Abstract
This essay explores how the doctrine of Islam faith reveals a history based not on tolerance and equality, but instead on tyranny and abuse. The author contends that the basic tenets of Moslem faith still incorporate fundamental contradictions and tensions between primary beliefs and the requirements of human rights.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Islam's Prescriptions & Treatment Concerning the Dhimmis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The religious group known as the Muslims, who have followed the doctrine of Islam faith since the seventh century A.D., profess that the legal prescriptions of Islamic law concerning the dhimmis in both medieval and modern times attests to the fact that Islam is a remarkably tolerant religion and civilization (Abdelmoula 1). A closer examination of this practice and treatment, however, contradicts this profession, for it reveals a history based not on tolerance and equality, but instead on tyranny and abuse. This history, along with a continued persecution of non-Islamic people by modern Muslims, leads to the conclusion that the basic principles of the Moslem faith are in direct contradiction to modern concepts of tolerance and human rights, therefore negating the claim that tolerance underlies the framework of Islamic religion and civilization."

Tags:Spokesmen, holy, scriptures, tolerance, equality, non-Islamic, faith, passages, Qur'an, incite, violence, force

Abstract
The paper looks at the claim that the null hypothesis is always false, as well as the problems with misinterpretations of the significance level. The writer brings to question the editors of psychological journals for the emphasis placed on achieving a low significance level as an unofficial criterion for publishing an article. The paper attempts to informally critique the Significance Test, an alternative to the traditional NHST.

From the Paper
"The Null Hypothesis Significance Test (NHST) exists amid a great deal of tradition and controversy. Like any theory, NHST has its strong points and its weak points. While a number of learned scholars appear to agree that the NHST has become ritualized and perhaps misinterpreted, no one seems to honestly feel that the NHST should be completely abolished (Cohan, 1994; Bakan, 1967; Rozeboom, 1960). R.A. Fisher (1951) pioneered the notion of the null hypothesis (H0), which was designed to compliment the hypothesis in which the researcher was interested. Thus the null hypothesis, in Fisher's view, was the hypothesis to be revealed as false, or "nullified" (Bakan, 1967). An example of this would be if a researcher hypothesized that Psychology students have different IQ scores than English students. The null hypothesis (H0) would state that Psychology students and English students IQ scores are equal. Therefore, rejecting the null hypothesis would logically imply that the hypothesis of interest, the alternate hypothesis (H1), was correct. The significance level (p < .05, etc.), is designed to be a measure of the probability that, given H0 is true, these (or possibly more extreme data) could occur (Cohen, 1994)."

Tags:critique, theory, psychology, study, logic

Abstract
This paper reviews the fictional case brought upon the state of Confusion by Tanya Trucker, who owns a trucking company in the state of Denial. The writer explains that the problem is that Tanya Trucker would have to then purchase the special B-type trailer hitches to be in compliance with the state of Confusion's current regulations when it is not mandatory by the federal government, nor any of the surrounding states regulations for that matter. Tanya Trucker may also choose to divert her trucks around the state of Confusion, but that will only add to her labor costs, fuel bills, and maintenance fees. This will cut into her final profits and be reflected into her charges to those consumers that she hauls for. The writer discusses that this could therefore have a dramatic affect on her ability to continue to run her trucking company.

From the Paper
"Tanya Trucker v. The State of Confusion was brought upon by the unjust implementation of the state of Confusion making regulations for commerce that were not appointed by the federal government. Tanya Trucker is the owner of a cross country trucking company in a neighboring state, the state of Denial. Tanya Trucker was informed that she would be required to use special B-type trailer hitches on all of her trucks if she planned on using the highway system in the state of Confusion. The special B-type trailer hitches being mandated, in the state of Confusion, are a state regulation and not a federal government appointed regulation. Not to mention that this type of hitch only has one manufacturer in the state of Confusion. "

Tags:trucks, federal, court

Abstract
Love is an elusive thing that is difficult to define, and can be a confusing and debilitating emotion. It can be pure and simple, yet often times it is complicated and full of contradictions. In my opinion, The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin tells of love lost, but freedom gained; Desiree's Baby, also by Kate Chopin, is about how even the strongest love cannot conquer all; and Cupid and Psyche by Lucius Apuleius, is about a woman who does not appreciate the love she has been given until it is gone, yet goes to exhaustive lengths to regain it. Each is love-themed and reiterates the fact that love is complicated, elusive, takes much effort, and can be debilitating.

From the Paper
Student's Name Name of Instructor Name of Course March 22, 2008 The Emotion of Love Love is an elusive thing that is difficult to define, and can be a confusing and debilitating emotion. It can be pure and simple, yet often times it is complicated and full of contradictions. In my opinion, The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin tells of love lost, but freedom gained; Desiree's Baby, also by Kate Chopin, is about how even the strongest love

Tags:love, emotion, lust

Abstract
This paper presents an examination of three stories that might be confusing for the reader to understand certain aspects of them. The Necklace",by Guy De Maupassant, "The Yellow Wallpaper", by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and "Hills Like White Elephants", by Ernest Hemingway are all critically acclaimed for their talent and depth but each one has things about it that may be difficult for the reader to understand.

Abstract
The paper argues that given the seemingly endless confusion vis-a-vis the causes of - and potential solutions for - RAD, the medical research community and healthcare providers should be embarrassed at the lack of clarity. The paper points out the contradictions in the literature regarding the causes and treatment of RAD and highlights the vagueness of many studies in their suggestions of possible interventions.

Outline:
Introduction / Argument
Thesis
Presentation of Contradictory Literature
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Julia D Buckner (Yale School of Medicine) and three colleagues write in the journal Child Maltreatment that "few examinations of empirically informed treatments" have been performed (Buckner, 2008). Buckner (290) explains that RAD children display behavioral problems, aggressive behavior, lack of empathy, emotional "liability," impulsivity, hyperactivity and "stealing, lying" among other bad traits. But how can a clinical researcher 100% certain the child given the RAD label isn't in fact behaving badly because he or she has Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that children with FASD display "hyperactive behavior" and "learning disabilities," problems with daily living, "poor reasoning and judgment skills"; and FASD sufferers display "psychiatric problems" and "criminal behavior" (www.cdc.gov). Aren't those exactly the same as RAD behaviors? How can researchers be so seemingly certain when there are few empirical studies?"

Tags:adoption, sociability, neglect, deprivation

Abstract
Explains the difference between intelligence of humans and animals and what makes humans unique. Supplies definitions from various scholars like Howard Gardner and Alfred Binet. Shows the limitations of tests which try to measure intelligence.

From the Paper
"The nature of intelligence came under intense scholastic scrutiny around the turn of the twentieth century. As the discipline of psychology flourished, notable pioneers like Alfred Binet attempted to quantify and qualify the nature of human intelligence. Human beings have always been aware of the differences between homo sapiens and the rest of the animal kingdom, but until recently have been unable to go beyond the domains of philosophy or religion to explain them. One of the most noticeable traits that distinguish the human from the animal is the nebulous notion of intelligence. But what is intelligence? This question has weighed on thinking minds since the dawn of civilization. With the advent of the scientific method and its application to the field of psychology, intelligence tests enabled scientists and laypeople to analyze intelligence with numbers, statistics, and hard facts. But these intelligence tests have obvious limitations and drawbacks. Not only are they naive and superficial, they fail to take into account the awesome diversity of human experience. Binet did not take into account the cultural factors that inform intelligence."

Tags:test, IQ, binet, gardner, science

Abstract
Cognitive dissonance is a theory put forth by Festinger and others which derives from the view that "when our behavior does not reflect our beliefs we will experience dissonance: a conflict between our intellect and our actions" (Huber and Wien 25).

From the Paper
"Cognitive dissonance is a theory put forth by Festinger and others which derives from the view that "when our behavior does not reflect our beliefs we will experience dissonance: a conflict between our intellect and our actions" (Huber and Wien 25). We receive messages from our surroundings all the time which may challenge our assumptions, our beliefs, or our behaviors, and we may continue behaviors which counter these messages even if we believe the message as well. Young people are assaulted with media images, messages from peers, messages from teachers, and messages from parents and other adults which the behavior of these young people may go against, creating cognitive dissonance as they learn one lesson and act out another at the same time. We can see this in certain behaviors which young people know are bad for them but in which they may indulge in any case, such as ..."

Abstract
This is a detailed paper that combines the results from 15 studies to determine how stepmothers and stepdaughters tend to interact, as well as what factors indicate the likelihood of successful or unsuccessful blended family adjustment.

From the Paper
"Research on blended families reveals that the stepmother-stepdaughter relationship has a superimposed emotional factor not present in the natural parent-child relationship, or any other blended dyad. This superimposed factor is the existence of the "wicked stepmother" myth throughout oral history. A quick look at traditional fairy tales provides a grim picture of the abusive, jealous stepmother and her long-suffering stepdaughter. Women can be seen as good surrogate mothers, but only when referred to as something other than "stepmother." For example, the term "foster mother" or "adoptive mother" is associated with women's unselfish, generous desires to care for orphaned children; however the term "stepmother" has connotations of neglect and abhorrence."

Tags:blended, family, psychology, stepfamily, children, women, marriage, relationship, parent, wicked, myth, mother, biological, guilt, comparison

Abstract
Louise Erdrich uses her disjointed multiple narrative style to represent the similarly fragmented lives of her Native American characters whose home lives and family values cannot be expected to be what mainstream America would consider "normal" because their native traditions are no longer intact. Everything that their ancestors once stood for has been destroyed. The original natives of this continent, are now outsiders, alienated from the value systems established by the newcomers in their own homeland.

From the Paper
"Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine is "a collection of interrelated short stories" ("Voices from the Gaps") with different narrators, about a group of Native Americans who are connected in confusing extended family relationships. As critics point out, telling stories in this disjointed way is part of the Anishinabe oral tradition in which characters evolve in stories told episodically over time (Stokes). Love Medicine centers around four Anishinabe* families, and although the Morrissey's, Lamartines, Kashpaws and Pillagers don't always get along, the underlying connectedness of the separate individuals is vital to these stories. In Louise Erdrich's world of dispossessed, alienated Native Americans, boundaries between families and kinship ties are often obscured and connections need to be discovered. For Erdrich's characters, biological ties and nuclear families are less important than tribal kinship."

Tags:american, Erdrich, literature, Louise, native, writer, characters, love, medicine, family, values