Abstract
In war, a distinction is made between murder and killing. Murder is the deliberate killing of another human being and is condemned, but killing another in war is treated as a necessary act and one that does not carry the same stigma. Making other understand the distinction can be difficult, however. In human society, inhibitory restraints against killing other human beings have developed over time and have gained the force of law both moral and man-made.

From the Paper
In war, a distinction is made between murder and killing. Murder is the deliberate killing of another human being and is condemned, but killing another in war is treated as a necessary act and one that does not carry the same stigma. Making other understand the distinction can be difficult, however. In human society, inhibitory restraints against killing other human beings have developed over time and have gained the force of law both moral and man-made. In war, though, these restraints are lessened and have to be overcome to a degree for self-protection. Still, when soldiers have to perform this act, even if it is clear that it is an act of self-protection, it can take a psychological toll. These individuals have

Tags:killing, resistance, war

Abstract
This paper answers some questions about the book "Behind a Convict's Eyes" by K.C. Carceral. It talks about adaptations made by prisoners, the need of prisoners for respect, hope and safety, possible improvements to the corrections facilities, and how the book, written by a prisoner, changes ones's opinion of prison life.

From the Paper
"This paper focuses on the book "Behind a Convict's Eyes" by K. C. Carceral. The book is written by a convict on what it is like to do time in a modern prison. This paper looks at how the book changes one's opinions of prison life, adaptation strategies of convicts in adjusting to prison life, how an inmate's need for respect, hope and safety contributes to corrections policy, what changes in correctional policy should be implemented at the facility where Anonymous N Inmate, the title character in..."

Tags:prison, adaptation

Abstract
This paper reviews the book, "Criminal Justice: Confronting the Prison Crisis", by Elihu Rosenbalt; which is a collection of research done on the American prison system and the issue of abuse within it. The paper begins with a synopsis of the book's structure. The paper focuses on two articles in particular, "The Labor of Doing Time" by Julie Browne and "Gardens of the Law: The Role of Prisons in the Capitalist Society" by Joel Olsen. It summarizes and assesses the opinions of these two writers on the American prison system.

From the Paper
"Two articles that caught my attention are written by Julie Browne and Joel Olson, entitled, "The Labor of Doing Time" and "Gardens of the Law: The Role of Prisons in the Capitalist Society," respectively. The piece by Julie Browne discussed the history of forced labor among convicts in prisons, and Browne provides historical and critical analysis of the said issue, citing different instances in history where human rights of the prisoners were violated, and where they are constantly exposed to abuse and poverty. Browne's article focused on the issues of inequality, economic profit to capitalist companies/businesses, and injustice to prisoners in US prison systems. Browne introduced us readers to the terms "convict leasing" and "chain gangs," terms that resulted from the Convict Lease System that was founded and implemented during the 19th century. Under this kind of system, companies team-up with prison administration on a business venture, with the arrangement that the former would provide greater funding for that particular prison, while the latter will provide the workers that will be needed for the production and manufacturing of the company's products or goods."

Tags:research, abuse, labor, convict, human, rights, poverty, inequality, profit, capitalist

Abstract
This paper examines the success of prison rehabilitation programs in reducing the prison population, providing former prisoners with life and job skills and cutting the rate of recidivism. It gives special attention to Louisiana-based programs such as Project Return and the state?s Department of Labor and Corrections job fair. This paper concludes that federally-funded programs such as these are essential in helping the prison system fulfill its rehabilitative as well as punitive roles.

From the Paper
"Recent statistics released by the Bureau of Justice present a sobering picture of the United States corrections system. A 2000 census shows that there are an estimated 2 million people currently incarcerated in the country. This translates to an incarceration rate of 699 prisoners for 100,000 people. Analysts believe that within a few years, the United States will surpass Russia as the country with the world's highest incarceration rate (Boulard). This growing prison population continues to reduce the effectiveness of the corrections program and to strain limited state resources. In the last fiscal year alone, states spent $38 billion on corrections and prison-related expenses, a 5.2 percent increase from the year before."

Tags:convict, corrections, america, criminal, justice, jail, incarceration

Abstract
This essay presents the summary of the magnum opus "Twice the Work of Free Labor- The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South" by Alex Lichtenstein. This paper shows how Lichtenstein provides an overview and his personal review of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century criminal justice system in order to single out the possible reasons behind the current massive figures representing African American prisoners. The last paragraph is based on personal opinion of the book.

From the Paper
"The long-lasting heated debate took its origin from C. Vann Woodward, one of the foremost advocators of the discontinuity thesis. He presented his controversial views regarding the emergence of the New south and its history. He was of the view that as an aftermath of the Civil War and Reconstruction, a distinct group of tradesmen and business tycoons appeared resulting in the demise of the prestigious class of ancient farmers and agriculturists of the south. However, the real debate began in the 1970s when the "new abolitionsists" or "new continuarians" headed by the pioneer Jonathan Wiener vehemently opposed Woodward by refuting his claims. This group suggested that the society of New South had slightly deviated or changed from what it believed, practiced as rituals and ancient manners. Thus maintaining that southern society was built on chained and enslaved horticultural working class and uncovered the resistance of the people of south toward industrial growth. This class of observers took jailbird labor, sharecropping, and deficit subordination as apparent and potential symbols representing servitude. In addition to the above, they were of the notion that it was due to the act of enslaving blacks that the South remained economically and socially unstable. Where the two clashing groups of historians addressed two major aspects of south that is forced labor and capitalism, Lichtenstein rejects both point of views, he established his own thesis thereby throwing light on a highly neglected yet critical aspect of the underlying issue and settles the continuity debate forever. The convict lease system of the south as well as the chain gang system are considered as the "most appalling features" that the author considers as responsible components for replacing South "to the process of modernization itself" (p. xvi)."

Tags:criminal, justice, african, american, convict

Abstract
The paper discusses how in the early and mid-20th century a number of intellectuals justifiably became fascinated with Marxism/Communism and found it to be an appealing ideology because it was based upon principles of equality and justice. The paper describes how the ideological basis of Marxism/Communism and its condemnation of capitalism appealed to intellectuals around the world at this time because they recognized the fundamental flaws in capitalist systems and longed for the establishment of a truly just society based upon equality and justice for everyone.

From the Paper
"In the early and mid-20th Century, a number of intellectuals justifiably became fascinated with Marxism/Communism and found it to be an appealing ideology because it was based upon principles of equality and justice. Marxists and communists condemned capitalism as an unjust, corrupt and exploitative system that enriched industrialists, big businessmen, and financiers at the expense of the working classes. The ideological basis of Marxism/Communism and its condemnation of capitalism appealed to..."

Tags:intellectuals, communism, appeal

Abstract
This paper discusses the problems associated with sending innocent people to prison, focusing on the story "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption." The paper gives an overview of the plot in which the character, Andy Dufresne, has been sentenced with a life sentence for murdering his wife and her lover , although he is innocent of the crime. The paper points out that like thousands of innocent people sent to prison there are different factors involved making them appear to be guilty. The paper concludes by stating that these factors must be considered in each case to stop sending innocent people to prison or having them executed.

From the Paper
"Over 2 million people are in American jails and prisons, but not all of these people are guilty of the crimes they have been charged of doing (Liptak). In the story of "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption", Andy Dufresne has been sentenced with a life sentence for murdering his wife and her lover (King). Andy Dufresne is innocent of the crime, but like thousands of innocent people sent to prison there are different factors involved making them appear to be guilty. Dufresne had circumstantial evidence that made it appear as if he was guilty. The facts that were revealed prove that Dufresne was not guilty and he should never have..."

Tags:innocent, prison, witnesses

Abstract
This paper examines what motivates people to kill. The author relate how many people actually take part in mass killing and killing in war. The paper explores specific conflicts and killings.

From the Paper
"Semelin examines the motives of the individual for participating in mass killings and notes that there are many reasons but most revolve around prestige and looking good in the eyes of ones neighbors friends and coworkers. He looks at the killing of the Jews in World War II often by neighbors or friends or at least fellow countrymen like the Poles and notes that people went along with the tide of what was happening. They justified what they did by believing they were obeying their superiors ..."

Tags:mass killing, motivation

Abstract
The writer of this paper details relevant statistics and data regarding the growing problem of violence and gang related incidents in prisons, both in America and around the world. This paper cites federal reports which state that there was a 400% increase in prison gang disturbances during the 1990s. This paper examines the unique management issues facing prison guards and administrators in trying to control the violence. The writer explores several published articles with information and solutions to the gang violence problem in prisons. This paper delves into the reason gangs exist in prison, which include current gang members who enter prisons who are quick to locate affiliate members from their own gang. Young people who enter prison for the first time learn quickly that the fastest way to get protection from the older, tougher inmates is to join a gang. The writer discusses the importance of systematically monitoring gangs in prison for purposes of seizing drugs and other illegal contraband. This paper also examines the lack of rules or restrictions in dealing with gangs in prison.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
The Statistics
Monitoring
Restrictions
Characteristics Common to all the Gangs Around the World Include
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Gang activity through prison is most often tracked by a data base computer system. This insures that an inmate who is known to belong to a particular gang is in the computer data base and can be tracked if he re-offends and goes to another prison or comes back to the same one.
"Also, three systems use regularly scheduled reports, incident reports and intake interviews to track gangs, and in Connecticut, Nebraska and Tennessee, gang coordinators are present in the facilities. Utah uses a graduated point system to document gang activity before the information is officially validated and logged, and Delaware refers all cases of gang-related activity to its internal affairs section."

Tags:jail, prison, guard, violence, gang, restrictions

Abstract
The author of this paper examines whether there is a basis of truth in the statement that capital punishment deters violent crime. The writer contends that this statement is used by many who believe in the death penalty but that there are many that insist that there is little to no effect. The author examines both sides of the argument in an attempt to draw conclusions from the information gathered and determine which side is correct.

Outline:
Introduction
Argument for the Death Penalty
Argument Against the Death Penalty
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"It is possible, however, that the death penalty would be a deterrent if it were used more swiftly and more often. Many people who are sentenced to death spend years in prison appealing their conviction and appealing their sentence, and this is a large waste of taxpayer money, as well as a huge burden on the court system. Those that are guilty beyond a shadow of a doubt often wait a long time for their sentence to be carried out. Even when DNA evidence shows that they were the guilty party, the execution is still not swiftly carried out, and this allows many criminals to find some way to avoid it.
Instead, they end up spending their life in prison, where they get hot meals every day, are allowed to exercise, and have a bed to sleep in every night. They watch TV and read books, and this is more than many of the hungry and homeless in today's society get. Criminals are treated better than many of these people. The criminals have lost their freedom, but they get a lot of things in return for that, and society is required to pay for them through taxes and other avenues that fund the prisons."

Tags:crime deterrent, death row, condemned execution appeal killing execution prison convict violence imprisonment criminal violence