Abstract
In this article, the writer defines the term of soft computing as a collection of mathematical and reasoning disciplines that when incorporated into decision-making models provide a means for considering the effects of uncertainties on probably future outcomes. The writer reviews the development of soft computing and looks at applications. Further, the writer discusses the future of soft computing.

From the Paper
"Soft computing (S.C.) refers to a collection of mathematical and reasoning disciplines that when incorporated into decision-making models provide a means for considering the effects of uncertainties on probably future outcomes. The mathematical and reasoning disciplines typically included in the definition of S.C. are a probabilistic reasoning (P.R.) S.C. models allow analysts to include data characterized by imprecision uncertainty partial truth and approximation in decision analyses ... "

Tags:Soft, Computing, Fuzzy, Systems, Neural, Networks, Genetic, Algorithms, Chaos, Theory

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the role of computing and IT in the productivity gains during the 1970s and again during the late 1990s and early millennium. The proposition is made that not only are these productivity gains due to computing and IT improvements in the workplace, but also to the introduction of computing and IT in to the educational system. The writer notes that some analysts believe these recent gains are going to continue to some degree.

From the Paper
"The degree to which technology and technological applications have altered the character and context of the workplace is both significant and profound. However, because of the pervasive nature of contemporary technological applications, the significance of the change often goes unnoticed or unrecognized. Yet, one needs to look no further than the average elementary classroom to understand the degree to which society's future workers have been affected."

Tags:computing, it, productivity

Abstract
"This paper discusses security for client/server computing and how to develop it, noting that term client/server was first used in the 1980s and referred to personal computers on a network. The paper shows that information security refers to the need to protect the data being transferred over a network or stored in a computer, with threats from outsiders, from the system itself if it does not maintain data and assure validity, and from other threats to privacy as well.

From the Paper
"Computer security is a major issue in a number of computing situations. Information security refers to the need to protect the data being transferred over a network or stored in a computer. Data security can be compromised in a number of ways, such as being accessed by unauthorized personnel, intercepted during a transfer, or otherwise transferred to a different computer system. Security is a concern for different types of computer system, and there needs to be a consideration of the different security elements needed in designing any such system. The term client/server was first used in the 1980s and referred to personal computers on a network."

Tags:client, server, computing

Abstract
The paper explains that disruptive technology is technology that ultimately changes the way things are done in an industry in a fundamental manner. The paper relates that although "cloud computing" has been redefined several times, it has the potential to be disruptive technology in a positive way.

From the Paper
"The term "disruptive technology" refers to new technology that ultimately changes the way things are done in an industry in a fundamental manner. According to Gartner, Inc., the changes created by disruptive technology impact "business models, processes, revenue streams, industry dynamics and consumer behaviour" (Moore, 2008, footnote). Disruptive technology ultimately has a long lasting impact on society itself, as well. The automobile, for example, was disruptive technology for its time. Voice over IP (VoIP) telephone technology is a disruptive technology for today, as people turn away from traditional telephone service (Yovanof & Hazapis,...)"

Tags:technology, cloud computing, it

Abstract
This paper examines how grid computing is a type of networking that focuses on tapping unused processor cycles, storage and other resources between many computers to solve complex problems, that can't be solved by single computers.It also discusses how grid networks usually require special software to connect the many computers in the network and how they are used for projects that involve huge amounts of data and processor cycles.

Outline
Introduction
Uses, Descriptions and Benefits
Advantages for Your Organization

From the Paper
"Advances in communications technologies and mainly the internet provide one of the main backbones of grid computing. Internet computing makes it possible to for grid networks to handle many teraflops (floating-point operations) that can be used to analyze petabytes of data. For instance, enormous calculations can produce many petabytes of information and would need as much as 20 or more teraflops for basic analysis. A typical supercomputer can handle about 3 teraflops and would be wholly inadequate to complete the task hence the need for more powerful computing solutions like grid networks.".

Tags:computers, hardware, internet, networks, software

Abstract
This paper explores the current mobile computing technologies related with network, hardware and software. In addition, the security and standard of mobile computing is considered as an important aspect of this field. Thie paper also analyzes the current issues in mobile computing worldwide that require further innovation.

Contents:
Introduction
Different types of Distributed Mobile Computing system
Traditional Distributed System
Nomadic Distributed System
Ad-Hoc Mobile distributed System
Mobile Computing Technologies and Hardwares
GSM
AMPS
CDPD
Circuit-switched network
Packet-switched network
Bluetooth
Common Mobile Computing Hardware
Mobile Computing Software
Operating System
Mobile Computing application software
Mobile Computing Security
Virus Attacks
Synchronisation
Network Security
Current Issues of Mobile Computing
Batteries related issues
Bandwidth
Reliability
Mobile Computing Standard
WAP
SWAP
The Future of Mobile Computing
Summary and Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"With the boom in laptop computer sales and the recent popularity of cellular telephone, PCS and paper technologies many experts are convinced that tomorrow's computers will all be mobile. This surge in popularity is followed by the desire for continuous Internet connectivity regardless of location; in other words, users desire Internet version of cellular telephone and mobile that can supply network function."

Tags:amps, cdpd, distributed, hoc, mobile, nomadic, system

Abstract
This paper performs an evaluation of cloud computing by presenting various aspects of this new architecture by means of a literature review. Ultimately a recommendation regarding the adoption of cloud computing for Advantage Credit Ltd, a credit card provider and payment services company, is made based on the understanding of this area of computing reached via the literature view. Various aspects of cloud computing are covered such as security, reliability / disaster recovery, scalability and portability. A discussion revolving around the specific risks to advantage credit and potential for return on investment, together with a summary of what cloud computing can offer the organisation is presented before concluding recommendations are made.

Outline:
Executive summary
Literature review on aspects of Cloud Computing
Security
Reliability/Disaster Recovery
Portability
Scalability
Quality of Service and Service Level Agreements
Costs
Maintenance
Multi-Tenancy
Recommendations Regarding Adoption of Cloud Computing Technology
How it Works and will it Live up to Expectations
What can Cloud Computing Deliver?
Risks and Opportunities
Return on Investment (ROI)
Case study
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Amazon was one of the early movers in providing Cloud Computing to external customers, launching Amazon Web Service (AWS) in 2006 after noting that its networks were using only a small portion of their capacity at any one time - however larger capacity was required for peak demand periods (What is AWS?). AWS is offered using the utility computing model whereby the user pays for their consumption, much like is acceptable with other basic utilities such as electricity and water (Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2)). Leonard Kleinrock (cited in Buyya et al. 2009), a chief scientist working for DARPA during the Internet's foundational phase, had a vision of a world in which computers would become a 5th utility along with water, gas, electricity and telephony. With the growth of the Internet, this vision is becoming a reality where a global network of seemingly infinite distributed computing power can be made available in a "virtual" construct - the cloud."

Tags:advantage, credit, investment, security

Abstract
Today, computers are everywhere but in the near future, they will be "nowhere." Ubiquitous, or pervasive, computing means having "anytime, anywhere" access to computing resources. The term implies that computing will eventually become part of everything and will be so prevalent that most people will not even notice its presence. Implicit in this emerging trend, though, are serious implications for policymakers at all levels who seek to identify appropriate frameworks in which to take best advantages of what this new environment will have to offer American citizens while balancing the needs of the government to ensure the security and safety of the infrastructure, as well as the interests of the nation in the process. Taken together, these issues have resulted in a wide range of interim solutions and half-measures that have not adequately addressed these underlying issues. To help place this matter in perspective, this study uses a qualitative and quantitative questionnaire to survey 53 military and civilian adults to determine their views concerning these issues as they apply to their lives today and how they expect them to play out in the future. The study incorporates a review of the relevant literature to amplify these issues, and a summary of the research and the salient findings from the survey are presented in the concluding chapter. A copy of the questionnaire used for the study as attached at Appendix A. Includes many tables.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Background/Overview of the Problem/Issue. One way to define ubiquitous computing is "anytime, anywhere" access to computing resources; the term "pervasive computing" is similar except that it implies that computing will become part of everything and will be so prevalent that most people would not even notice its presence. To better conceptualize what may be expected in the near future in the evolution of smart environments, an initial look at the future of computing power would be helpful. It is expected that ubiquitous computing will replace the personal computer in coming years, but the reality of this transition carries with it some profound shifts in the manner in which information services are delivered to both consumers and businesses alike. According to Hoctor and Thierauf (2003), "Basically, ubiquitous computing is the ability to access useful digital content, both personal and business related, through a variety of digital information devices" (p. 26). Although these authors predicted that by 2005, ubiquitous computing would have already evolved and would ultimately displace the personal computer on the desktop, millions of personal computers remain in place and millions more are being added to the network each year (Bullinga, 2004)."

Tags:smart, infrastructure, military

Abstract
This paper will consider a very broad definition of computers and computing which will allow the analysis to include a history of the Internet. The paper will also focus on one, more specific area of computing in the concluding section. This is where AI (artificial intelligence) will be briefly explored as one of the most significant current, near future and future computing developments in systems.

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the company Palm Computing Inc., that was founded in the year 1992. The writer discusses that the company's visionary founder Jeff Hawkins and its C.E.O. Donna Dubinsky, with their visionary thinking and analysis and the corporate culture that they believed in, managed to create the company's most famous and well known product, the Palm Computer, which has revolutionized the way in which the world uses a computer today. In this paper, the writer examines the corporate culture of Palm Computing. Further, the writer discusses the vision and the leadership of the company.

From the Paper
"In general, it must be noted that all companies and organizations have a corporate culture that is uniquely their own. While some companies are traditional and conservative, some are more informal in their culture. Whereas in a traditional and conservative atmosphere all the employees of the company are expected to wear a certain type of dress, and also have a certain specific organizational structure, and also operate mostly in a manner that would keep in step with their corporate culture, the informal companies of today let their employees decide exactly how many hours they would want to work, and at times, they are even allowed to work from their own homes."

Tags:Internet, company, handheld, data