Abstract
This paper examines the formation and operation of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) including who its key stakeholders are, what conflicts exist between stakeholders, the power dynamics of dealing with a two party Congress, and challenges facing the first director of the CBO.

From the Paper
"The key stakeholders of the Congressional Budget Office in the broadest sense are the House of Representatives and the United States Senate. More specifically, stakeholders are the individual members of Congress who instruct the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) to prepare reports or forecasts. The most important stakeholders of the CBO are the Congressional leaders of the Democratic and the Republican parties. The CBO must meet the needs of these leaders in order for Congress to view the CBO as effective.

Tags:CBO, Congressiona Budget Office, forming, first director, challenges, political differences, serving two masters, challenges to overcome, mandates, direction, guidance, funding

Abstract
This paper was written for an Economics 102: Intermediate Macro class. It looks at four possible uses of the budget surplus that our country first saw in 2000. The four possibilities are retiring debt, increase government spending, increase government transfer payments, or cut taxes. Each possibility is looked at with great detail.
The paper looks at the pros and cons of each possibility. A number of government and independent organizations are cited including the Congressional Budget Office, the Office of Management and Budget, and the Committee on Citizens for a Tax Cut. In the paper I conclude that the best course of action would be to split the surplus between retiring debt and increasing government transfer payments. This paper covers all aspects of the budget surplus and possible uses.

Tags:debt, government, military, payments, social, spending, tax, transfer

Abstract
Office Depot is the second largest office-services company in the world after Staples with annual sales in excess of $15 billion and provides, "more office products and services to more customers in more countries than any other company"(Taking, 2004). Office Depot has been officially incorporated since 1986 and is currently headquartered in Florida where it manages operations in more than 23 countries while employing over 50 thousand individual employees and contractors (Office, 2006). Since Office Depot acquired Viking Office Products in the United States (US) it has been on growth tangent that has kept it constantly seeking new international markets.

From the Paper
Table of Contents Introduction Efficiency and Effectiveness Assessment Introduction Efficiency and Effectiveness Measures Summary Performance Ratios Introduction Return on Investment (ROI) Sales Growth Rate

Tags:office, depot, executive

Abstract
This paper makes two recommendations for strategies for budget surpluses, two recommendations for strategies for budget deficits, and comments on the influence of Social Security on the national debt. The paper also evaluates the influence of politics on these issues.

From the Paper
"A budget surplus occurs in those years when government receipts exceed government spending. Such surpluses mean that the national debt does not increase for that year. When the government is faced with a surplus, there are many options available to it. Using fiscal policy, the government can use the surplus to pay down the national debt. It can do this by buying back some of the outstanding debt on the market. With the national debt at historically high..."

Tags:budget deficit, budget surplus, Social Security

Abstract
The paper examines the budget of a food share program. The purpose of the budget is to present it in an application for a grant proposal. The budget is in-depth and includes program revenues, program personnel expenses, and the program non-personnel expenses.

From the Paper
"The paper discusses the budget of a Food Share program as it would need to be formulated for a grant proposal and application. The budget proposal covers the program revenues, program personnel expenses, and the program non-personnel expenses. Additionally, each budget line item is directly addressed as a footnote to provide greater insight and accuracy."

Tags:food, share, budget

Abstract
This is a 5-page paper discussing the various elements of budget execution. It states that budget accounting system is an important base for the execution of the government budget agency.

Tags:budget, execution

Abstract
This paper studies the post-war (2003) budget for Iraq. The paper discusses the origins of the policy, the political climate, the state of the economy, and popular public opinion at the time that enabled the policy to be introduced and enacted. The paper also explains how this policy influenced the budget and if the influences are positive or negative.

Tags:Post War budget Iraq, origins, policy, political climate, state of the economy, popular public opinion, budget, reforms or revisions

Abstract
This paper explains that, using sales volume, Office Depot is the largest retail office products business in the world with more than 1,100 stores in 14 countries, with each store carrying, on average, 7,900 products. The author relates that Office Depot offers a wide range of products including general office supplies, office furniture and some business services. The paper points out that the company utilizes
three business segments to sell its products and services to individual consumers and businesses: North American Retail, Business Services Group and International.

From the Paper
"When comparing sales volume, Office Depot is the largest retail office products business in the world. They have more than 1,100 stores in 14 countries, with each store carrying, on average, 7,900 products ("Office Depot", 2005). Office Depot offers a wide range of products. These include: general office supplies, office furniture, and some business services. The company utilizes three business segments to sell its products and services to individual consumers and businesses, North American Retail, Business Services Group and International ("Datamonitor: Office Depot", 2005). Society/Subcultures: Society and the subcultures within society affect Office Depot's performance and success. Office Depot is a global company, with facilities in 14 countries. For this reason, they must adjust their business processes to meet the specific needs of these diverse cultures, for both their consumers and their workforce."

Tags:case, office, depot

Abstract
This paper describes the process through which the New York State Executive Budget is developed and appropriations made for programs. It looks at the state's system of executive budgeting, the four categories of classifying appropriations and the political process involved.

From the Paper
"New York State's budget process is said to follow a format and process that is dictated by the State Constitution with additional details and actions prescribed by ..."

Tags:New York, State Budget, Local Budget

Abstract
This paper examines the soft budget constraint (SBC) as a commitment problem under socialism, presents the Dewatripont and Maskin basic model of the theory behind the SBC, and explains how the SBC can be hardened. Additionally, it closely follows the transition processes in China, as well as several Central and Eastern European Countries by focusing on efficient markets, federalism, demonopolization. The paper ends with a summary of the efficiency outcomes of a hard budget constraint.

From the Paper
"The soft budget constraint syndrome is an incentive dilemma that has been primarily observed in socialist centrally planned economies, and has created major problems in their transition to the market. The term "soft budget constraint" was coined by Kornai in 1980, and can be summed up as follows: "If the firm acts as a price maker, if the tax system it faces is soft, if it can rely on access to free state grants, if it can get credits and external financial investment on soft terms, then the budget constraint is soft; that is it will not bind the ex ante choices of the firm." Ambrus-Lakatos (1997)"

Tags:budget, centrally, constraint, demonopolization, econometrics, economics, federalism, market, planned, socialist, soft, transition