Abstract The end of the nineteenth century is seen as an era of trust busting under President Roosevelt and the Progressives. This was an era in which industry was subject to increasingly strict regulation in an effort to preserve the competitive marketplace. The following discussion will explore this issue: In what way and to what extent was business regulated in the United States during the nineteenth century? An issue of secondary importance will also be considered: In what way did nineteenth century regulation of business foreshadow the manner in which business is currently regulated at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Abstract This paper offers two essays, one supporting the need for government regulation, the other denying it and supporting deregulation. The first notes that government regulation is necessary to assure safety, to prevent disease, to protect the rights of the individual, and to assure a level playing field in business. While one might argue that certain specific regulations are over-reaching or unnecessary, one must support the idea of regulation itself.
From the Paper "Government regulation is necessary to assure safety, to prevent disease, to protect the rights of the individual, and to assure a level playing field in business. While one might argue that certain specific regulations are over-reaching or unnecessary, one must support the idea of regulation itself, which after all was only undertaken once it was clear that the marketplace would not be effective in certain areas, such as enforcing safety rules, protecting consumers from fraud and misrepresentation, and reducing predatory practices on the part of business. Regulation typically refers to governmental efforts to control individual price, output, or product quality decisions of private firms in an effort to prevent purely private decision-making that would take inadequate account of the public interest. The first modern regulatory agency was established by Congress in 1887--the Interstate Commerce Commission--to control railroad rates. By the 1960s, government regulation was commonplace in the transportation..."
Abstract The writer asks whether the accounting industry should be regulated and if so, how this should be done. It looks at the factors surrounding this issue such as independent audits and government controlled Accounting Authorities.
From the Paper "Currently, the accounting industry is a "self-regulating" industry, which means they set their own rules, and abide by them within the industry, with a minimum of outside intervention. The Financial Accounting Standards Board governs companies. The board sets the rules and applications accounting firms must follow. Many experts feel that self-regulation is no longer working, and the Federal Government needs to place more constraints on accounting firms. ??non-regulation and deregulation of the financial industries has gotten us into this mess. Auditors are allowed to receive income both from auditing and from consulting or "management advisory services" to the same client, the latter usually being the more lucrative relationship with more potential for growth? (Amato)."
Abstract This paper reviews the Canadian banking regulations. In particular, the paper explores what they are, when they started, why they exist and how they work. In the process of so doing, the paper shows that banking regulations in Canada serve a vital function even if they are generally misunderstood by the public.
Abstract This paper examines changes in U.S. visa regulations that have occurred as a result of the attacks on September 11, 2001. The focus is how these changes affect that competitiveness of the U.S. economy.
From the Paper "According to an essay by Jack Runyan published online by the U S Department of Agriculture the Immigration Reform and Control Act of IRCA was passed by Congress and signed into law in an effort to control unauthorized immigration to ..."
Tags: visa regulations, united states, state department, consular interviews, student visas, homeland security, economic impact
Abstract This paper looks at various factors in self-regulation and how different temperaments affect them. It cites several studies done in young children and how they are able to delay gratification for a greater reward, as an example of self-regulatory ability.
From the Paper "The self-regulation of appetitive impulses has been studied mostly in pre-school children looking at their ability to forgo an immediate reward that is less attractive in return for a delayed reward that is more attractive to them. It has been shown that the children psychologically distance themselves from the hot quality of the reward taste of cookies by focusing on cool cognitive cues such as the shape of the cookies or by distracting thoughts. These authors hypothesized that thinking of rejection in terms of hot emotional responses would cause more hostility..."
Tags: self-regulation, self-control, hot and cold system
Abstract This paper use attachment theory as a conceptual framework for linking affect Regulation and Impulse control. The paper explains how the theory has been used, the origins of the theory as well as attachment relationship functions. The paper also discusses the adverse consequences of inadequate parent-child attachment.
From the Paper "This theoretical paper presents a focus on the relationship between affect regulation and impulse control, utilizing attachment theory as an explanatory conceptual framework. An introduction to the topic is followed by the origins of attachment theory, attachment relationship functions, insecure attachment defenses, attachment and regulation of affect and impulse attachment, organization and affect regulation attachment, organization and impulse control and summary and conclusions."
Tags: Attachment, Theory, to, Link, Affect, Regulation, and, Impulse, Control
Abstract This paper discusses the causes and treatment of phobia from the perspective of classical conditioning. First, the author looks at the roots of classical conditioning and explains how people learn through this process. The next part of this paper then examines the role classical conditioning plays in how people develop their fears and phobias. In the conclusion, the effectiveness of various phobia therapies are analyzed. Particular emphasis is given to techniques such as flooding, counter-conditioning and other therapies that employ classical conditioning.
Outline:
Classical Conditioning Conditioning Fear
Therapies to Phobia
From the Paper "However, today, many humans continue to experience fear, even when the emotion is clearly not warranted. Such irrational fears can elicit strong emotional and physical symptoms from people. When these intense and irrational fears cause unwarranted anxiety and interfere with his or her ability to enjoy life, a person is said to be suffering from phobia."
Abstract Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which the subject begins to associate a behavior with a certain stimuli. This paper discusses classical and operant conditioning, rephrasing what they are, and explaining them with real-life examples.
From the Paper "In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (something that will always lead to a reaction of some type) leads to an unconditioned response (a natural reaction to the UCS). A neutral stimulus (NS) becomes paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). This is also called the Pavlovian conditioning because Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning in an experiment involving dogs. Eventually, the pairing of the NS and the UCS leads to an UCR. The conditioned stimulus (CS), which used to be the NS, will be associated with a response (CR). The CS really has no connection to the response but through the conditioning, the subject learns to associate their conditioned response with the CS."
Abstract This paper explores the current political and security conditions in Africa, with emphasis on the role of Nigeria. The paper details the conflicts undergone by the continent. The paper also explains the efforts to restore order rather than promote development.
From the Paper "For many many decades the entire continent of Africa has been troubled with conflicts that have disrupted the political and social order, inhibited vitally important economic growth and focused efforts on the part of African governments as well as foreign powers on restoring order rather than on promoting development."
Abstract This paper discusses the living condition of the Vietnamese during the war. The argument has three parts. The first part looks at the general feelings of uncertainty and insecurity due to the escalating conflict. The second part looks at the economic, social and environmental damage caused by the conflict. The final part looks at the independence movement.
From the Paper "The Vietnam "War" between the United States and the Northern Vietnamese Communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh occurred between 1965-1976 (Hunt 2004). The Vietnam "War" was a very complicated and confusing time for all the parties involved. Many people could not even decide if it was a "war" or a police action. Michael H. Hunt in "The World Transformed:1945 to the Present" even explains how the Vietnam "War" was supposed to be a "limited War" (Hunt 2004: 173). One aspect of the Vietnam "War" that is often not discussed is how it impacted the living conditions of the Vietnamese during the war."
Abstract This paper discusses the dangers of violent television programming that have been influencing children within the family unit. The author examines different media of this type of cultural violence and the government and television corporation regulations that allow this type of programming. The paper evaluates the research on violence and children within the family unit to gain a greater understanding of why censorship and monitoring groups have played a greater role in regulating violence in the mass media construct. This paper concludes that the various aspects of classical conditioning, aggressive personality acquisition and other psychological factors compromise the total scope of how mass media television plays a large role in conditioning children.
From the Paper "The premise of censorship has arisen due to the nature of television programming, which is available for children to watch alongside their elders. The problematic solutions for media violence and personality identifiers are the main objective in gaining a greater sense of rights for how children should be perceived in TV and film programming. The negativity of studies on media representations reveals why children should have a larger role in creating policies for televised and media based programs to give a more positive psychological affirmation to their behaviors."
Tags:conditioningregulations, monitoring groups, graphic stimulation, video games
Abstract This paper discusses the impact of federal regulation on traditionally state and privately regulated industry, that of global business and financial management. Despite the positive effects of such regulation, questions regarding the actual effectiveness of the broader, federal regulations over the previously established state regulations are examined. The paper places emphasis on the effects that these federal regulations have had on the global markets, and, therefore, on the United States market as a whole.
Outline:
Introduction:Has Private Business Become Complete?
The New Federal Regulation of Corporate Governance
The Effect of Federal Regulation Existing State Regulation of Corporations
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Although securities transactions are private contracts, they take place in public markets and have effects extending far beyond the specific parties involved. Moreover, there is a general societal interest in strong capital markets. The strength of the U.S. capital markets, due in part to their relative safety and transparency, has been a fundamental component of this country's economic growth. Indeed, the United States' capital markets are sufficiently attractive that they regularly attract listings from foreign issuers, some of whom appear to view compliance with extensive U.S. regulations as providing their securities with something like a good housekeeping seal. An increasing number of foreign issuers and corporations are choosing to list their stock on United States exchanges, thereby agreeing to comply with the U.S. federal securities laws. This public nature of business law is the central focus of the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation."
Abstract The paper discusses the 2002 legislation of Sarbanes-Oxley that regulates the accounting industry's own regulatory norms. The paper explains that despite the positive effects of such regulation, questions regarding the actual effectiveness of the broader, federal regulations over the previously established state regulations are raised. The paper emphasizes the effects that these federal regulations have had on the global markets and therefore, on the United States market as a whole. The paper concludes that increasing intrusion of federal law into how corporations go about their business, threatens to sacrifice the prime objective of corporate productivity and in turn, the productivity of our nation on a global scale.
Outline:
Introduction
The New Federal Regulation Of Corporate Governance
The Effect Of Federal Regulation On Existing State
Regulation Of Corporations
Conclusion
From the Paper "Recent years have seen a large number of accounting scandals and public outcry regarding executive compensation in the United States, however. As such, government bodies from the Securities and Exchange Commission to Congress to the courts have chipped in regarding the regulatory environment of business conducted within the U.S. The most high profile of these actions was the 2002 legislation of Sarbanes-Oxley, regulating the accounting industry's own regulatory norms. However, other regulatory measures have included executive compensation, the administration of mutual funds, and public disclosures of transactions have been increasingly regulated by the federal government, with undoubtedly the best of intentions."
Abstract This paper explains that government regulation of commerce in the United States traces back to the first draft of the Constitution, which gives the federal government power to regulate interstate commerce. The author points out that the power of regulations of businesses allows the federal government to act on behalf of the public and provide protections for individuals who cannot manage on their own without collective support. The paper stresses that, far from being evil and ineffective, appropriate government regulations can have many positive effects such as reducing corporate excess and increasing accountability in the business world. The author underscores that, unfortunately, the presence of a regulatory agency or legislation is no guarantee of the successful achievement of that goal. The paper also argues that any regulation leveled at the business community is ultimately borne by the consumers who patronize those businesses and negatively impact innovation in products by raising costs for businesses.
Table of Contents:
Consumers and Businesses Benefit from Government Regulation Government Regulation Harms Businesses
From the Paper "The reality is that the government is, by and large, an obstacle to increased prosperity and economic growth in industrialized nations. The traditional view of regulations is that it is the primary weapon or tool that the government has in its efforts to rein in the excesses of the business community. This attitude posits that business and commerce is somehow opposed to the interests of the public and that the government can act as a kind of "white knight" to protect the public and champion their interests in the face of corporations and businesses intent only on improving their bottom line and increasing profits."
