Abstract
The following paper reviews the policy of the IMF to impose stringent conditions upon the loans it releases to developing nations. The paper pays particular attention to why the IMF approach hurts developing nations. It further explores how the lending policy of the Fund acts as a sort of neo-colonialism that perpetuates north-south global imbalances. Finally, the political nature of the IMF and how this manifests itself in the loan conditions of the Fund will also be touched upon. In the end, the IMF would serve everyone better if it would narrow its scope of activities and focus on preventing fiscal crises rather than aggravating them in the world's poorest states.

From the Paper
"The following paper will review the policy of the IMF to impose stringent conditions upon the loans it releases to developing nations. The paper will pay especial attention to why the IMF approach hurts developing nations and time will also be devoted to how the lending policy of the Fund acts as a sort of neo-colonialism that perpetuates north-south global imbalances. Finally, the political nature of the IMF and how this manifests itself in the loan conditions of the Fund will also be touched upon. In the end, the IMF would serve everyone better if it would narrow its scope of activities and focus on preventing fiscal crises rather than..."

Tags:international, monetary, fund

Abstract
This paper discusses the theory of classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning. The paper first discusses the experiments done by Pavlov and his formula of classical conditioning. The paper then presents a case study of Hoover, a two year old Pointer who was rescued from the shelter, and discusses how classical conditioning can be used in dog training.

Table of Contents:
Theory of Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning in Dog Training

From the Paper
"Hoover is 2 year old Pointer who was rescued from the shelter. His breed is known for a pleasant disposition and loyalty to its owners. Apparently, Hoover must have experienced some kind of trauma in his young life, because he was not displaying any pleasant traits characteristic to his breed. Among the most troubling behaviors was his aggressiveness to strangers, including kids and other dogs. In most cases dogs display aggressive behaviors because they are fearful and insecure, so his training began with desensitization of his fears. Because Hoover is very protective of his house and owners, he must be taken outside first to encounter strangers on a neutral territory so that he could see that no danger was coming from them. People's natural tendency to approach and pet a cute dog, who appears to be sweet ( and Hoover does), but before they could do that they were warned to stay away, followed by apology of course. After a while Hoover realized that nobody minds him and started to relax, even in crowded areas."

Tags:breed, behavior, stimulus, response

Abstract
This paper investigates whether Ang Lee's movie version of Jane Austen's classic "Sense and Sensibility" is actually a true depiction of a romance, as it is normally perceived. Austen's novel actually reveals that love in the story is not unconditional. It discusses the various viewpoints and interpretations the film took in comparison tot he book.

From the Paper
"Love. It is an emotion that is hard to precisely define or capture. Despite its abstractness, it can generally be viewed as a profoundly passionate affection and fondness towards another person without ulterior conditions. Scores of paintings, music, and artistic mediums have tried to capture its essence. It is even at the core of many films and has become its own genre, romance. Among other Jane Austen-inspired films, it is also fully explored in Ang Lee's 1996 adaptation of her classic Sense and Sensibility. In Lee's film, Elinor Dashwood remarks to her younger sister Marianne, "[it] is bewitching in the idea that one's happiness depends entirely on one person; it is not always possible." By the conclusion of the film, Elinor--and the audience--reverse this pessimistic outlook and are convinced that it is always possible because the pair, despite the odds, do find their happiness through love."

Tags:Jane Austen, Ang Lee, Sense and Sensibility, film, romance

Abstract
This paper discusses the causes and treatment of phobia from the perspective of classical conditioning. First, the author looks at the roots of classical conditioning and explains how people learn through this process. The next part of this paper then examines the role classical conditioning plays in how people develop their fears and phobias. In the conclusion, the effectiveness of various phobia therapies are analyzed. Particular emphasis is given to techniques such as flooding, counter-conditioning and other therapies that employ classical conditioning.

Outline:
Classical Conditioning
Conditioning Fear
Therapies to Phobia

From the Paper
"However, today, many humans continue to experience fear, even when the emotion is clearly not warranted. Such irrational fears can elicit strong emotional and physical symptoms from people. When these intense and irrational fears cause unwarranted anxiety and interfere with his or her ability to enjoy life, a person is said to be suffering from phobia."

Tags:phobia, classical, conditioning, Pavlov, therapies

Abstract
This paper focuses on a type of learning called classical conditioning, which was introduced by Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov through his experimenting with dogs in the early 20th century. The paper describes classical condition and provides a scenario that implements classical conditioning.

Outline:
Description of Classical Conditioning
Scenario
Implementation
Expected Results

From the Paper
"According to A Dictionary of Psychology (2010), classical conditioning is defined as "One of the two major forms of conditioning, being the process of learning through which an initially neutral stimulus, such as the ticking of a metronome, comes to elicit a particular response, such as salivation, as a consequence of being paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus, such as food" (para. 1). Classical conditioning is a spontaneous or reflexive kind of learning that requires a stimulus that obtains the capability to induce a response that was initially evoked by a different stimulus. Classical conditioning then couples that neutral stimulus with the stimulus that evokes a desired reflex, and the stimulus that brings forth the desired reflex is presented even when the reflex does not occur. Ultimately, the goal of the classical conditioning process is to evoke the desired reflex by way of the neutral stimulus (Learning Theories Knowledgebase, 2010). In other words, an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) like Pavlov's meat powder and the unconditioned response (UCR), like the dogs salivation, is paired with the bell, the conditioned stimulus (CS), which ultimately produces the desired conditioned response after repetitive pairings, and eventually without the need of the (UCS). This scenario is classic classical conditioning; however, this type of learning can be applied to any scenario in which behavioral modification through learning is desired."

Tags:conditioned unconditioned response stimulus, john b. watson, associative learning

Abstract
The paper discusses how B.F. Skinner developed a theory of operant conditioning that seems very simple, but which has since been very widely tested and conclusively verified. The paper explains that in essence, the fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that "organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favourable consequences" (Weiten 237).

From the Paper
"Building on the work on instrumental learning done by Edward L. Thorndike, B.F. Skinner developed a theory of operant conditioning that seems very simple, but which has since been very widely tested and conclusively verified. In essence, the fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that "organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favourable consequences" (Weiten, date of publication, p. 237). This principle is embodied in the concept of reinforcement. Reinforcement occurs when an event that follows a response is likely to increase one's tendency to emit that response. While Skinner worked primarily with rats..."

Tags:operant, conditioning, skinner

Abstract
Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which the subject begins to associate a behavior with a certain stimuli. This paper discusses classical and operant conditioning, rephrasing what they are, and explaining them with real-life examples.

From the Paper
"In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (something that will always lead to a reaction of some type) leads to an unconditioned response (a natural reaction to the UCS). A neutral stimulus (NS) becomes paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). This is also called the Pavlovian conditioning because Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning in an experiment involving dogs. Eventually, the pairing of the NS and the UCS leads to an UCR. The conditioned stimulus (CS), which used to be the NS, will be associated with a response (CR). The CS really has no connection to the response but through the conditioning, the subject learns to associate their conditioned response with the CS."

Tags:classical, conditioning, dogs, negative, neutral, operant, pavlov, positive, punishments, reinforcement, rewards, situational, stimulus, unconditioned

Abstract
This paper compares, contrasts and defines classical and operant conditioning as two approaches to fostering learning.

From the Paper
"Classical conditioning changes reflex behavior that in the absence of any learning, would occur only in response to specific stimuli such as salivation in the presence of food. (Kagan Havemann) Classical conditioning capitalizes upon reflexes that are built in and not learned per se. It is defined by Kagan and Havemann as a type of learning process through which a response becomes attached to a conditioned or previously neutral stimuli. Operant conditioning, in contrast, refers to the process by which through learning free operant..."

Tags:classical conditioning, operant conditioning

Abstract
This paper examines and compares the findings of operant conditioning studies when participants are animals and when participants are human. Differences are discussed in terms of the applicability of the principles and concepts derived from research on animal behavior to research on human behavior. To provide context to the comparison, the paper begins with a discussion and delineation of the fundamentals of operant conditioning.

From the Paper
"Skinner defines operant conditioning as the use of the consequences of a given behavior to modify, strengthen, refine or stop said behavior. This paper addresses the issue of the extent to which processes involved in operant conditioning using animals, non-human species, extend to human behavior. Specifically, the paper examines and compares the findings of operant conditioning studies when participants are animals and when participants are human. Differences are noted that, discussed in terms of the applicability of the..."

Tags:operant, conditioning

Abstract
This paper explores the current political and security conditions in Africa, with emphasis on the role of Nigeria. The paper details the conflicts undergone by the continent. The paper also explains the efforts to restore order rather than promote development.

From the Paper
"For many many decades the entire continent of Africa has been troubled with conflicts that have disrupted the political and social order, inhibited vitally important economic growth and focused efforts on the part of African governments as well as foreign powers on restoring order rather than on promoting development."

Tags:Africa, security conditions, Nigeria