Abstract This paper examines the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the US Constitution, which discusses the right of an accused person to cross examine his accuser. The paper discusses the history of the Confrontation Clause and looks at the use of the Confrontation Clause in past and present court rooms. It also provides a few case examples of how the Confrontation Clause is put into practice.
From the Paper "The use of the Confrontation Clause in past and present court rooms has served the court system well although when to use it and often times how and when it applies has proven to be a little blurry. The Confrontation Clause allows accused defendants to cross examine their accusers to gain as much insight as possible as to the factuality of their accusations except in situations where a child, person on their death bed, or a person who is deceased in concerned then testimony collect by law enforcement or stated in previous court cases is admitted in lieu of personal account. This clause will in effect prevent anyone from simply accusing us of a crime without the chance to defend ourselves in front of our accuser."
Abstract This paper explains that victims of sexual abuse are typically in a very fragile state so that they must be treated with the utmost care. The paper further explains that this must be taken into consideration when using confrontation to deal with victims of sexual abuse. The paper looks at when and how confrontation should be used, and what can be gained by its use. The dangers inherent in using confrontation are also pointed out.
From the Paper "Victims of sexual abuse may be in a very fragile state emotionally and so must be treated with the utmost care. Social workers have the responsibility of establishing and maintaining an appropriate therapeutic relationship with their clients and paying careful attention to the management of boundaries between the two. The social worker must recognize that the client may be influenced by their opinions, conjecture or suggestions and so must take care in expressing them. The social worker must not minimize the power and influence they have on..."
Abstract This paper looks at why and how specialised skills in interviewing have been developed in the treatment of offenders to prevent recidivism. It examines confrontational and motivational techniques in working with offenders and discusses how these techniques are employed and how they work. It also evaluates the benefits and hindrances of these techniques and assesses which technique is more beneficial to preventing offending behaviour.
From the Paper "Research carried out in the 1970's argued that imprisonment and rehabilitative with offenders did not make a significant change to the recidivism rates of offenders and this led to more critical analysis which showed that some interventions could work. The ?Criminal Justice Act 1991? put more impetus to this by reconstructing the sentencing framework and recommending community sentencing for offenders unless the offence was serious enough to justify a prison sentence. "Punitive measures have done little to arrest the increase in crime and it is difficult to demonstrate that punishment achieves the effect of deterring offenders from re-offending" (McGuire 1995 cited HTO Davies, S Nutley and P Smith 2001 p93) Research showed that offender treatment programmes could work to reduce rates of re-offending."
Comparative essay of each of the main characters in the stories "Shiloh", "A&P", and "A Rose for Emily". Looks at how the characters confront their freedoms and their limitations.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, 2002, $ 35.95
Abstract Norma Jean confronts her mother directly as the story develops. Sammy in A&P confronts his limits as a young man. A Rose For Emily, is a tale of achieved freedom, but at a cost much different than that of Sammy or of Norma Jean. The stories build up to a gruesome revelation after Miss Emily's funeral.
Analyses the Reagan foreign policy, and how it consistently confronted the Soviet Union in ways that forced it to spend huge amounts of money on defense. Makes the argument that this is the main reason that the Soviet Union collapsed.
Abstract This paper highlights the portions of Ronald Reagan's foreign policy that confronted the Soviet Union in ways that forced the United States to spend large amounts of money. The foreign policy issues that are examined include Afghanistan, The Iran-Contra Affair, Reagan's support of Eastern-European Dissidents and Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, (also known as "Star Wars"). Afghanistan is heavily analyzed, with a breakdown of significant historical points, such as the introduction of the US-made Stinger missile, which stripped the USSR of air superiority. The Iran-Contra affair is included as a way to demonstrate Reagan's willingness to confront communism everywhere. This was a marked policy shift from Jimmy Carter and caught the USSR off guard. The Strategic Defense Initiative is analyzed and is linked to an increased amount of money being spent by the USSR on research and development. The support of dissidents by Reagan is looked at as well, with the conclusion that with relatively little amounts of effort, Reagan's foreign policy fomented large amounts of political opposition to the Soviet Union in Eastern European satellite countries. This caused the Soviet Union to spend money combating this problem as well, with their spy apparatus. Definitive numbers are given that explain just how much the Soviet Union spending increased while Reagan was in office.
From the Paper "In the 1980's, a swirling of events converged to form a perfect storm that met the conditions for bringing down what Ronald Reagan termed the "evil empire." The first incident was that Old School communists in the Politburo sought to make an impression in Central Asia, but found stalwart resistance in The Gipper. Second, Reagan's abrupt shift from Carter's lax foreign policy took the Soviets by surprise, with the new administration's desire to challenge communism on every front possible; out of this desire came the ill-fated support of the contras, along with the hugely successful backing of Eastern European dissidents, namely the Solidarity movement in Eastern Europe. The third event in Reagan's foreign policy shift that took the world by surprise was the administration's renunciation of the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction; Reagan took the steps of beginning a Ballistic Missile Defense program, which he coined the Strategic Defense Initiative. The Soviets, with few options of recourse, were forced to make concessions that led to the implosion of the "evil empire" shortly afterward. Thus, by applying a policy of confrontation of spreading Communism, bleeding the Soviets in Afghanistan by supporting the mujahideen, and abruptly announcing a paradigm shift in American foreign policy with the Strategic Defense Initiative, Ronald Reagan certainly hastened, if not caused the downfall of the USSR."
Abstract This paper examines Hernand Cortes' confrontation in what is now called Mexico. It discusses the historical background to the confrontation and Cortes' aims and goals in the area. It looks specifically at the religious, political and economic goals related to the expedition to Mexico. The paper then looks at how the approach taken by the Spanish tried to be different than the one envisaged by the Portuguese in their expeditionary attempts.
From the Paper "There are different things the Spanish tried to achieve by conquering what is now Mexico. There were religious aims, political ones, and also economic goals related to the expedition to Mexico. However, the approach taken by the Spanish tried to be different than the one envisaged by the Portuguese in their expeditionary attempts. Unlike the Portuguese, Spain's main goal was to establish an entity based precisely on their own beliefs and customs thus create a new society. The Portuguese on the other hand, limited their action to the mere exploitation of the territories they discovered."
Abstract This paper reviews the book, "Criminal Justice: Confronting the Prison Crisis", by Elihu Rosenbalt; which is a collection of research done on the American prison system and the issue of abuse within it. The paper begins with a synopsis of the book's structure. The paper focuses on two articles in particular, "The Labor of Doing Time" by Julie Browne and "Gardens of the Law: The Role of Prisons in the Capitalist Society" by Joel Olsen. It summarizes and assesses the opinions of these two writers on the American prison system.
From the Paper "Two articles that caught my attention are written by Julie Browne and Joel Olson, entitled, "The Labor of Doing Time" and ?Gardens of the Law: The Role of Prisons in the Capitalist Society,? respectively. The piece by Julie Browne discussed the history of forced labor among convicts in prisons, and Browne provides historical and critical analyses of the said issue, citing different instances in history where human rights of the prisoners were violated, and where they are constantly exposed to abuse and poverty. Browne's article focused on the issues of inequality, economic profit to capitalist companies/businesses, and injustice to prisoners in US prison systems. Browne introduced us readers to the terms "convict leasing" and ?chain gangs,? terms that resulted from the Convict Lease System that was founded and implemented during the 19th century. Under this kind of system, companies team-up with prison administration on a business venture, with the arrangement that the former would provide greater funding for that particular prison, while the latter will provide the workers that will be needed for the production and manufacturing of the company's products or goods."
Abstract This paper reviews Elihu Rosenblatt's book entitled "Criminal Injustice: Confronting the Prison Crisis", a series of articles which discuss the problems of the prison system in America. It shows how the book deals with topics such as the poor conditions that prisoners experience in their prisons, the illegal and sometimes, unfair imprisonment of many citizens of the country and inequality and injustices that happen before and during imprisonment. In particular it examines two articles, "Speaking Truth to Power" by Dhoruba Bin Wahad and "Killing Justice".
From the Paper "The second article, entitled ?Killing Justice,? discusses the cases wherein "prosecutorial misconduct" happens, which inevitably leads to wrongful convictions and imprisonment, even death. The article cites several anomalies that happen in the country's legal system that contributes to these wrongful convictions and imprisonments. The articles states that ?[m]isconduct by the government in the pursuit of a death sentence can take many forms,? and these are the following: police abuse, racism, jailhouse snitches, ?Deals with the Devil,? and C.Y.A. (Cover Your Ass). These forms of misconduct committed by the members of the US legal system are used for easy closure and resolution of a controversial case, and the hasty trial and prosecution often results to wrongful convictions, which often costs the lives of the wrongfully imprisoned."
Abstract Discusses challenges confronted by social workers and other counseling professinals who provide intervention and prevention services. Acting-out or delinquent behavior as a feature of adolescent depression disorders. Need for a working alliance between rehabilitation system caregivers, justice system professionals and parents. Theoretical causes of delinquency. Achieving desirable attitudinal change.
From the Paper "Counseling and Juvenile Rehabilitation
Social workers and other counseling professionals are confronted with the myriad challenges of providing effective intervention and prevention services to juvenile delinquents and other adolescents referred to juvenile rehabilitation centers (Miser, 1996). In the mental health literature, acting-out or delinquent behavior is recognized as an associated feature of adolescent depression disorders. These concerns, however, are seldom addressed in the delinquency literature, which tends to position delinquency and acting-out behaviors as independent of other potentially co-morbid conditions or disorders (miser, 1996). For professionals who work with this population, the literature indicates that working alliances between disparate rehabilitation system caregivers, justice system professionals, and parents a ..."
Abstract A breakdown of clashes between Arabs and Jews from 1948 until Prime Minister Barak's time. The Palestine question is discussed as well as how different Arab groups formed and why each direct confrontation came about.
From the Paper "Tensions between Arabs and Jews extend back centuries, but the modern conflict begins with the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, after which there was fighting between the newly declared state and her Arab neighbors, and in 1949 the fighting ended with armistice agreements between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. Israel as a state developed out of the Palestinian question. When the British wanted to turn the state of Palestine over to the United Nations, a solution to the issue of what people would reside in Palestine was reached in the form of partition. Jerusalem would be made an international city in which there would be free access for worship in Christian, Islamic, and Jewish shrines and holy places. The Jews accepted the partition, but the Arabs did not, feeling that the agreement actually gave Jewish landowners more than 50 percent of Palestine. After the war and the creation of the state of Israel, Israel now controlled half of Jerusalem, and nearly 60 percent of the Palestinians had been uprooted from their homes. Displaced Palestinians lived in crude refugee camps, and the remaining Palestinians lived within the 22.6 percent of the territory the Israeli's had failed to capture (Neff 23-24).
Israel thus began in conflict with her neighbors, and tensions continued during the years following the creation of the Israeli state. During this same era, the United States and the Soviet Union each became embroiled in the conflict, forced to choose sides and to become more and more enmeshed in Middle Eastern politics. Direct confrontation occurred in 1956, 1967, and 1973 (Neff 27). After the Sinai Campaign of 1956, there was a period of relative quiet along the Israel-Egypt border, in part because of the presence of the United Nations. This did not mean that the conflict was ended, however, and within a year of the "settlement" of the 1956 dispute, the Arab world experienced a series of upheavals (Herzog 145-146)."
Tags:confrontation, Middle, East, Palestine, Israel
This paper addresses Lilia's character in the short story "When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine" by Jhumpa Lahiri. This story illustrates an environment in which a young and inexperienced girl - the character of Lilia - is suddenly confronted with a host of inf
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, 2002, $ 44.95
Abstract This paper addresses Lilia's character in the short story "When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine" by Jhumpa Lahiri. This story illustrates an environment in which a young and inexperienced girl - the character of Lilia - is suddenly confronted with a host of information about the conditions of life beyond her sheltered suburban environment. Through examining the events of the story, it can be seen that Lilia's character is not truly changed in some fundamental way through her encounter with Mr. Pirzada.
Tags: LITERATURE / AMERICAN LITERATURE, examining the character
Abstract Adam Hochschild's novel, "The Unquiet Ghost", attempts to answer how, thirty years after the Stalinist reign and political repression, Russians can confront the Stalinist past that was rewritten and repressed. This paper explains how Hochschild addresses three important issues in his novel: how Stalin literally rewrote history by destroying evidence, the spectrum of Russian reactions to the "truth" of Stalin's reign, and the Stalinist cause for the breakdown of Russian familial bonds/trust.
From the Paper "In an interview with one of Stalin's translators, Valentin Berezhkov, Hochschild asks whether he was a true believer when he worked for Stalin. "Of course, we were very much indoctrinated" (112). Berezhkov felt this way despite knowing many officials who disappeared or were sent off to Siberia. Even despite fearing the loss of his job and even his life, Berezhkov remembers himself as a true believer. When Berezhkov was forced to leave, he could not understand how he could not be needed at all (112)."
Abstract This paper discusses strategic planning and how it is different from long-range and other forms of planning, the issues confronted by managers attempting organizational change, identifying strengths, weaknesses, and competencies of an organization in the planning process, and the relationship between mission statement, planned and unplanned change.
From the Paper "Strategic planning is a management tool that is used to help an organization do a better job: to help focus its energy and to ensure that all members of the organization are working toward the same goals; to assess and adjust the organization's direction in response to a changing environment. It may thus be defined as ?the process by which the guiding members of an organization envision its future and develop the necessary procedures and operations to achieve that future.? (Goodstein, et al, 1993)."
This paper discusses the Cuban Missile Crisis, a confrontation between President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khrushchev over the placement of Russian missiles in Cuba in October, 1962.
Abstract This paper discusses that the Cuban Missile Crisis confrontation involved an American blockade around Cuba to prevent the Soviets from delivering any more missiles or other weapons to Cuba. The author points out that the event recently was compared to September 11, 2001, as a time when Americans realized that the oceans no longer protected us from enemy attack. The paper stresses that the speeches Kennedy made on American television demonstrated his concern about public opinion and his desire to have the American people watch carefully as he challenged the Soviets.
From the Paper "Kruschev believed that if he could get the missiles into Cuba, he would close the gap between the Soviet Union and the United States and gain a strategic advantage. Kennedy certainly saw this possibility as well. Kennedy knew that American strategic interests lay in keeping the Soviets from gaining this advantage and in keeping the Soviets out of the Western Hemisphere, asserting the Monroe Doctrine that told all other powers to keep out of this part of the world. Kennedy also knew the Soviet capacity in terms of missiles and other weaponry, though he could not be sure that the Soviets would not use those weapons even if they could not follow up an attack with as much power as could the United States. Morgenthau also cites the mass of intelligence data gathered from the Russian spy Penkovsky, a trove called Ironbark, which told the United States what weapons the Soviets had and much more about their operations."
