Abstract
This paper explains that the Concert of Europe was an arrangement set up by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The author points out that it consisted of a loose agreement between four great powers---Russia, Prussia, Britain and Austria---to keep the peace and maintain territorial integrity. The paper relates that this body set itself up to settle disputes in Europe and preserve the status quo in terms of boundaries.

From the Paper
"After the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna was held in to recreate the balance of power and set new boundaries and to guard against future French hegemony. It also dealt with international issues such as the slave trade, the rules of ..."

Tags:Concert of Europe, Congress of Vienna

Abstract
This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of the Concert of Europe in dealing with the Eastern Question. Throughout the Eastern Question, which regards the fate of the Ottoman Empire, Concert diplomacy was used to solve the various crises that arose. The paper describes and analyzes three of these crises, the Syrian Crisis, the Crimean War, and the Balkan Wars.

From the Paper
"With the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, a system of diplomacy, known as the Concert of Europe, was established between the great powers of the time. This union held underlying norms and regulations that directed the Powers foreign policy for the decades that followed. Although initially developed to deal with European matters, the Concert was faced with dilemmas and crises concerning the interests of the great powers outside of Europe as well. This was particularly true with regards to the "Eastern Question" which was becoming more and more of a heightened issue as the nineteenth century progressed. As J.A.R. Marriott wrote: "European statesmen have persistently sought to "isolate" the politics of the Near East. They have almost consistently failed" (1963: 10). The issues concerning the Ottoman Empire quickly became relevant international issues that stood before the Concert of Europe. The treatment of these issues by the great powers reflects both the strengths and the weaknesses of the European Concert system. The various crises concerning the fate of the Ottoman Empire will be analyzed in order to show the effectiveness of the Concert system to deal with the Eastern Question up to the Crimean War, and its gradual decline and weaknesses until it's disintegration in World War I."

Tags:balkan, concert, crimean, crisis, empire, europe, ottoman, straits, syrian, war

Abstract
This paper explains that competition law policy has been implemented in many parts of the world in order to achieve 'workable competition' and prevent the formation of a 'cartelised' economy. In particular, the paper looks at how Article 81 of the European Community Treaty plays an important role in regulating competition in the Europe. The paper discusses how, although the Commission has been keen not to allow there to be legalistic distinctions between the treatment of agreements and concerted practices in Article 81(1), and has received the support of the community courts in this endeavour, there still seems to exist an artificial distinction that makes both terms conceptually distinct.

From the Paper
"From these cases, we can conclude that the notion of a 'concerted practice' has increasingly been given wider definitions, the crux of which consists of a mental consensus whereby practical cooperation is knowingly substituted for competition, and that such can be achieved through direct or indirect contact between the parties without it being verbal. Hence, in the Cement appeals , the CFI held that receiving information at a meeting about the future conduct of a competitor constituted a concerted practice, even if one was a mere passive recipient of such information . Also in Soda-ash/Solvay , the Commission stated that a formal agreement is not necessary to prove collusion, as long as each party infers commitment from the other on the basis of conduct . These cases seem to show that concerted practices come under the umbrella of 'agreements', but only covers the less formal ones."

Tags:competition, community, courts

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the concept of a "united Europe" is an ancient one and can be traced all the way back to the days of the Roman Empire, when a larger land area of the Mediterranean region came under a single government than at any time since. The E.U. as it currently exists evolved over a period of half a century through many treaties and negotiations, but without warfare. The writer discusses that the E.U. as it exists is not synonymous with a United States of Europe, for several reasons. It is these reasons that have been at the forefront of the integration efforts which have dominated E.U. discourse since the 1950s.

From the Paper
"The power of this idea of Rome, even long after it fell, seemed to inspire many political philosophers and statesmen to attempt to duplicate the model in their own time. While the expansion of the Catholic church with central authority based, again, in Rome (and also utilizing Latin as a sort of international language) somewhat reflected the last remnants of the Empire, it was only ..."

Tags:politics

Abstract
The paper presents the thesis that Europe's move to secularization would not have taken place without three factors: increasing urbanization, the related transfer of jobs from the agriculturally based to the industrially based, and the state sponsorship of religion, which reduced the recruiting zeal of organized religion and allowed for a decay of religious sentiment during the century. The paper shows how the stage was set for the theories of Charles Darwin to be accepted in the mid-19th century as a logical extension of the diminished role of God and religion in the affairs of man.

Outline:
Introduction
Precursors in the 18th Century
At the Dawn of the 19th Century
Secularism in the University
Religion in the 19th Century: Distancing itself from the Populace
Increasing Urbanization in Europe and its Effect on Secularization
Other Factors Increasing Secularization
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The emergence of rationalism in the 1700s showed a flowering of economics and philosophy, and paralleled an increase in agricultural wealth throughout these countries. The increase of trade and the introduction of high-yield crops contributed to an increase in agricultural production across a broad part of the United Kingdom, and to a more limited extent in France and Germany. This resulted in redundancy in the fields, which allowed for out-migration and the creation of a ready labor pool for industrial concerns."

Tags:Darwin, industrialization, urbanization, Roman, Catholic, Church

Abstract
This paper provides a book review of T.R. Reid's (2004) "The United States of Europe", a work in which the author points to numerous accomplishments by the EU that signal its increasing global, political and economic power and how this serves as a threat to the future economic and political role of the U.S. in the world during the twenty-first century.

From the Paper
"In "The United States of Europe: The New Superpower and the End of American Supremacy", T. R. Reid argues that the European Union (EU) is a new species of the United States, a largely borderless, federal union that is not exactly a single country but is much more than just another international trading bloc. Reid's central thesis of the book is that as ever closer integration or union of states occurs in the European Union, America has remained asleep at the wheel regarding..."

Tags:government, regulatory officials, euro, finance, economy, markets, trade, deficit, superpower

Abstract
The paper covers the political history as depicted in the book, "Rebirth: A political history of Europe Since WWII" by Cyril E. Black et al. Specifically, the paper discusses why certain European countries decided to merge their economic policies after World War II.

From the Paper
"There were several factors that led to this decision to band economies together. The authors of Rebirth write, "The divisions of Europe over security matters led to economic alignments that carried important implications for the defense capabilities of each region" (Black, English, Helmreich, McAdams & Helmreich, 2000, p. 58). Clearly, the divisions of east and west and Soviet and Democratic were key issues in forming economic bonds. There were others, as well. After the war, most of Europe was on shaky economic ground. Banding economies together was one way to strengthen them and help economic growth, so it made sense for many countries to create economies in common."

Tags:security, matters, economic, alignments, defense, capabilities

Abstract
This paper discusses the European Renaissance and Reformation. The author takes us on the path of their creation and allows us to explore their meaning and significance. The author finds that they were an important part of the development of Europe. The author takes us back in time to witness its creation and participation in the European development.

Abstract
This paper discusses how the world would be today if Napoleon had approached his conquest of Europe from a democratic point of view. The paper begins with a brief history and overview of Napoleon and his politics and then analyzes his rule in France and Europe from a democratic point of view.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview of Napoleon and His Politics
Hard to Be Humble When You Are Great
Napoleonic Rule in France from a Democratic Point of View
Democratization Through Conquest
Napoleonic Rule in Europe
The Downfall of Napoleon
France Today Based on President Napoleon
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Napoleon I (1769-1821) was the emperor of the French who consolidated and institutionalized many reforms of the French Revolution. Much like George Washington, he was one of the greatest military commanders of all time. Napoleon conquered the larger part of Europe and did much to modernize the nations he ruled. Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, Corsica, and was given the name Napoleone (in French his name became Napoleon Bonaparte). He was the second of eight children of Carlo (Charles) Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino Buonaparte, both of the Corsican- Italian gentry. No Buonaparte had ever been a professional soldier. Carlo was a lawyer who had fought for Corsican independence, but after the French occupied the island in 1768, he served as a prosecutor and judge and entered the French aristocracy as a count. "Through his father's influence, Napoleon was educated at the expense of King Louis XVI, at Brienne and the Ecole Militaire, in Paris. Napoleon graduated in 1785, at the age of 16, and joined the artillery as a second lieutenant.""

Tags:toulon, josephine, de, beauharnais, aritocratic, elitist, temper, tantrums, commander

Abstract
This paper reviews the Dark Ages, the period from circa 500 AD up to about 1066 AD when William I became Norman king of England, period that is often unjustly been referred to as a largely uneventful epoch in which Europe essentially lost track of its past and ignored its cultural legacy. According to the paper, the truth is somewhat more complex and it now seems evident that the Dark Ages were a period wherein concerted and dynamic efforts were made to reconstitute the ancient Roman Empire - if only in Western Europe. The following paper will explore one of the most remarkable phenomena of the period - Charlemagne's crowning as "Emperor of the Romans" in 800 AD - and outline why he was crowned as such and the enduring significance of the event.

Tags:crusades, charlemagne, history