Abstract This paper presents and examines an experiment that identifies two unknown compounds based on their solubility, reactions with various organic and inorganic molecules and the melting point of certain synthesized derivatives containing the unknown. It describes the methods of the experiment and then presents and discusses the results obtained.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper "The final step in the identification process was to make an acetamide derivative and its melting point to discover the primary amine (Organic Chemistry Lab Manual, 48-65). However, the recrystallization process did not yield any crystals, so the melting point of the actual unknown was measured. At 108-110oC, it would indicate 3-nitroaniline, which has a melting point of 113oC in literature (ChemIDplus Advanced). In addition, it does have a high molecular weight, 138.14 g/mol (ChemIDplus Advanced), as the solubility of its sulfonamide salt indicated (Organic Chemistry Lab Manual, 48-65). Finally, it is the only primary amine that is a yellow crystalline solid at room temperature (International Programme on Chemical Safety)."
Tags: solubility reaction, melting point, derivative
A paper analyzing the physical and chemical properties of the lead (II) and lead (IV) halide compounds. Comparisons between compounds and applications are also discussed.
Abstract After a brief historical introduction to lead compounds, it explains what +2 and +4 cations are and examines their uses. The physical and chemical properties of the lead (II) halides are also discussed, with mention of "mixed" halides (e.g., PbFCl).
Outline
An Introduction to Lead
General Lead Dihalide Trends
Mixed Lead Halides
Lead Chloride
Lead Bromide
Lead Iodide
Lead Fluoride
Lead Tetrahalides
Lead Tetrafluoride
Lead Tetrachloride
Possible Lead Halide Application
From the Paper "Lead, located at the bottom of group IVA on the periodic table is well known for being a massive (atomic mass is 207.2 amu) and dense element. The density characteristics associated with lead arise from its rather compact structure despite its large size. This occurs in accordance to the periodic trend that atom size decreases as one moves left to right across a period. This trend, in conjunction with the massive properties found among the period six elements, accounts for the elements ranging from osmium to lead in that row being the densest (osmium does have the largest density) known to exist."
Abstract This paper considers the potential for co-evolutionary interactions between plant secondary compounds and browsing mammals in a relatively simple system. It first briefly presents several theoretical ideas on plant-animal co-evolution and then present the evidence on interactions between mammalian browsers and woody plants in boreal regions that may bear on the co-evolutionary questions.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Theoretical Co-evolution
Browsers and Food Plants in the Boreal Forest
Variation in Secondary Compounds and Browsing Resistance
Estimating Plant Fitness
The Herbivores: Hares, Moose, and Voles
Conclusion
From the Paper "The evidence for the effects of secondary compounds on fitness has not been measured directly for boreal mammals. However, the evidence presented above suggests that they may be important. Both the fine-scale selectivity of browsers among similar plants and plant parts that vary in their levels of secondary compounds (Bryant et al. 1991a,b, Bryant et al. 1992) and the potentially severe effects of these chemicals on the herbivores' nutritional status (Iason and Palo 1991) suggest that the ability to avoid or detoxify secondary compounds is a result of selection."
Abstract The paper explains the principle of time value of money (TVM) that illustrates how money can grow by earning interest over time. This growth is made possible through various investment instruments, such as banks, stock market, annuities and insurance. The paper addresses the impact of the following items on TVM: interest rates and compounding, the present value (of a future payment received), the future value (of an investment), opportunity cost and annuities and the rule of 72.
Outline:
Interest Rates and Compounding Present Value (of a future payment received)
Future Value (of an investment)
Opportunity Cost
Annuities and the Rule of 72
From the Paper "The growth of money is directly proportional to its amount. A small amount will earn only small interest, while larger amounts will earn larger interests. The Interest Rate is the percentage of growth for a given year. Money growth through interest is made possible by investments. Banks, for example, accepts money from its clients through deposits. It then uses this money as loan to other people and make a profit through the transaction. Because of this, the bank also has to pay some compensation to the original depositor, and this is the interest. Simply defined, interest is the cost of borrowing money. There are two types of interest: Simple and Compound."
Abstract The paper explains the time value of money (TVM) principle, which illustrates how money can grow by earning interest over time through various investment instruments such as banks, the stock market, annuities, and insurance. The paper examines interest rates and compounding, the present value (of a future payment received), the future value (of an investment) opportunity cost and annuities and the Rule of '72. The paper identifies the impact of these factors on TVM.
Outline:
Interest Rates and Compounding Present Value (of a Future Payment Received)
Future Value (of an Investment)
Opportunity Cost
Annuities and the Rule of '72
From the Paper "The growth of money is directly proportional to its amount. A small amount will earn only small interest, while larger amounts will earn larger interests. The Interest Rate is the percentage of growth for a given year. Money growth through interest is made possible by investments. Banks, for example, accepts money from its clients through deposits. It then uses this money as loan to other people and make a profit through the transaction. Because of this, the bank also has to pay some compensation to the original depositor, and this is the interest. Simply defined, interest is the cost of borrowing money. There are two types of interest: Simple and Compound."
A look at how the creation of credit in the U.S. economy has been hugely compounded over time and why credit is the defining aspect of our financial system.
1,105 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, 2001, $ 38.95
Abstract This paper explores the aspect of credit in America's financial system and traces the path of credit from its origins. The author examines how the creation of credit in America's economy has been greatly compounded over time and, now hugely prevalent, credit is the defining aspect of the national financial system.
From the Paper "Today credit is more prevalent then ever before. Over three quarters of the American adult population have and use at least one credit card. However, along with this heavy reliance on credit comes a definite risk. Even as early as 1791 this threat was realized, the bank made a large impression on the economy within months of opening its doors in late 1791. Initially it flooded the market with its notes and credits, and then, in February 1792, it sharply reversed course and curtailed credit."
Abstract This paper describes the need and benefits of calcium in our lives and discusses the detrimental or negative effects of overusing calcium resources.
From the Paper "It is obvious, the impact that calcium compounds have on our world today. It goes without saying that our lives would be very different without them. They are an essential mineral to maintain health, and an important component of many things that we need to make our lives better.
However, all of this convenience is not without cost."
Abstract he paper is written in the form of a laboratory report. The purpose of the experiment was to use an empirical formula in order to find a compound which has been created inside a crucible. The paper shows the procedure in which the experiment was done as well as its outcome. Flow charts, tabulated results and mathematical calculations are also included in the paper.
From the Paper "The importance of safety precautions is extremely important in trying to maintain a safe and healthful research environment. When working with all extremely hot metals with your hands, gloves should be worn at all times. The temperatures of these metals or "hot objects" absorb heat and could cause damage to the skin if touched. Without the use of gloves, hands can be severely burnt. One mistake or foolish act could cause much pain and suffering to students in the laboratory. People who do not handle hot objects carefully can get their nerves burnt off on their finger tips and could possibly never feel again. It is not worth taking a risk of not using gloves when applicable. Everyone wants to be safe in the laboratory so it is important to be aware and cautious. A safe laboratory is a safe life."
Tags: composition, data, error, knowledge, molar, percent, physics, ratio
Abstract The paper begins with a general overview of air pollutants and the discovery of "sick building" syndrome. Next the paper focuses the pollutants known as on MVOC's - microbial volatile organic compounds, studying their impact on human beings. It looks at the effects of molds on human health; namely, allergy, infection, irritation of the mucous membrane and sensory, or toxicity. It looks at the products of mold called mycotoxins, and their influence on health. The paper then turns to discuss analysis techniques, listing eight reasons why sampling is difficult. It also records criteria for ensuring the reliable measuring of indoor air VOC?s. The third section of the paper deals with the growth and metabolism of indoor fungi and bacteria, focusing on the breeding and multiplying of molds. The paper concludes with a discussion on what can be done to minimize the problem and on the processes involved in treating a "sick building".
Table of Contents
Introduction
MVOCs as Indoor Pollutants and Their Impact on Human Beings
Analysis Techniques
Growth and Metabolism
Conclusion: What Can Be Done
From the Paper "Air pollution pertains to substances and gases in the air that threaten health and life. Among these are pollutants and irritants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide; particulates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic substances and some natural substances, like pollen. But most of the pollution comes from the by-products of industrialization ? fossil fuel combustion, transportation, transportation, power plant emissions and those from other industrial processes. The burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity alone is the greatest source of air pollution in the USA. These outdoor pollutants can undermine health and cause environmental disturbances, such as acid rain, and are toxic."
Abstract Examines several issues related to the history of simple & compound interest rates. Centers on loans, credit. Defines terms. Overview of history of interest rates; fluctations; government economic policy decisions; supply & demand for money. Summary of averages of prime short-term rates (19th & 20th Centuries). Suggests that interest rates are tied to non-economic as well as economic factors.
From the Paper "Introduction
Sidney Homer (1963), in his seminal history of interest rates, argues that such a history of often dramatic interest rate fluctuations provides an excellent summary of the success of some communities and the failures of others to develop effective commercial ethics and laws and suitable monetary and fiscal techniques and policies. While "credit" is considered a modern device (or vice), a brief survey of financial history will demonstrate that credit was in general use in ancient and in medieval times, antedating industry, banking and even coinage. It is the purpose of this brief report to examine selected issues related to the history of simple and compound interest rates, specifically on loans, and to consider periods when high rates were commonplace in their historical context."
Abstract This study examines the role ferrocene plays in the chemistry curriculum beginning with introductory chemistry through advanced studies in chemistry. The findings of the study indicate that ferrocene, when introduced in the basic concepts of chemistry and then continued as example and practice in analytical and advanced investigations, facilitates an overall understanding of chemical concepts while maximizing exposure to general, analytical, inorganic and organometallic concepts. Ferrocene becomes in essence a "one stop shop" for understanding.
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data Analysis
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper "Consistency in learning methods is essential to cognitive retention. The utilization of similar compounds as example, practice and teaching aids can facilitate better understanding of material through familiar experiences while at the same time enhancing the teaching experience. The defacto method of chemical education is to utilize classic textbook teaching of building on foundation concepts throughout the curriculum. While this methodolgy works well, it can be improved. Selecting one or more compounds to use as a foundation, "keystone" compound, would benefit both student and teacher. Currently in literature, there are copious examples throughout the college career that equates to confusion. By defining compounds that embody general chemistry, organic, inorganic, physical and analytical properities throughout the levels of chemical education, students understanding would greatly improve. The universities would also benefit due to the consistency expected at each level. Identifying such compounds would also lend itself to saving funds by limiting the compounds students are exposed to."
Abstract This paper discusses an experiment that introduced several methods of differentiating between several types of organic compounds containing oxygen in their functional groups. Specifically, the experiment compares alcohols, ethers, aldehydes and ketones. The paper presents the results in a table and discusses them. Several figures are also presented.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper "In this test, the rate of reaction is dependant upon the degree of substitution. This is because the Lucas reagent creates conditions that favour the SN1 mechanism, and therefore, the most substituted carbocation intermediate will react the fastest. Therefore, when the alcohol group is on a tri-substituted carbon, like in 3-methyl-1-buten-3-ol and 2-methyl-2-butanol, the reaction will be the fastest. In addition, 3-methyl-1-buten-3-ol contains a double bond, which enables resonance stabilization of the carbocation intermediate. 2-methyl-2-butanol lacks this feature, and is therefore, slightly slower. Since the alcohol group is on a di-substituted carbon in 3-methyl-2-butanol, the reaction will be even slower. 3-methyl-1-butanol will not even react since its alcohol group is on a mono-substituted carbon."
A discussion on American Middle East unilateralism and the results of their response to the attack on the US marine compound in Beirut Airport in 1983.
Abstract This paper discusses the United States' foreign policy approach under the Reagan administration. In particular, the paper discusses the American Middle East unilateralism according to the United Nations, particularly following their invasion of Grenada. Also discussed is the attack on the US marine compound in the Beirut Airport in 1983 and the results of the US response to the attack.
From the Paper "It is, too, important to mention here that more than American lives were lost; there are the lives of the numerous Lebanese civilians whose lives were lost as America attempted to flex its muscles in that country in 1982-1983. It also plays into the hands of the propagandists when America or any other country for that matter, attempts to take a unilateral stand and attempt to dictate Middle Eastern policy. The end result, as was the case in Lebanon in 1983, is that America lacked the understanding of where it was, and the history that preceded the events of 1983. For a country like America, that is not an acceptable level of preparedness to go into a foreign country as a mediator or a shaper of peace and policy. There is no excuse, and it is the most egregious demonstration of ineptitude and poor foreign relations and policy demonstrated by the United States to date - except as may prove to be the case in Iraq."
Abstract This paper explains that nature acts as a pharmacy, offering us products, from the forest pharmacy and the pharmacy below water, with which we can heal ourselves: For example, aspirin, quinine, cyclosporins, and penicillin. This paper details the techniques that are available to researchers, to collect samples of natural products from the wild in a systematic manner, to extract compounds from these samples, to isolate the biologically-active compounds within these extracts, to characterize the biologically-active compounds chemically in terms of their structure, to evaluate the biologically-active compounds biologically, to determine potentially useful therapeutic effects and finally the methodology necessary to take these compounds to clinical trial. The author stresses the importance of finding new and more effective drugs to fight against bacterial infections and cancer. Outline.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Nature's Pharmacopeia.
The Isolation of Biologically-Active Compounds and their Extraction Identification: Techniques
Introduction
Chemical Extraction
Biological Evaluation
Chemical Analysis
Chromatography
Solid Phase Extraction
Paper Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography
Flash Chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Central Counter Current Chromatography
Determining the Chemical Structure of Compounds Isolated by Chromatography
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Mass Spectrometry
Drug Development
Examples of the Isolation and Identification
An Example of Extraction, Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Biologically-Active Compounds from Larch Wood
Biologically-active Compounds from Marine Organisms
What Compounds Have Been Isolated From Marine Organisms?
Biologically-Active Anti-Cancer Compounds ? Testing for Human Safety
Conclusion
From the Paper "Chromatography is the process whereby two or more compounds or ions are separated through the distribution of the compound or ion between two phases, one that is mobile and the other which is stationary. These two phases can be of any combination: liquid-liquid, solid-solid, solid-liquid or gas-liquid, gas-gas, or gas-solid. There are many specific techniques for chromatography, some of which will be described below, and all follow the same basic principles. All forms of chromatography involve a rapid and dynamic equilibrium of molecules between the two phases, either free ? mobile - or absorbed ? stationary. Molecules will constantly move back and forth between the free and absorbed states, with millions of molecules absorbing and desorbing every second. The equilibrium between these states depends on three factors: the polarity and size of the molecule, the polarity of the stationary phase, and the polarity of the solvent. Thus, three different variables can be changed in chromatography, which can change the equilibrium between the stationary and mobile phases: this allows one to choose mobile and stationary phases that will separate just about any combination of compounds."
Abstract This paper states that cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases throughout the world. The paper then proceeds with an overview of the use of plants as an effective way to prevent and to cure cancer. In particular, the paper identifies the plants and compounds that are extracted from the plants that are being used in the treatment of cancer. In addition, the paper discusses the action of these plant-extracted compounds on the cancer cells. The paper concludes with a commentary on the future use of plants in the fight against cancer.
Outline:
Introduction
The Use of Plants for Medicinal Purposes
Anticancer Compounds in Plants
Treatment of Cancer by Plants
Prevention of Cancer by Plants
Summary
From the Paper "Cancer is a dreaded disease, however cancer is not incurable. There are a number of positive responses to cancer treatment and more and more people have survived cancer as more and more cure and alternative treatments are being discovered. However, the rates of discovery of these alternative drugs that can be used to treat cancer are not fast enough to become at par with the increasing incidence of this dreaded disease. Several alternative drugs that are used for the treatment of cancer are still in experimental stages and some of the drugs that are being used today have high toxicity levels that could give hazardous side effects to the patients being treated."
