Abstract This paper proposes a study to comparatively assess the relative effectiveness of three models for the prediction of digoxin concentration in subjects receiving digoxin under physician order. It looks at how various approaches to the prediction of digoxin concentration have been advanced over the years and how several of these approaches have developed relatively widespread acceptance. It shows how controversy has surrounded these for the reason that such predictions frequently are not as accurate as required for optimal benefits in clinical applications and how as a consequence of the unreliability of these procedures, patients frequently were placed at risk. It provides an introduction, objective and hypothesis and an analysis of the results.
From the Paper "Most earlier models for the prediction of digoxin concentration were based on an assumption of a steady-state condition. This assumption of a steady-state condition led to hypotheses concerning predicted and observed digoxin concentration based on a research question that asked, in effect: Are predicted and observed values different? An important methodological assumption in these earlier models that was incorporated into hypotheses was that, if predicted and observed digoxin concentration levels were not different, then they were the same. The prediction model developed by Williams, et al. dropped the assumption of a steady-state condition, which allowed the revision of the research question to one that the following: Are predicted and observed values the same?4 By asking if predicted and observed values are the same, outcomes of hypothesis testing need not be inferred on the basis of an assumption of a steady-state condition."
Tags: clinical, applications, patients, hypothesis, model
Abstract It appears to be quite certain that the concentration of financial wealth in Canada is leading to a concentration of political influence. One disturbing development in our democracy is that the political state is starting to be governed more by the market than by the sentiments of the voters - even though the market is supposed to be a representation of the peoples' preferences. But in the end, the state has become a symbolic representation of the vested economic interests of one small, but powerful constituency of society.
Abstract This discussion focuses on motorbike riders' concentration levels. The paper presents a review of the literature that examines the increases in motorcyclists in the United Kingdom, fatalities that occur with motorbike riders, government interventions, and a description of a three-week police training program. The paper analyzes the impact of a police three-week intensive rider training program on concentration levels.
Outline
Chapter 1: Introduction
Background Information
Purpose Statement
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Motorcycling for Leisure
Increases in Motor Cycle Ownership and Fatalities
Improving Rider Safety through Training and Government Sponsored Initiatives
Chapter 3: Method
Participants
Instruments
Procedures
Design and Analysis
Recommendations
Amendments
Findings
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Motor safety is an essential component in securing transportation systems in countries throughout the world. Over the past 40 years, motor safety has become a chief concern for transportation departments around the globe. These transportation departments have instituted regulations that place safety at the forefront. These regulations include the installation of and mandatory wearing of seatbelts and certain restrictions on gas emissions. In recent years, transportation departments have began to focus on distractions that may hinder driver concentration. Such distractions such as Cell Phone Usage while driving a motor vehicle have been banned in some areas."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the lives of those living in Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust. The purpose of this paper is to try and show the inhuman brutality of these concentration camps. The paper further discusses the extermination camps that were built in 1942 with the purpose of murdering Jews.
From the Paper " Many prisoners eventually became what were known as Muselmanner. The Muselmanner are persons destroyed, devastated, shattered wrecks strung between life and death. They are the victims of a stepwise annihilation of human beings. The mere external appearance of the Muselmanner bespoke profound dehumanization. In a final stage of emaciation, their skeletons were enveloped by flaccid, parchmentlike sheaths of skin, edema had formed on their feet and thighs, their posterior muscles had collapsed. Their skulls seemed elongated; their noses dripped constantly, mucus running down their chins. Their eyeballs had sunk deep into their sockets; their gaze was glazed. Their limbs moved slowly, hesitantly, almost mechanically. They exuded a penetrating, acrid odor; sweat, urine, liquid feces trickled down their legs. The rags that covered their freezing frames were full of lice; their skin was covered with scabies. Most suffered from diarrhea. They ate anything they could lay their hands on--moldy bread, cheese wriggling with worms, raw bits of turnip, garbage fished from the bins. "
Abstract The paper discusses concentration camps built by Hitler's Germany in WWII for Jews as well as other prisoners. It provides a brief overview of the history of anti-semitism in Germany of the time, including Kristallnacht, and describes life as it was for prisoners in the camps.
From the Paper "The living conditions in both camps could be classified as dismal at best. The poor living conditions caused contagious diseases to spread like wild fire throughout the camps. In Auschwitz I, the prisoners lived in brick barracks with hundreds of three leveled bunk beds. The barracks did not have heating or any sanitary components to them. The barracks were extremely overcrowded, had leaking roofs, and there were rats running all over the place.
"While in the camps, prisoners received three meager meals a day. If they were performing "light" labor they would be given 1,300 calories of food a day. If they were doing more demanding work they would be fed 1,700 calories a day. As a result of being fed a very small amount of food in relation to the amount of work they were doing, many prisoners suffered from malnutrition and a form of physical deterioration they referred to as the "Muzulman state"."
This paper is a research study that performs a concentration analysis of the fast-food segment of the restaurant industry with a view toward developing an explanation for shifting growth and investment trends within the industry.
Abstract This paper is a research study that investigated: Is profitability associated positively with concentration in the fast-food segment of the restaurant industry? This paper includes an extensive review of the literature that covers many fields: The fast-food industry, external environmental conditions, the market structure, anti-trust concerns, elasticity of demand, productivity and statistical and research procedures. The paper reports the conclusion of the research that the larger firms in the industry dominate the industry because they are more efficient.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose and Significance of the Problem
Background on the Fast-Food Segment of the Restaurant Industry and External Environmental Conditions
Overview of the Remainder of the Study
Review of Related Literature
Theoretical and Conceptual Literature
Market Structure
Antitrust Concerns
Elasticity of Demand
Productivity
Literature Review Summary
Methodology
Research Design
Analytical Model
Data Sources
Data Analysis
Summary
Results
Hypothesis Test Results
Summary
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper "Barriers to exit refer to the costs that would be incurred by a firm should that firm decide to stop participating in a given market. Thus, a market in which participating firms (1) are required to make a high cost investment in equipment and/or facilities, and (2) where such equipment and/or facilities may not (a) be easily transferable by a firm to use for other purposes, or (b) quickly sold without significant loss may be said to be characterized by barriers to exit. Market contestability is defined primarily in the context of ease of exit, and ease of exit is directly related to the barriers to exit character of a market. When a firm can leave an industry or market at little or no cost to the firm, the market is said to be contestable."
This paper discusses concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) for swine and the environmental and human health hazards typically associated with such practices.
Abstract This paper explains that recent changes in swine-management practices, concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), have resulted in a growing controversy surrounding the environmental and public health effects of modern swine production. The author points out two problems in swine-management practices, including an increase in health hazards because of the confined spaces, and public relations problems for the industry, particularly in the communities immediately situated near such facilities. The paper relates that the industry deal with these issues by using sound environmental health practices in the workplace and by providing anaerobic lagoons to help remediate the large amount of biological wastes that are inevitably generated at such CAFOs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Environmental and Health Hazards Associated with CAFOs for Swine
Current and Future Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper "During the last half of the 20th century, agricultural growth and development in the United States has become more closely linked to a wide range of social and environmental problems. Partially because of the industrialization of farming and food production, soil and water resources have been degraded, wildlife habitats have been destroyed, and rural communities have been dissolved and uprooted.The scale, mechanization, specialization, capital-intensity, and chemical-intensity of agricultural production have dramatically increased, with the result that large agribusinesses and individual farm operators have come under greater environmental scrutiny associated with the broader "greening" of public opinion since 1970."
Abstract This paper discusses that concerns have been raised about a rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The paper explains that the issue has been examined using climate models, such as the one called EDGCM based on a 120 year long model run, starting in 1985 with an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The paper relates that a global climate model such as this allows for a study of climates in the past present and future.
From the Paper "Such computer-driven models are one of the primary tools now used in climate research. The EDGCM model also serves as a learning tool for students and provides data to the public in a more easily-accessed manner than is true of some other models ("EDGCM: The Project" paras. 1-3)."
Abstract This paper presents a brief look at the beginnings and evolution of the Nazi concentration camps. The writer looks at the original purpose of these camps and at their evolution into death camps. The writer also argues that the Jewish people were not the only victims and the prisoners were not just Jews. The writer points out that righteous people, trying to stand up for the rights of their fellow man and people of many different ethnicities and religions were all victims of the Nazi campaign. The writer concludes that World War II and the Jewish Holocaust changed humanity.
From the Paper "World War II and the Jewish Holocaust is remembered as the darkest moment of humanity in recent history. It is generally believed that the Nazi party, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, was on a quest to rid the world of Jewish people. The pictures of starving men and women in German concentration camps are probably remembered most. Most people believe that those men and women are the poor Jews hated by all Germans. However, the persecution included people of many faiths and ethnicities. The truth of the matter is that the camps were not originally planned to be extermination plants, and actually for the first few years only a small percentage of prisoners were Jewish."
Abstract This paper describes an experiment designed to determine the fate of Planaria that had been cut in half, while immersed in varying concentrations of MgCl, as Magnesium has been shown to relax smooth muscles, inhibiting wound closure. The experiment had fatal results for the Planaria that were in the two highest concentrations of MgCl. It should also be noted that the experiment had to be halted after just five days, due to another student mishandling and spilling the Planaria. The data gathered leading up to the halt of the experiment showed that Planaria which are in the highest concentrations (provided that the concentration is not high enough to be fatal) of MgCl will have the slowest rate of regeneration and wound closure.
From the Paper "The class of Turbellaria contains the phylum Platyhelminthes, and the family Planariidae to which Planaria belong to. Planaria are free-living flat worms that can be found in marine, aquatic, and terrestrial environments. The planarian has very simple organ systems. It consists of a small brain, perceptual organs and digestive system that comprises of a mouth, pharynx, and an intestine (Pitt-Bradford, 2002). However, it is a planarian's morphogenesis that can be mysterious and is of interest. Planaria have highly robust regeneration systems with the ability to re-grow lost body parts (Brooks and Rodney, 1999). When part of its body is excised, each piece of the part has the ability to regenerate itself (Reddien and Alvarado, 2004). During regeneration, muscle contractions in the Planaria close the wound, followed by the spreading of epithelial cells. Regeneration in planarians depends on a population of adult stem cells called neoblasts that have the potential to turn into any type of planarian cell (Reddien et al, 2005). By studying this process, one can expand their scientific knowledge and perhaps develop ways of helping out other people and animals that have lost their limbs by finding a way of having their body regenerate the missing appendage back."
Abstract This paper covers the origins, the operations and the ultimate shut down of the concentration and extermination camp system of the Third Reich. The author gives a comprehensive explanation on the differences between concentration and extermination camps. The activities that took place in the camps are also discussed as well as the types of prisoners that were held and killed in these camps. In addition, the author also looks at the medical experiments that took place.
Outline:
Origins of a Nightmare
Pre-War Derivations
The Camps in War
Concentration v. Extermination
Activities of Murder
Labor
Medical Experiments
Mass Murder
The End of Horrors
Evacuation and Liberation
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "Henrich Himmler and Oswald Pohl. Prisoners of the facilities quickly found themselves in a bleak world of suffering; a world filled with hard labor, cruel medical experiments, and mass murder. In nineteen-forty-four, a new hope was found in the advancement of the Allies and revolts spread throughout the camps. However, as the likelihood of liberation grew, so did Himmler's fears of losing control. In desperation, he ordered an evacuation of every concentration and extermination camp in the Reich's Eastern territories. The death marches that resulted sent many more innocents to their graves. The nightmare ended in April nineteen-forty-five."
A look at the role of enzymes in biological processes, and the results of an experiment studying the effects of enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, pH, and heat upon the rate of hydrolysis of ONPG.
2,420 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 2 sources, 1997, $ 73.95
From the Paper "Enzymes play an important role as catalysts in cells, since most cellular reactions would occur much too slowly or not at all in the absence of enzymes. Enzymes act to increase the rate of a reaction by binding to substrates (the reactants) at the active site, orienting the reactants in the proper position to interact and thereby reducing the amount of activation energy required for molecular interaction. They are not consumed in the reaction. In this experiment, the effects of enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, pH, and heat upon the rate of hydrolysis of ONPG (the reactant) were studied."
Abstract This paper explains that the mobile lifestyle of the Gypsies, who migrated from southern Asia over one thousand years ago and settled in many areas of Europe, especially Germany, frightened many sedentary town dwellers. Even today, the most common aspect of Gypsy life is to be persecuted. The author points out that the objective of the Nazis was to remove the Gypsies from society by using a three-track program similar to the treatment of Jews: Harassment and anti-Gypsy legislation, incarceration in concentration camps that included experimentation, and finally, extermination. The paper relates that even though thousands of Gypsies died, their case is not as well-known as that of the Jews because the Gypsies were less educated and did not record their experiences in writing as frequently. Also, their beliefs and culture regarding ritual purity and sexual conduct had been violated in the concentration camps, making them reluctant to talk about what had happened.
Table of Contents
Background
What it is like to be a Gypsy?
Before the War
Track Number One
Track Number Two
Track Number Three
During the War
The Nazi Experiments
From the Paper "Even before the advent of war, the Gypsies were persecuted and shunned by society. As early as 1929, the city of Frankfurt Germany set up a "concentration camp for Gypsies" outside the city limits because of complaints by citizens. Therefore, the persecution of Gypsies began long before the Nazi regime took power, and in fact, historian Lewy notes, "When the Nazis intensified the harassment and persecution practiced by earlier regimes, most of their neighbors remained superbly indifferent". Adolph Hitler took power in Germany in 1933, and his regime initially had many other people to consider than the Gypsies. There were the Jews, whom Hitler despised and hoped to eradicate from Germany. However, the Gypsies soon became a priority in Hitler's administration for a variety of reasons. The Nazis began to refer to it as the "Gypsy Problem," and gave increasing attention to removing the Gypsies, thereby continuing the "pure" "Aryan" race of white Germany."
Abstract An overview of medical experiments conducted on prisoners in the camps by Nazi doctors. The writer looks at the main 'doctors' who were responsible for these experiments and includes personal accounts by some people who were lucky enough to survive. The paper concentrates on the types of medical experiments performed and the reasons why these were made possible, due to the way the concentration camps functioned.
From the Paper "World War II was a period in which millions of atrocities were committed and millions of people were killed. Under the eye of the war, Hitler was able to perpetuate the massive killing of millions of people; the majority of them were Jewish, some others were gypsies, prisoners of war, political prisoners, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses and more. The holocaust, as we called it today, was a massive genocide that changed the course of the world; the atrocity, and sadistic murders committed against innocent people marked forever the history of humankind. Hitler as the head of the Nazi Party was with no doubt the guiltiest person in this crime; however, camps were run by SS guards and SA guards, the perpetrators of the killing that were guilty as well. The concentration camps were indisputably, killing factories whether it was a death camp or not, where massive numbers of death and murders were occurring daily. The concentration camps were death factories due to the exploitation, starvation, the massive killing in gas chamber in some camps, and of course due to Medical Experiments."
Abstract This paper examines markets based on the analysis known as the four firm concentration ratio, which involves the use of the market share as a percentage of the four largest firms in a given industry. The writer explains that under structural theory this ratio is a measure of competitiveness. Further the writer points out that as a rule if the four firm concentration ratio is more than 60, the market is considered an oligopoly while if it is less than 40 the market is seen as exemplifying monopolistic competition.
From the Paper "The analysis known as the four-firm concentration ratio, which involves the use of the market share, as a percentage, of the four largest firms in a given industry. Under structural theory, this ratio is a measure of competitiveness. As a rule, if the four-firm concentration ratio is more than 60%, the market is considered an oligopoly, while if it is less than 40%, the market is seen as exemplifying monopolistic competition. Assuming that the industry under discussion has 20 firms, and that the concentration ratio is 30%, how would one describe this industry? Given this scenario, the industry would be described as exemplifying monopolistic competition. This involves four characteristics: First, all the firms "produce similar yet not perfectly substitutable products". Second, all firms may enter the industry if the profits are attractive to them."
