Abstract
This paper discusses how the reactionary victors at the Congress of Vienna redrew the map of Napoleonic Europe to keep it safe "from" democracy.

From the Paper
"By the time the Duke of Wellington vanquished Napoleon at Waterloo on June ... and the British packed him off to the island of St Helena, the Congress of Vienna had completed its work of re-making Europe safe from democracy. The Congress did not differ very much from other post-war conventions in which the victors in territory or tribune indemnify themselves for the heavy costs of war and restore any international dislocations the vanquished had..."

Tags:History., Europe., Napoleon., French, Revolution., Congress, of, Vienna., Metternich., Nationalism

Abstract
In this essay, the writer compares two major diplomatic events. The writer looks at the Treaty of Versailles and the Congress of Vienna which show similarities in the fact that they both acted as the conclusion of European wars. The writer explains that the Congress of Vienna took place in 1814 following the Napoleonic Wars, in an attempt to ensure a lasting peace and restore political stability. The writer also examines the Treaty of Versailles which occurred in 1919 at the end of the First World War with the same intentions and aims as the Congress of Vienna.

From the Paper
"The Treaty of Versailles and the Congress of Vienna are comparable in that they were both major diplomatic events that formally ended destructive European wars. The Congress of Vienna was convened at the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814 and was attended by European heads of state and leading diplomats, who sought to restore political stability and establish a just and lasting peace. The Treaty of Versailles was convened after the First World War in 1919, was also attended by heads of state and leading diplomats, who also sought to restore political stability and establish a just and lasting peace."

Tags:versailles, and, vienna

Abstract
The paper discusses why Great Britain pursued the aims it did and outlines the competing interests of other powers - such as Austria, Prussia, and Russia. The paper shows how it looks as though what Great Britain sought more so than anything else was a balance of power on the continent wherein France and Russia would be contained; it could be said that this balance was a failed one because the Russians certainly gained considerably at the negotiating table and the British were forced to see their plans for Poland (and even Saxony, to a lesser extent) fall by the way-side. The paper concludes that the Congress of Vienna helped Great Britain acquire vast new colonial territories but did not help the British make the continent any less susceptible to continental powers asserting themselves at the expense of their neighbours.

From the Paper
"The following paper will discuss how the interests of Great Britain were served by the final terms of the Congress of Vienna. In so doing, the paper will also discuss why Great Britain pursued the aims it did and will outline the competing interests of other powers - such as Austria, Prussia, and Russia. In the end, it looks as though what Great Britain sought more so than anything else was a balance of power on the continent wherein France and Russia would be contained; it could be said that this balance was a failed one (at least in part) because the Russians certainly gained considerably at the negotiating table and the British were forced..."

Tags:congress, vienna, britain

Abstract
The paper relates that the Congress of Vienna, when world leaders convened in Vienna in September of 1814, was an attempt to stabilize Europe after the chaos of revolutions, upheaval, the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and continental war. The paper discusses how the Congress ignored the pervasive liberal and nationalistic fervor by attempting to reinstate the aristocracy and royal houses, and this would prove to be an egregious error on their part and lead to future upheaval. The paper focuses on the representatives of Britain, France, Austria and Russia and how they negotiated to divide up empires and gain territories.

From the Paper
"The Congress of Vienna was an attempt to stabilize Europe after the chaos of revolutions, upheaval, the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and continental war. Napoleon was at last defeated and there had to be an understanding by the great powers, without which there could be no lasting peace. The population of Europe had witnessed the fall of the House of Bourbon and the rise and fall of Bonaparte. They had seen revolutions succeed and revolutions betrayed. Those royal houses still secure on their thrones had to change the geopolitical structure and the face of the continent as well for their own security. They put in place a system doomed to failure in the face of the rising tide of realpolitik by totally ignoring the liberal and nationalistic fervor so pervasive in the land (Neumann 1996)."

Tags:Britain, France, Austria, Russia, power, territory, alliances

Abstract
This paper looks at the Congress of Vienna, which took place from September, 1814 to June, 1815, with the aim of stabilizing Europe after the fall of Napoleon I. It examines how the aim of the four major powers (England, Austria, Prussia and Russia) was to create political stability in the region and restore boundaries to those existing before Napoleon's conquests. In particular, it evaluates how the major powers were successful in their goal, although the clever manipulation of French diplomat, Talleyrand, gave France a much greater role in the Congress than was likely intended by the major powers.

From the Paper
"Talleyrand played a crucial role in the Congress, manipulating distrust between the Allies to the benefit of France. This was not an easy task, considering that England and France had long been enemies before the Congress of Vienna. Writes Nicholson of Napoleon's notorious hatred of England in the context of his defeat in Russia, "three hundred and thirty thousand men of the Grande Armee lay hummocked in snow upon the plains of Russia, but (Napoleon) talked on only of further armies, further campaigns, and further victories. His voice at times was almost jubilant; at other moments it would rise or fall into the scream or snarl of hatred. One name alone (since as a rule he was mild about his enemies) would rouse these paroxysms of rancour. That name was England" (Nicolson, 6)."

Tags:talleyrand, england, austria, prussia, russia

Abstract
This essay discusses the institutional model of international order and contains a review of its development from the Congress of Vienna until the post-Cold War period. This essay compares the behaviour of great powers in post-Napoleonic Wars and in post-Cold War and subsequently, compares their attitude toward the institutional approaches in sustaining the international order. The post-Cold War period is selected because of its special features: the existence of the United States as the sole great power and the concern about the U.S. unilateralism due to its feasible effects on the future of the international order.

From the Paper
"The establishment of institutions the and the effort to sustain the international order and the prominent role of great powers in formulating such an effort were two of the most important achievements of the Congress of Vienna. As Ikenberry has observed; in the Congress of Vienna the great powers "made increasingly elaborate efforts to institutionalize the post-war security relations" between them and such efforts were implemented in a combination of balance of powers strategies and the establishment of commitments by creating various types of binding institutions. Ikenberry argues that the aftermath of major wars presents the winning states with three main choices: to dominate the weaker and defeated states, to abandon the other states and simply go home, and to use their commanding power position to gain acquiescence and participation in a mutually acceptable post-war order. The third choice was preferred by Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria as the most responsible countries for the defeat of Napoleon, and they decided to sit together at the Congress of Vienna to establish not only a peace settlement but also a new international order in Europe. From Ikenberry's viewpoint, the motivation behind such a decision was the intention ?to establish a set of rules and arrangements that are durable and legitimate, but rules and arrangements that also serve the long-term interests of the leading state.?"

Tags:bull, diplomacy, european, hedleyiraq, napoleonicprussia, settlement, war

Abstract
This paper explains that the Concert of Europe was an arrangement set up by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The author points out that it consisted of a loose agreement between four great powers---Russia, Prussia, Britain and Austria---to keep the peace and maintain territorial integrity. The paper relates that this body set itself up to settle disputes in Europe and preserve the status quo in terms of boundaries.

From the Paper
"After the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna was held in to recreate the balance of power and set new boundaries and to guard against future French hegemony. It also dealt with international issues such as the slave trade, the rules of ..."

Tags:Concert of Europe, Congress of Vienna

Abstract
In this paper, a history of the reasons and need for the Monroe Doctrine are thoroughly examined. The Doctrine was a powerful statement but the U.S. had very little power of enforcement. Reasons behind this are discussed. This paper also shows how the Monroe Doctrine appeared on the surface to be an American declaration of independence from a colony-hungry Europe but in fact the document had many weaknesses.

From the Paper
"By the early 1800s, America was becoming its own country and trying to separate itself from Europe. The United States wanted to prevent future colonization of the Americas by European countries and attempted to accomplish this by issuing the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine of 1823, designed to discourage European nations from colonization that would threaten America, was merely a declaration of America's independence, not a demonstration of it."

Tags:1823, adams, alliance, america, colonization, congress, doctrine, european, james, john, latin, monroe, oregon, quincy, territory, vienna

Abstract
The paper explores how the Treaty of Vienna restored Austria's independence. The paper discusses how the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 was not the first Viennese treaty, nor would it be the last. However, this treaty helped change the face of Europe and created an independent and strong Austrian state that would hold together in various forms until the outbreak of World War I. The paper examines the Congress of Vienna who arranged the treaty and concludes that it was a success and it created lasting agreements between some of Europe's most influential and powerful leaders. The paper reveals that not everything that was accomplished lasted, but it certainly made a difference to Europe in the next century.

From the Paper
"The Treaty of Vienna was one result of the Congress of Vienna (often the terms are used interchangeably), which took place from September 1, 1814, to June 9, 1815. The Congress was held in Vienna, Austria, and chaired by an Austrian, statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich. Main participant nations included Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, France (ruled by Louis the XVIII, rather than Napoleon), and Russia. Spain, Sweden, Portugal, and the German states of Hanover, Bavaria, and Wurttemberg were also represented. The Congress' main purpose was to recreate Europe's political map after Napoleon's defeat and the defeat of the French supremacy in the region. Historians note the Congress was a direct attempt to remove power from one country and spread out among the region."

Tags:Europe, Congress, foreign, policy

Abstract
This paper focuses on Switzerland's foreign policy of armed neutrality during the 20th century. It details why the Swiss have remained neutral and why they have been successful in maintaining this policy when most countries were engaged in war. Switzerland remained neutral during both world wars in the 20th century because of their strong army, geographical advantages, strong will to enforce and protect their foreign policy and the benefits that their neutrality provides for other countries.

From the Paper
"Switzerland has always turned to its army to protect its foreign policy and has one of the strongest armies considering its small size. Switzerland has more weapons per square mile than any other nation in Europe (Levy 66). Service in the military is universal and obligatory for all able-bodied male citizens (Milivojevic 25). Men from ages twenty to fifty must first attend initial training and then refresher training a few weeks per year (27). During peacetime, the army has 1500 regular troops, 18500 recruits, and 625,000 reserves (25). In addition to its large size, Switzerland is able to mobilize all of their troops in less than forty-eight hours (Meier 34)."

Tags:Congress, of, Vienna, Heinz, Meier, Simplon, Pass