An analysis of ADHD in children through a review of the journal article, "Difficulties in Comprehending Causal Relations Among Children With ADHD: The Role of Cognitive Engagement," from the "Journal of Abnormal Psychology".
Abstract This paper discusses the journal article, "Difficulties in Comprehending Causal Relations Among Children With ADHD: The Role of Cognitive Engagement," from the "Journal of Abnormal Psychology". The paper claims that this article is a significant report on the condition of ADHD in children. The article opens by acknowledging the significant academic difficulties that are experienced by students with ADHD, which are well-documented in many studies. The paper explains that there has been a significant lack of research documenting the specific ways in which the comprehension and memory processes for complex, interconnected information differ between ADHD and normal children. The paper presents one of the effective methods that may be used to research these comprehension and memory processes: televised stories.
From the Paper "In order to measure visual attention levels, researchers have had both ADHD and non-ADHD children view one television program in a room with no toys, and another television program in a room with toys. With no toys in the room, both ADHD and non-ADHD children averaged over 90% visual attention to the program. With toys in the room, ADHD children had a far larger drop in the amount of visual attention paid to the program than the non-ADHD children. There was no difference in the understanding of factual events between the groups of children. The ADHD group did have a larger drop in their understanding of causal relations compared to non-ADHD children when toys distracted them from the program. The question, then, is why the ADHD children are able to maintain this understanding of factual events, but not of the causal relations. Possible causes proposed include that children with ADHD shift visual attention more frequently which disrupts the continuity of the story processing, or that ADHD children look at the television for shorter spans of time with toys present which would also impair ability to construct the story."
This paper evaluates research reported in the "Journal of Abnormal Psychology" on February 1, 2004, in the article, "Difficulties in Comprehending Causal Relations among Children with ADHD: The Role of Cognitive Engagement," by Elizabeth Pugzles and assoc
915 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 32.95
Abstract This paper explains that the overall conclusion of this research is that children with ADHD are no less capable of comprehending information from stories presented in television shows than non-ADHD children; however, if there are distractions present, ADHD children will not pay as much attention to the television and, therefore, will not have as complete of an understanding of the story presented as non-ADHD children who did not become distracted by the toys. The author points out that one of the reasons children with ADHD, as well as adults with ADHD, do not keep their visual attention fixed in one place for as long as non-ADHD children is their inability to maintain attentional inertia, which is linked to cognitive engagement. The paper raises some questions criticizing this article: (1) who wouldn't be distracted by toys rather than watching television, and (2) does the withdrawal from the medication skew results?
From the Paper "The results show that without the toys as a distraction, ADHD and non-ADHD children have very similar test results; 90 percent visual attention is paid to the television by all children if there is not a source of distraction. These children also had similar test results when asked questions to show their understanding and recollection of the show they watched. However, when toys (distractions) were added to the experiment, there was a very measurable difference between the ADHD children and non-ADHD children in their ability to understand causal relations and understanding of factual events from the TV show."
Abstract This paper explains that the problem of English language learners (ELLs) learning to write English may be in the failure of the current educational system to distinguish between the differences in the oral and written traditions of the English language. The author points out that ELL students may acquire verbal English skills fairly quickly, which is often mistaken for complete English proficiency; however, research demonstrates that the conventions of written English are far different than spoken English and that ELL students develop written English skills at a rate far slower than the rate at which they develop spoken English skills. The paper relates that ELL students must have a clear understanding of the methodology behind the writing process in order for them to comprehend the general writing traditions of the English language.
Table of Contents:
Discussion
Time Expectations for Adaptation
Conversational English versus Written and Academic English
Failure to Distinguish Oral and Academic Communication in Teaching
Strategies for Teachers
Prewriting
Revising and the "Writer's Workshop"
Journal Writing
Reformulation
Benefits of Encouraging Primary Language Development
Conclusion
From the Paper "The wide variance in writing conventions amongst different languages often forces ELL students to 'unlearn' the conventions of their first language. For example, if a student's first language is a mainly a symbolic, or logographic language, a student may have difficulty learning to form letters that in turn form a word. However, this aspect of language acquisition should not always be considered a hinderance in learning written English. It can also have positive benefits. If a student is already writing in their first language, it is likely that those skills can be utilized to advantage of teaching written English."
Abstract This paper explores Plato's contemplation of human ability to understand and comprehend truth via his well-known work "Meno." It includes a comparison and a contrast with the thoughts on the subject from Descartes and Hume.
From the Paper "Bold and vexing, the question arises from the text of Plato's Meno: Is knowledge of any truth possible, since a person either already knows the truth, and would therefore not be capable of learning it, or does not know, and hence would not recognize such truth when it appears? Great thinkers both modern and historic have likely proposed numerous and diverse answers to this complex and enduring poser. This diversity of belief and opinion amongst those who have devoted lifetimes to pursuit of just such questions suggests that either a), They are nearly all wrong and there is a single and succinct solution to the question, or b), each in their own way has provided clarification leading to a collective idea of the truth, as it regards this inquisition. Let us consider first the rationalist approach, as employed by Descartes."
Abstract This essay is an analysis of the character Edna Pontellier from the novel "The Awakening". Edna is struggling through adult hood and cannot comprehend or act out the usual adult methods. This analysis traces Edna progression from a child to a full-functioning adult.
The paper is divided into the following sections:
Infant Stage (0-1? years), Early Childhood (1?-3 years),
Later Childhood (3-6 years), Final Stage of Childhood (6 years-puberty), Adolescence, Early Adulthood,
Middle Ages, Later Years,
Abstract An examination of Indian arts with emphasis on the images and symbolism in the Indian notions of art and religion. The author examines the influences of the Western world on Indian expression of art.
From the Paper "For thousands of years the arts have thrived on the Indian sub-continent, with the advent of western influence and occupation taking place only within the last few hundred years. The impact of western influence upon India is unmistakable, especially in regards to her arts and religion, serving not so much as a contributor, but as a critic. To even begin to comprehend and appreciate the incredible diversity and complexity of Indian arts, we must undergo a paradigm shift of our most basic western beliefs and notions of art and religion. Therefore, an understanding of the historical interpretations of Indian art is essential. Going beyond this, we must construct a rudimentary primer on seeing Indian images, also known as dar?an, and trying to understand, at least at a basic level, the symbolism involved in such religiously rich imagery."
Abstract An in-depth view of Frankenstein's reasons for producing his monster and his mixed feelings of grief and elation at his results. Explored here are the character traits and eccentricities of many of the main players. The essay also looks at whether there are any autobiographical aspects to Shelley's writing when discussing pain and success.
From the paper:
"Superiority through suffering is a major theme of Mary Shelley's novel, a romantic half-tragedy in which the fall from greatness is nearly all fall or, more accurately, where greatness is defined in terms of the personal pain which results from the consciousness of loss which cannot be recalled or comprehended by other men. In unique regret, Frankenstein discovers his true distinction when he tells of he was seized by "remorse and the sense of guilt"to a hell of intense tortures.? The failure of language, as always in romantic fiction, is meant to be a sign not of vacuity or of an imaginative limitation of the character or author, but of the single non-communicable nature of great experience. The hero of the novel, a young Genevese student of natural science, is a magnetic character, described as possessing attributes that seem almost divine. Yet despite such expressions of love and veneration for the nobility of Frankenstein, Shelley expresses through her characters certain reservations about him that has led some readers to interpret the novel as an unconscious repudiation of Shelley."
Abstract This paper is an analysis of "All Quiet on the Western Front". It focuses on the effects of World War I on both the soldiers and society. The author discusses how the soldiers are separated and alienated from society due to the fact that no one can truly comprehend the horrors of the war and the returning soldiers are unable to communicate with those who have not experienced it.
From the paper:
"Erich Maria Remarque's literary breakthrough, All Quiet on the Western Front, still stands at the forefront of a host of novels on that most tragic recurrence in the history of human experience: war. It meticulously chronicles the thoughts of a soldier in World War I while simultaneously detailing the horrors of all wars. The war is seen through the eyes of Paul Baumer, the mouthpiece for Remarque's bitter critique of the ideals of patriotism and nationalism that drove nations into this catastrophe."
Tags: erich, maria, remarque, war, baumer, paul, soldier
Abstract The following paper discusses the elements of successful communication, effective advertising, and the factors that cause information to cross the line into propaganda.
From the Paper "Communications strategies are concerned with the planning, implementing and control of persuasive communication with customers or potential customers. The strategies are the plan and the tactics are the action. Advertising is a strategic persuasion consistent with the objectives of the person or entity sponsoring this communication.
Advertising is mass communication that is paid for. It is the most visible element of the marketing mix; it ha the broadest potential reach of all forms of commercial persuasive communication.
Advertising is a form of mass selling, employed when the use of direct, person-to-person selling is impractical, impossible, or simply inefficient. It performs the same general role of all communications as a whole: it informs, creates awareness, attempts to persuade, and reinforces buying behavior of present customers. It can also play a major role in positioning a company or its product(s)."
Abstract This paper digs deeply into how aspirin and salbutamol were developed and also how they interact in the body from a heavy chemical and neurological perspective. It also gives a detailed overview into how, in general, pharmacueticals are developed using bronchodilars as an example. Also included are numerous diagrams in order to aid the reader comprehend the text.
From the Paper "Since 400BC physicians prescribed a bitter powder extract from the willow bark tree to alleviate pain. In the middle of the 18th century two chemists by the name of Fontana and Brugnatelli extracted the active agent Salicin from the willow, and was then converted by Piria into Salicylic acid. Felix Hoffman a German chemist set about trying to synthesise salicylic acid."
Abstract This paper explores the Christian worldview through its discussion on seven important questions pertinent to Christians everywhere. The author states that only in tackling these questions in the Christian perspective can one comprehend what following the Christian worldview entails.
From the Paper "A Christian world view is intended to be more than just an elaboration of the views of a Christian. It is designed to separate what is factual and what is hearsay, what is true and what is false. Only in delineating reality from mere opinions can all Christians be satisfied in asserting the Christian world view."
Abstract This paper examines social and cultural situation of the city of Florence during the 14th and 15th centuries showing how much of a decadent and self-indulgent municipality it was. By understanding the attitude of that time period, it makes it easier to comprehend the mayhem that was brought on during the time of Carnival - the obsession with food, culture and fun.
From the Paper "There is hardly an event that occurs where food is not part of the main affair. Eating for the Italians is more than a physiological requirement; rather, it symbolizes many things, including faith, devotion, and family values. In no other ethnicity would one find such connection with emotion and sustenance to food as one does with the Italians. Implementing a Carnival celebration so many centuries ago just seems to epitomize what the Italian people of the time stood for."
Abstract This article tries to comprehend works of art and extract information about ancient cultures by looking at and making interpretations of the works. The writer explains that both are ancient works of art which have potential to tell much about their contemporary society.
From the Paper "The coin shows one side of a girl's face garlanded with four dolphins and Greek symbols. She has a wreath of olive leaves. Her eyes are not very intense. Her hair is prettily combed. Her ears seem to be hidden. But the ear-ring can be seen. Her nose is long. She is wearing a necklace of some beads. Her cheeks are large. Her mouth is slightly open. She does not show much feeling except, perhaps, calmness. Yet this is a forced interpretation since the face is actually quite expressionless. This very fact makes the calmness very eerie. It makes me uneasy if I look carefully. There even seems to be a small perhaps dangerous arrow on the back of her hair. She seems to be at one with nature. Perhaps that is what the dolphins signify. The dolphins look pretty cute. Her hair is so wavy. The circular arrangement of dolphins reminds me of the cycle of life. Perhaps the girl was a dolphin in her previous life or will be in her next life."
A paper which argues in support of firearm regulations since the infiltration of guns into the seedier criminal underworld has created a situation that police cannot begin to contain.
Abstract The paper discusses both sides of the gun control debate but ultimately argues that stricter regulations will help the situation in the United States. It argues that with the proposed gun control plan, proponents say much of the senseless violence would cease immediately; however, opponents to the restriction contend that the bad element of society will always find a way to acquire firearms whether they are banned or not. The paper shows that one only has to listen to the news broadcasts or view the headlines of any newspaper across the country to comprehend how guns are directly related to a majority of violent crimes committed on today's world. It shows how it is clear to see that by eliminating the source of violence, the crime will be substantially eliminated, as well.
From the Paper "Without question, the ability to obtain firearms will continue to encourage potential criminals to carry out their assaults. Studies have found that there is a portion of the felonious society who would not otherwise commit the crime without the safety net of a handgun. The very essence of having a gun is one of empowerment for the person using it to commit a violent act (Kleck, 1997). Support for the gun control proposal does not equate to a banning of all firearms; rather, it represents society taking the necessary and overdue steps toward regaining control of escalating crime -- crime that, in most instances, utilizes handguns to carry out the act."
Abstract This paper examines Tony Hillerman's book "Dance Hall of the Dead"about a Navajo policeman who investigates the murder of a young Zuni. It discusses how no one, outside an initiated practitioner in a Native American religion can really comprehend the true significance of its beliefs and rituals and how Hillerman in this novel makes an excellent beginning in differentiating between spiritual beliefs of Zuni and Navajo. It shows how the Zuni religion can be seen to be extensively different from the religion of the Navajo's in the two tribes' rituals, burial practices and beliefs in an afterlife. It uses outside sources to confirm and expand on the understanding of these varied spiritual practices.
From the Paper "For the Navajo, spirituality permeates all areas of life and is rooted in nature. Daily life proceeds upon Mother Earth and under Father Sky. There is no word for religion in the Navajo language, not because there is no religion, but because religion is not separate from life. There is nothing but religion, otherwise known as life among the Dineh, or the People. Rituals, prayers, legends and songs, are scarcely ever out of their minds. The Navajo create sand paintings and hold sings such as the Enemy Way, the Blessing Way, the Flint Way and the Mountain Top Way to cure illness and to help them surmount the problems of life on earth (Waters 248-249). From the Navajo point of view, as Frank Waters puts it, "religion is the way of life" (Waters 396)."
