduced the Native Indians of the "New World" to the point of extinction. In truth, these peoples, via diverse and profound means, displayed enormous resilience, adaptability, and vitality and even turned the impact of the Conquest into opportunity instead of disaster."

Tags:aztec, empire, west, africans, allies, spaniards, conquistadors, european, racial, ideologies, cuauhtemoc

Abstract
This research paper discusses the military and political aspects of the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It gives detailed background information on the previous attempts to conquer the city by several other civilizations and provides primary source information on the 45-day conquest process of the city by the Turks, which changed the fate of Europe, Christianity, and the Turks.

From the Paper
"The city of Constantinople, which is now known as Istanbul, was inhabited by people as early as 3000 BC. Along with its history, Constantinople always held the interest of Greeks and Romans; yet, this interest could only continue until the rise of the Ottoman Turk power. The most powerful civilizations of their times eventually occupied, or at least tried to occupy, this city for various reasons. The location of Constantinople is the most attractive feature of the city; it is located in such an area that the Bosphorus, the sea that separates the two continents Asia and Europe, simply implies that this city is an entry to both Asia and Europe. Given this fact, it is true to say that the European originated Greeks and Romans wanted to control the entry to Asia, which eventually would cause a tremendous expansion in trades. Thus, Constantinople and ?the huge peninsula, known to the ancients as Asia Minor, had been one of the most populous areas in the world.? (Runciman, 22)."

Tags:persians, arabs, bulgars, russians, fourth, crusade, capital, byzantine, empire, sultan, mehmed, conqueror