From the Paper
"It was determined that with the resistivity r and area A of the conductor, the resistance R is a function of length L using the equation

R = rL/A

This original lab contains a full theoretical background with all derived equations explained in detail. It utilizes several color graphics to illustrate the conduction of an electrical current, and it has a complete table and graph of all experimental data."

Tags:electricity, lab, nichrome, physics, resistivity, wire

Abstract
This paper is on the global marketing of U.S. Semiconductor chips to China.

Abstract
This paper presents a study that attempts to find out the effects of electricity conductors on the efficiency of data transmission of Bluetooth when they are close to the devices performing the data transmission. The paper also attempts to find out whether there is a significant difference between grounded and non-grounded electricity conductors. The paper relates that the conductor used in this study is aluminum foil and that the method applied is experimental research using the single factor experimental design. The data transmission is tested between a laptop and a cellular phone with Bluetooth functionalities. The results of the study reveal that electricity conductors have reduction effects on the efficiency of data transmission of Bluetooth because the data rate goes down during the experiment when the conductors are present around the devices. It is also discovered that grounded aluminum foil has even more reduction effect on the throughput of Bluetooth compared with the non-grounded one.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Hypotheses
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
Definition of Terms
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Results and Discussions
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Nowadays, the use of wireless technology in transmitting data from one device to another is becoming more and more prevalent. This phenomenon started in 1994, when Ericsson Mobile Communications, the global telecommunications company based in Sweden, initiated a study to investigate the feasibility of a low-power, low-cost radio interface between mobile phones and their accessories (Muller, 2001). The engineers at Ericson code named the new wireless technology Bluetooth to honor a 10th century Viking King in Denmark (Muller, 2001). At present, Bluetooth is one of the widely used wireless technologies by cellular phones in transmitting and receiving data. However, Bluetooth signal is disrupted by some external sources. One interfering factor is electricity conductor, which when hit by the Bluetooth frequency, is able to reflect or absorb radio waves. Since Bluetooth is a form of radio technology as mentioned by Thompson (2008), the present researcher came up with this study to determine the effects of electricity conductors on the efficiency of data transmission of Bluetooth. This would help the present researcher to integrate this study with his knowledge in data communications in order to come up with an efficient setup of a wireless computer network. To conduct this study, a computer, Bluetooth-enabled devices and electricity conductors were setup in an open-area environment where the data rate of Bluetooth would be recorded."

Tags:wireless, technology, communications

Abstract
This paper explains that on the same program as the Brahms "Symphony No.1" were two other works by Spanish composers, Issac Albeniz and Joaquin Turina, which presented a deliberate counterpoint between Spanish and German music that reflects the guest conductor's dual heritage. The author points out that Johannes Brahms' (1833-1897) "Symphony No.1" reflects to an extraordinary degree the composer's personal relationship with the legacy of earlier giants such as Beethoven and Schubert. The paper relates that the "Symphony No.1" is comprised of four movements, which reflects Brahms' allegiance to classical forms; however, the intense unity of the overall work seems to be more of an expression of Brahms' personal technique. The author underscores that scholars argue that the dynamic optimism that is so characteristic of Beethoven's symphonies is revisited by Brahms in a far more melancholic, late nineteenth century manner

From the Paper
"The significance of the Spanish works to the Brahms' symphony, which was highlighted in the course of the intermission, was an interview-like session conducted in the lobby with two members of the TSO who talked about the program and about Frunbeck de Burgos' conducting of the works. These two TSO members - a violinist and a flautist (I believe) - noted that the Spanish pieces were carefully chosen as a counterpoint to the Brahms. Frunbeck de Burgos' work with the TSO in rehearsal, they noted, was very different with both of these pieces; one noting jokingly that de Burgos stood straighter and was more serious with Brahms than with the passionate Spanish works."

Tags:counterpoint, spanish, beethoven, technique, melancholic

Abstract
This paper explains that Bach simply entitled this music the "Six Concertos for several Instruments"; but, Philipp Spitta, 160 years after they were composed, named them the "Brandenburg Concertos", after Christian Ludwig, the margrave of Brandenburg, the most prominent patron of music in Berlin and Prussia. The author points out that the "Sixth Brandenburg Concerto" is distinctive because it features no violins and is scored for two violas, a cello and continuo (which is a bass part usually performed by a harpsichord), which gives it a far darker tone than the other five concerti. The paper states that this version performed by the "Classic Music Studio" Orchestra of St. Petersburg, Alexander Titov conducting, has a muffled sound and is too "Slavic" an interpretation to be appropriate for the Baroque Bach.

From the Paper
"While each concerto features a different set of instruments, all put together represent what music historians consider the synthesis of Baroque concerto styles. This was, of course, long before the concerto was created as a solo instrument playing its own melody, accompanied by an orchestra (Haydn, and of course, Mozart, perfected that style). Here they are considered as concerti grossi, in which a small body of "solo" instruments, called the concertino, contrasts with a larger orchestral group called the ripieno."

Tags:intonation, melody, movements, concerti-grossi, slavic

From the Paper
"The legend of Leonard Bernstein began with the fact that it was unusual for an American to conduct a major American orchestra. On the occasion of his New York Philharmonic debut, filling in for an ailing Bruno Walter, Bernstein was introduced by Bruno Zirato, the orchestra's associate manager, as "a full-fledged American conductor, born and entirely raised in this country." An American conductor was not unique, of course, and Zirato duly emphasized Bernstein's American education. In the 1930s, however, a conductor's education and opportunities could only have come from the European source even if it was located in the United States. The four conductors who had the greatest influence on Bernstein in his conductor's apprenticeship, and were all instrumental in starting his career, were the Greek Dimitri Mitropoulos (1896-1960), the Pole Artur Rodzinski ..."

Tags:biography

From the Paper
"As a conductor Leonard Bernstein considered Beethoven, "of all composers", to be "the most interpretable" (Bernstein, 1982, p. 292). As with his various approaches to most of the classical and romantic repertoire, however, Bernstein's interpretations of Beethoven met with a range of responses. Yet the responses could be favorable or extremely unfavorable even when they came from the same source. Harold C, Schonberg, once chief music critic for the New York Times, wrote of a 1960 performance of the Leonora Overture No. 3 and the Piano Concerto No. 1 that they featured "a couple of moments that were absolutely bizarre" and that the latter "was a highly personal and rather vulgar performance" which he disliked a great deal (quoted in Peyser, 1987, p. 303). But of a 1979 performance of the Ninth Symphony Schonberg wrote that although "some" might call it "vulgar" or ..."

Tags:biography

Abstract
This essay compares two interpretations of the same piece of music by two different conductors set twenty five years apart. The music in question is "Hyperprism," an experimental piece by Edgar Varese. The two conductors are Boulez and Chailly.

From the Paper
"Edgar Varese wrote "Hyperprsim" in 1923. The piece is scored for woodwind, brass and a large array of non-pitched percussions. There are two notable performances of this piece: one by Pierre Boulez and the other by Riccardo Chailly. It is interesting to compare the two performances because Pierre Boulez revived the interest in Varese's music with his recordings from early 80s while Chailly offers the performances of the same pieces some quarter of the century later. The piece opens with a short percussion introduction before a trombone performs a short motif (0:10). Even though both conductors have similar tempi, Boulez takes this rhythmical opening less comfortable than Chailly does. At this first contact with the piece Boulez seems to be less secure in his understanding of the piece than Chailly is."

Tags:varese, boulez, chailly

Abstract
The paper offers a background to orchestras and bands in America and focuses on the contributions of John Philip Sousa as a composer, conductor and visionary in the world of military and civilian music. The paper highlights the longevity of the marching band and the prevalence of woodwinds as an expression of American national pride and identity. The paper shows how without Sousa's tireless commitment to self-promotion, neither the genre nor its signature instruments would have become as well known to the masses in Sousa's own century as they are still popular in this one.

Outline:
Introduction
From One Note to Many
Meanwhile, Over in America
Music as a Message
Moving Towards Posterity
Hail to the March king
The Bridge From Military to Civilian
Legacy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Long before the advent of modern music to ignite the soul--or the devices to amplify and record it for posterity--a sound was heard for the very first time in the New Stone Age of 6,000 B.C. that would be the predecessor of all woodwinds to follow. A Neolithic man, perhaps gnawing on a piece of bone to get all the meat off, made the accidental discovery that by blowing air through a hole in its surface he could produce a shrill and sustaining sound. This no doubt drew his curious companions out of their caves to see what exactly was going on.
"Millennia later, people are still drawn outdoors by the unmistakable unity of lilting woodwinds, boisterous brass and pulse-pounding percussion as a serpentine of uniformed performers wends its way down U.S. streets on patriotic occasions."

Tags:orchestras, bands, composer, conductor, marches, lyrics, patriotism

Abstract
The paper looks at the use of copper in history from before the bronze age, including its use as a source for currency making and its use in statues of the Roman emperors. The paper discusses the later uses of copper for ships and as a conductor of electricity.

From the Paper
"Copper is perhaps one of the most important elements for mankind, both due to its multiple uses and to its capacity to replace iron in many cases. Starting with making objects out of copper and continuing, as mankind progressed, with its use as a conductor and building material, copper was part of everyday life ever since the copper age. Even today, despite new discoveries that brought about artificially made compounds and alloys, copper remains an important element still significantly used in practice."

Tags:bronze, coins, statues, conductors