Abstract
The paper explains that the Nadler-Tushman congruence model revolves around the idea that an organizational system is formed from various components, which interact and become transformed to sustain the company in reaching its final objectives. The paper focuses on Starbucks and their main inputs that are the environment, the resources, the organizational history and the strategy they implement in reaching their established desiderates. The paper then shows how Starbuck's resources, history and shareholders are all interconnected through the corporate strategy.

Outline:
Introduction
Inputs
Interactions of Inputs

From the Paper
"The business community is often believed to be a matter for the economists to handle. However, the results achieved by the economic entities drastically impact individual and social aspects of life, such as living standards, customer demands or unemployment rates. As a consequence then, the organization plays a vital role within the community. To best understand this, one should analyze a given organization from an open system perspective. In this order of ideas, the organization should be looked as an integrant ensemble, or as a "total system" (Nadler and Tushman, 1980).
"An economic model to analyzing economic entities from this standpoint has been promoted by David Nadler and Michael Turshman and it is called the Congruence Model. It basically revolves around the idea that an organizational system is formed from various components, which interact and become transformed to sustain the company in reaching its final objectives. "Simply put, we need to deal with questions of the inputs the system has to work with, the outputs it must produce, the major components of the transformation process, and the ways in which these components interact" (Nadler and Tushman, 1980)."

Tags:inputs, environment, resources, organizational, history, strategy

Abstract
This paper contends that the affective properties of music upon one's emotive state appear as the source of much research throughout the realm of psychology, with theories regarding its effects and emotive properties being recruited and adapted, from non-musical literature. One important role which music plays within society is in cinematography, as congruence between auditory and visual stimuli is a fundamental component due to its ability in conveying emotionality. Throughout this paper the circumplex model was incorporated, as a measure of emotion and a template from which to obtain congruence between auditory and visual stimuli. The paper assesses the importance of such congruence, between auditory and visual stimuli and its resulting impact upon emotion.

From the Paper
"Music is a key element of everyday life, its role within society is divergent. Variation in temporal structure allows for diverse utilization, permitting music to pervade all cultures and play a significant role in the majority of social and religious rituals: birthdays, weddings and funerals, and so on. The affective properties of musical stimuli are the source of much research and theories regarding music's effects and emotive properties have been recruited and adapted from non-musical literature (Ritossa and Rickard, 2004). With such an impact upon on society, the effects of music on behavior deserve further exploration. The research reported here was such an exploration, with the primary focus concerning arousal, performance and the importance of the relationship between audio and visual stimuli."

Tags:arousal, circumplex, model, music

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that Nadler & Tushman's congruence model explains organizational performance as being the degree to which inputs and matched with desired outputs. This is measured by the degree to which the actual outputs match the desired outputs. Therefore, the greater the degree of congruence between the inputs, the more closely related the actual and desired outputs will be. The variable that affects this congruence is the organization's strategy. This paper illustrates how this model works by examining a company widely considered to be one of the most successful in business today, Wal-Mart. The writer notes that in theory, Wal-Mart should have a high degree of congruence between the actual output and the desired output. The writer examines the inputs to determine which ones are well-matched and which ones are less well-matched.

From the Paper
"Nadler & Tushman's congruence model explains organizational performance as being the degree to which inputs and matched with desired outputs . This is measured by the degree to which the actual outputs match the desired outputs. Therefore, the greater the degree of congruence between the inputs, the more closely related the actual and desired outputs will be. The variable that affects this congruence is the organization's strategy. This paper will illustrate how this model works by examining a company widely considered to be one of the most successful in business today, Wal-Mart. In theory, Wal-Mart should have a high degree of congruence between the actual output and the desired output. From that starting point, we shall examine the inputs to determine which ones are well-matched and which ones are less well-matched. Nadler & Tushman identify three key groups of inputs: the environment, resources and history . Environmental factors place demands on the organization, but they also place constraints on the organization's ability to meet those demands. The environment also provides the organization with opportunities. For Wal-Mart, the environment is the most important input."

Tags:outputs, organization, resources, information

Abstract
The paper examines Wal-Mart's key outputs that are the sales volume including same-store sales, gross and net margins and inventory turnover. The paper explains how these outputs are all related to one another, and to the overall cost leadership strategy, and also shows how these outputs all contribute to another crucial output for Wal-Mart, the profits. The paper aims to demonstrate how Wal-Mart has done an exemplary job of building output congruence.

From the Paper
"Wal-Mart produces hundreds of outputs. The company is engaged in a cost leadership strategy, so their systems are designed to deliver low costs, high volumes and high market share. In order to do this profitably, they need to maintain margins. The bulk of the company's workers are unskilled so there is little evidence that employee-related outputs are of significant importance. Wal-Mart's key output instead both support and complement one another. There is little conflict between outputs, since outputs that do not directly support the cost leadership strategy are subordinated in Wal-Mart's organizational culture. Thus, the key outputs of Wal-Mart are all directly related to the strategic goals, resulting in a high degree of congruence."

Tags:sales, volume, gross, net, margins, inventory, turnover, cost, leadership, profits

Abstract
The paper analyzes the Gap, Inc. with respect to its key outputs at the three levels of individual outputs, group outputs and organizational outputs. The paper examines employee satisfaction, group communication, profits, volume and same store sales and shows how there is a fairly high degree of synergy between these different outputs. The paper comes to the conclusion that the Gap remains a successful, profitable firm mainly due to the high level of synergy between the company's key outputs.

From the Paper
"At the individual level, one of the most important outputs is employee satisfaction. This output is important to the Gap for several reasons. One is that the company is in the business of retail sales, an industry notorious for high turnover but for which success often depends on having strong staff. The Gap in particular has attempted to retain quality staff through a wide variety of systems. The objective is to foster a high level of employee satisfaction. The company believes that a high degree of satisfaction will lead to reduced absenteeism, higher retention rates and higher store performance, each of which could be considered an output in its own right. One of the reasons the Gap does this is because it believes that hiring from within is the best way to build a stronger organization."

Tags:employee, satisfaction, group, communication, profits, volume, same, store, sales

Abstract
The paper focuses on a selected set of throughputs at the Gap Inc. including structure, tasks and skills, management practices, systems and policies, work unit climate, motivation and individual needs and goals. The paper explains how in some instances, these throughputs support one another well, but there are areas of weakness with respect to human resources management and the way that the system deals with motivation and individual needs.

From the Paper
"The Gap Inc. is structured along product lines. The four main structures pertain to the four main brands that the company operates. Within each of these brands, structure is delineated along functional lines such as design, marketing and retail operations. This structure allows the different brands within the Gap to foster their own images and cultures.
"However, management practices at the Gap lean towards the centralized. During the company's rise in the 1980s and 1990s, the organization was highly centralized, although in recent years the different operating units have been allowed increasing autonomy (Gap Inc 2007 Annual Report). That said, the company still centralizes many functions relating to purchasing and marketing."

Tags:structure, tasks, skills, management, systems, policies, motivation, human, resources

Abstract
The thesis is divided into eight sections that appear as follows. The first section investigates key concepts from Adlerian psychology that are pertinent to the analysis of Clinton's life. The second section explores major events from Clinton's early, formative years-events that an Adlerian analysis would indicate are critical for understanding how the former president developed his unique approach to life. The investigation also provides an exploration of Clinton's possible mistaken beliefs and their formation in his early childhood. In addition, the research examines Clinton's painful earliest recollections and how his interpretation of organ inferiority pushed him to over compensate in his life. Adlerian tools of birth order are used to examine how Clinton's position as an only child/firstborn within his family affected his unique approach to life. In addition, the research provides an exploration of how the painful experiences of childhood neglect, like those that are reflected in Clinton's experiences with his stepfather Roger Clinton, and his mothers leaving him at a young age to study nursing, might contribute to the development of what Adler characterized as neurotic tendencies. The writer also applies Adlerian insights to explain the role of Family Hero in Clinton's life and its later impact on his adult life and presidency. The seventh and eighth sections explore how such a brilliant leader and popular president could give his enemies the ammunition they wanted by continuous sexual infidelities. Finally, the thesis explores the accomplishments of Bill Clinton and the Adlerian principles ultimately helped him succeed.

Introduction
Key Concepts from Adlerian Psychology
Clinton's Early, Formative Years
Exploration of Clinton's Possible Mistaken Beliefs and Their Formation in His Early Childhood
Examination of Clinton's Painful Earliest Recollections and How His Interpretation of Organ Inferiority Pushed Him to Over Compensate in His Life
Organ Inferiority
Birth Order
Experiences of Neglect
Family Hero
How Such a Brilliant Leader and Popular President Could Give His Enemies the Ammunition They Wanted by Continuous Sexual Infidelities
Summary
Accomplishments
References

From the Paper
"The examination of American Presidents has fascinated Americans for many years. In recent years, the life of William Jefferson Clinton has been a particular point of interest. The purpose of this thesis is to describe, analyze, and discuss the private and public lives of Bill Clinton in congruence with the psychology of Alfred Adler. Assorted characteristics of Clinton's unique approach to life will be discussed and analyzed, and the study will recognize some political processes and outcomes. The discussion will not take a political stance on Bill Clinton; instead, it aims to recognize that his style of leadership was a result of his lifestyle. In order to describe and analyze Clinton impartially through the lens of Adlerian psychology, the thesis will identify all facets of Bill Clinton's character. For this reason, the thesis will evaluate the difficult circumstances in which he was born, and both the good and negative aspects of his early family life. Additionally, the thesis will reveal that although the former president had major struggles to overcome he managed to more often than not embody the crucial Adlerian qualities of equality, balance of power, gender equality, cooperation and social interest."

Tags:president, birth, order, sexual, infedelity

Abstract
This paper explains that the Elizabethans believed that all human beings were made up of four humours or bodily fluids. These fluids were associated with certain personality traits. The paper continues to use Shakespearean characters to qualify and quantify the theory of the humors.

From the Paper
"In contrast, according to the theories of the humors, a choleric person would have an imbalance of yellow bile within him. The most obviously choleric person of "Henry V" would be the Dauphin of France. According to the theories of the humors, these persons were usually slim, wiry, and showed a great deal of color in their face when they were angry. They are, like Dauphin, ambitious, energetic, and direct. The Dauphin angers Henry V by sending the king tennis balls, a foolish and rash action. He constantly proclaims the French superiority to the English, and rages at every chance he has about the English actions."

Tags:bodily, fluids, Elizabethan

Abstract
The paper discusses how it can be argued that the core quality of a therapist is congruence. However, the paper argues that it soon becomes apparent that congruence and every other quality of the therapist such as compassion, openness and being nonjudgmental are all informed by empathy. The paper asserts that the problem with congruence is that it becomes useless in the most crucial aspects of therapy. The paper believes that empathy is the therapist's single core quality and it is essential for effective counseling. The paper discusses how empathy has received more attention in counseling literature than any other construct, and Rogers believed it to be an essential condition for psychotherapeutic change (Block-Lerner & Adair, 2007).

From the Paper
"It can be argued that the core quality of a therapist is congruence. However, it soon becomes apparent that congruence and every other quality of the therapist such as compassion, openness and being nonjudgmental are all informed by empathy. The problem with congruence is that it becomes useless in the most crucial aspects of therapy. Empathy is the therapist's single core quality and it is essential for effective counseling. Empathy has received more attention in counseling literature than any other construct, and Rogers believed it to be an essential condition for psychotherapeutic change (Block-Lerner & Adair, 2007). As well as being a..."

Tags:empathy, congruence, therapy

Abstract
This paper reviews a study by A.S. Agard and I. Harder about the experiences relatives have while taking care of their critically ill patients that are confined in the intensive care unit (ICU) entitled, "Relatives' Experiences in Intensive Care - Finding a Place in a World of Uncertainty" . The paper relates the purpose of the study that is to explore and describe the experiences relatives have while taking care of their critically ill patients that are confined in the intensive care unit (ICU). The paper identifies the phenomenon of interest in this case, the study's research approach, the clarity of the study, the data collection, analysis and sources of data and the congruence of the methodology. The paper also discusses the preciseness of the data analysis, the lessons learned from the study and the relevance of the study to the practice of nursing.

Outline:
Phenomenon of Interest & Purpose
Descriptive Vividness
Methodological Congruence
Analytical Preciseness
Theoretical Connectedness
Heuristic Relevance and Evidence for Practice

From the Paper
"The purpose of the study is to explore and describe the experiences relatives have while taking care of their critically ill patients that are confined in the intensive care unit (ICU). This study aims to scrutinize this phenomenon using a qualitative method. The purpose of this study was clearly stated. It defined the subject to be studied and the method. The term "relative" was further defined to avoid confusion and to clearly define the subjects for observation. Relatives stood for anyone close and looking after the patient in the ICU. The objective of the study was limited to an ICU in a Danish university hospital. The study also aimed to explore the points of view of these relatives including their perception of the roles of an ICU nurse."

Tags:data, analysis, collection, methodology, clarity, congruence