Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in many parts of the world, infanticide is still practiced as a safeguard against unwanted pregnancies. Although one still looks at infanticide as an awful occurrence, it is important to recognize, as Sarah Blaffer Hrdy notes, that many instances of infanticide are the unfortunate results of a mistimed pregnancy in unacceptable social conditions. The writer argues that even though infanticide evolved as an adaptive behavior among humans and primates, there are several adaptive practices, like female circumcision, that because of their primitive, ancient reasons for its practice can easily be remedied through education and mutual freedom. The writer maintains that despite the economical and evolutionary value to infanticide, there are alternatives that through medical science make the brutish infanticide of past cultures obsolete.

From the Paper
"In most cases, it seems that daughters cost more to rear than sons, in countries where sex-selective infanticide occurs. In countries like India, daughters needed to be married off with a dowry, paid for by the family of the bride-to-be. Obviously, then, there was a perverse incentive system in place, favoring the rearing of wealth-generating males over wealth-dispersing females. However, this practice could be a form of trade, and might have allowed women to move up in their castes whereas men would more than likely have remained in the same general cultural category.
"This bias toward male offspring is long-standing and an ancient practice. In many of the world's patrilineal societies, males are preferred because they are able to carry on and defend the land passed down to them and are afforded more economic opportunities generally than are women. But like many cultural constructions, these economic opportunities for men are arbitrary. Inheritance systems were set up to favor male descendants."

Tags:primates, female, circumcision, power, birth, control

Abstract
This paper reviews the fictional case brought upon the state of Confusion by Tanya Trucker, who owns a trucking company in the state of Denial. The writer explains that the problem is that Tanya Trucker would have to then purchase the special B-type trailer hitches to be in compliance with the state of Confusion's current regulations when it is not mandatory by the federal government, nor any of the surrounding states regulations for that matter. Tanya Trucker may also choose to divert her trucks around the state of Confusion, but that will only add to her labor costs, fuel bills, and maintenance fees. This will cut into her final profits and be reflected into her charges to those consumers that she hauls for. The writer discusses that this could therefore have a dramatic affect on her ability to continue to run her trucking company.

From the Paper
"Tanya Trucker v. The State of Confusion was brought upon by the unjust implementation of the state of Confusion making regulations for commerce that were not appointed by the federal government. Tanya Trucker is the owner of a cross country trucking company in a neighboring state, the state of Denial. Tanya Trucker was informed that she would be required to use special B-type trailer hitches on all of her trucks if she planned on using the highway system in the state of Confusion. The special B-type trailer hitches being mandated, in the state of Confusion, are a state regulation and not a federal government appointed regulation. Not to mention that this type of hitch only has one manufacturer in the state of Confusion. "

Tags:trucks, federal, court

Abstract
"Since AR is defined as the proportion of subjects in each group that is oriented and/ or confused the EER and CER are used to calculate the ARR which is the difference between the EER and CER. The experimental group has a larger oriented population while the controlled group has a lesser oriented population. The relative risk (RR) is the ratio of the risk of one group versus that of another group. The odd ratio (OR) was less for the controlled group and higher for the experimental group. The Number Needed to Treat (NNT) is half the OR."

From the Paper
Internal and External Design Validity Clinical Significance 1. Hypothetical Situation: +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Ambient Lighting | Control Group | Experimental group | |-----------------------+-----------------------+------------------------| | Absolute Risk | 240 oriented/60 | 270 oriented/30 | | | confused | confused | |-----------------------+-----------------------+------------------------| | Bright Light (ON) | .25 CER | .11 EER | |-----------------------+-----------------------+------------------------|

Tags:questions, and, answers

Abstract
In working with manipulatives on a teacher-made test, Leigha displayed the ability to add the numbers 1 to 5 with teacher prompts. Leigha can count up to ten objects, after which she becomes confused. In terms of counting (in-sign), Leigha has displayed the ability to count to 39. However, she appears to be unclear in remembering 30 and 40. In terms of reading numbers (in-sign), Leigha has displayed the ability to read the numbers 1 to 13 with no difficulty. However, she has shown uncertainty with the numbers from 13 to 19.

From the Paper
Track 2 Working with Leigha ASSESSED LEVEL OF EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE MATH In working with manipulatives on a teacher-made test, Leigha displayed the ability to add the numbers 1 to 5 with teacher prompts. Leigha can count up to ten objects, after which she becomes confused. In terms of counting (in-sign), Leigha has displayed the ability to count to 39. However, she appears to be unclear in remembering 30 and 40. In terms of reading numbers (in-sign), Leigha has displayed the ability to read the numbers 1 to 13 with no difficulty. However, she has shown uncertainty

Tags:ipp, teaching, assessment

Abstract
This paper is written about the nostalgia and identity in fictional depictions of Chinatowns/Japantowns. For much of the history of Asian immigration to the United States and Canada, Asian immigrants - primarily from China and Japan - settled in small communities in these new lands. These communities, known as Chinatowns or Japantowns, represented the confused identity of these people.

Abstract
This paper discusses the impact that Hurricane Andrew had on Florida when it struck in the early hours of August 24, 1992. The paper first discusses the the early warning system and the resulting evacuation in Florida. The paper then argues that the impact of Hurricane Andrew in Florida was exacerbated by the confused, disorderly and uncoordinated response of the government and the disaster management organizations in the United States.

Table of Contents:
The Impact Hurricane Andrew Made on Florida
Gathering of the Storm
The Relative Success of the Early Warning System
Impact of Hurricane Andrew & the Inadequate Disaster Management
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Despite there being a "Federal Response Plan" in place, the bureaucratic machinery took a long time to activate. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which was supposed to implement the Federal Response Plan, was hardly in a state to respond adequately to the situation. The Agency was still geared to respond primarily to a massive nuclear attack and saw its main responsibility as distributing federal loans and grants to help rebuild an area after a disaster. It would not issue direct aid to a state until it was given a specific request by the governor, and the state was unable to issue specific requests for aid because it had no one was available to assess the damage (Franklin). Federal help was so slow in arriving that a frustrated director of Dade County's Emergency Office made the famous remark, " . . . Where the hell is the cavalry on this one?" (Quoted by Lerbinger, 61) The quote captured the overall sense of frustration and helplessness that disaster victims felt. Stung by the criticism of the federal response to the emergency, President Bush created a presidential task force headed by Transportation Secretary Andrew H. Card, Jr. for jump-starting the entire disaster response process. Although Card took important measures that helped expedite the delivery of governmental assistance; but by bypassing existing policies and processes, these measures ultimately proved disruptive and expensive and caused greater confusion and hindered a coordinated response to the disaster (Schneider, 100)."

Tags:FEMA, risk, evacuation, response, storm

Abstract
The paper argues that given the seemingly endless confusion vis-a-vis the causes of - and potential solutions for - RAD, the medical research community and healthcare providers should be embarrassed at the lack of clarity. The paper points out the contradictions in the literature regarding the causes and treatment of RAD and highlights the vagueness of many studies in their suggestions of possible interventions.

Outline:
Introduction / Argument
Thesis
Presentation of Contradictory Literature
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Julia D Buckner (Yale School of Medicine) and three colleagues write in the journal Child Maltreatment that "few examinations of empirically informed treatments" have been performed (Buckner, 2008). Buckner (290) explains that RAD children display behavioral problems, aggressive behavior, lack of empathy, emotional "liability," impulsivity, hyperactivity and "stealing, lying" among other bad traits. But how can a clinical researcher 100% certain the child given the RAD label isn't in fact behaving badly because he or she has Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that children with FASD display "hyperactive behavior" and "learning disabilities," problems with daily living, "poor reasoning and judgment skills"; and FASD sufferers display "psychiatric problems" and "criminal behavior" (www.cdc.gov). Aren't those exactly the same as RAD behaviors? How can researchers be so seemingly certain when there are few empirical studies?"

Tags:adoption, sociability, neglect, deprivation

Abstract
Many similarities exist between the symptoms exhibited by students with learning disabilities and students who are learning English as a second language (ESL students). This paper investigates these similarities and analyzes ways in which professionals have attempted to diagnose students as having learning disabilities. The paper also examines how although IQ tests are commonly used for this purpose, these tests have many inherent problems that often result in inaccurate assessments.

Outline:
ESL Problems Versus Learning Disabilities
Parallels Between ESL Students and Learning Disabled Students
The Role of IQ in Assessing Learning Disabilities
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to Maloney (2002), in order to determine if a student has learning disabilities, the teacher needs to ascertain the ways in which students respond to scientific-based instruction and to sound early intervention programs. However, the question of whether or not an ESL student can be classified as having a learning disability is difficult to answer since ESL students possess a variety of languages, cultures, and experiences in literacy. The way that these students comprehend schooling and literacy is different because of these backgrounds and the stages of natural development in acquiring a second language may resemble learning disability symptoms (Case & Taylor, 2005). In fact, there is no single measure that can be used to differentiate a learning disability from second language acquisition problems. "

Tags:iq, linguistics, special, education, speech, therapy

Abstract
This essay explores how the doctrine of Islam faith reveals a history based not on tolerance and equality, but instead on tyranny and abuse. The author contends that the basic tenets of Moslem faith still incorporate fundamental contradictions and tensions between primary beliefs and the requirements of human rights.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Islam's Prescriptions & Treatment Concerning the Dhimmis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The religious group known as the Muslims, who have followed the doctrine of Islam faith since the seventh century A.D., profess that the legal prescriptions of Islamic law concerning the dhimmis in both medieval and modern times attests to the fact that Islam is a remarkably tolerant religion and civilization (Abdelmoula 1). A closer examination of this practice and treatment, however, contradicts this profession, for it reveals a history based not on tolerance and equality, but instead on tyranny and abuse. This history, along with a continued persecution of non-Islamic people by modern Muslims, leads to the conclusion that the basic principles of the Moslem faith are in direct contradiction to modern concepts of tolerance and human rights, therefore negating the claim that tolerance underlies the framework of Islamic religion and civilization."

Tags:Spokesmen, holy, scriptures, tolerance, equality, non-Islamic, faith, passages, Qur'an, incite, violence, force

Abstract
This paper goes into a description on the subject of geneticists. The author breaks down the strengths and weaknesses of Dorthy Nelkin's argument, a sociology professor who questions the legitemacy of genetics. Includes quotes and in-texts citations, as well as opinions and beliefs.

From the Paper
"Dorthy Nelkin, a sociology professor, has begun to question the legitimacy of genetics, the human genome, and the accuracy of geneticists' beliefs and statements. In her passage "The Grandiose Claims of Geneticists," Nelkin states that "Until recently, scientists have paid little attention to communicating with the public." Nelkin's statement may very well be true, but to the vast majority of Americans- the housewives, the food service workers, the construction workers, the grocery store clerks, and the unemployed- how much does this really affect their everyday lives? The medical breakthroughs that geneticists find may very well be the extent of the concern surrounding this futuristic science. Genetics is a science that has emerged before our eyes as being some great discovery, but everything cannot possibly be "all in the genes."

Tags:sociology