Abstract
This paper presents and examines an experiment that identifies two unknown compounds based on their solubility, reactions with various organic and inorganic molecules and the melting point of certain synthesized derivatives containing the unknown. It describes the methods of the experiment and then presents and discusses the results obtained.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"The final step in the identification process was to make an acetamide derivative and its melting point to discover the primary amine (Organic Chemistry Lab Manual, 48-65). However, the recrystallization process did not yield any crystals, so the melting point of the actual unknown was measured. At 108-110oC, it would indicate 3-nitroaniline, which has a melting point of 113oC in literature (ChemIDplus Advanced). In addition, it does have a high molecular weight, 138.14 g/mol (ChemIDplus Advanced), as the solubility of its sulfonamide salt indicated (Organic Chemistry Lab Manual, 48-65). Finally, it is the only primary amine that is a yellow crystalline solid at room temperature (International Programme on Chemical Safety)."

Tags:solubility reaction, melting point, derivative

Abstract
This paper describes the compound putrescine and explains its presence in bad breath and its use in muscle development.

From the Paper
"Putrescine is a naturally occurring compound that is a low-pH organic acid and the byproduct of bacterial action and the putrefaction of debris. (Gillatt Coats Jaroudi) Putrescine is classified as a polyamine which is a small positive-charged molecule, that is considered an important growth factor and regulator of cellular growth. Research indicates that polyamines are important for the health and normal function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and appear to aid in the repair of the GI tract which keeps the body in the proper..."

Tags:putrescine, halitosis, bad breath, rotting, compound, muscle

Abstract
Examines several issues related to the history of simple & compound interest rates. Centers on loans, credit. Defines terms. Overview of history of interest rates; fluctations; government economic policy decisions; supply & demand for money. Summary of averages of prime short-term rates (19th & 20th Centuries). Suggests that interest rates are tied to non-economic as well as economic factors.

From the Paper
"Introduction


Sidney Homer (1963), in his seminal history of interest rates, argues that such a history of often dramatic interest rate fluctuations provides an excellent summary of the success of some communities and the failures of others to develop effective commercial ethics and laws and suitable monetary and fiscal techniques and policies. While "credit" is considered a modern device (or vice), a brief survey of financial history will demonstrate that credit was in general use in ancient and in medieval times, antedating industry, banking and even coinage. It is the purpose of this brief report to examine selected issues related to the history of simple and compound interest rates, specifically on loans, and to consider periods when high rates were commonplace in their historical context."

Abstract
This paper discusses the United States' foreign policy approach under the Reagan administration. In particular, the paper discusses the American Middle East unilateralism according to the United Nations, particularly following their invasion of Grenada. Also discussed is the attack on the US marine compound in the Beirut Airport in 1983 and the results of the US response to the attack.

From the Paper
"It is, too, important to mention here that more than American lives were lost; there are the lives of the numerous Lebanese civilians whose lives were lost as America attempted to flex its muscles in that country in 1982-1983. It also plays into the hands of the propagandists when America or any other country for that matter, attempts to take a unilateral stand and attempt to dictate Middle Eastern policy. The end result, as was the case in Lebanon in 1983, is that America lacked the understanding of where it was, and the history that preceded the events of 1983. For a country like America, that is not an acceptable level of preparedness to go into a foreign country as a mediator or a shaper of peace and policy. There is no excuse, and it is the most egregious demonstration of ineptitude and poor foreign relations and policy demonstrated by the United States to date - except as may prove to be the case in Iraq."

Tags:terrorism, Lebanon, UN, conflict

Abstract
he paper is written in the form of a laboratory report. The purpose of the experiment was to use an empirical formula in order to find a compound which has been created inside a crucible. The paper shows the procedure in which the experiment was done as well as its outcome. Flow charts, tabulated results and mathematical calculations are also included in the paper.

From the Paper
"The importance of safety precautions is extremely important in trying to maintain a safe and healthful research environment. When working with all extremely hot metals with your hands, gloves should be worn at all times. The temperatures of these metals or "hot objects" absorb heat and could cause damage to the skin if touched. Without the use of gloves, hands can be severely burnt. One mistake or foolish act could cause much pain and suffering to students in the laboratory. People who do not handle hot objects carefully can get their nerves burnt off on their finger tips and could possibly never feel again. It is not worth taking a risk of not using gloves when applicable. Everyone wants to be safe in the laboratory so it is important to be aware and cautious. A safe laboratory is a safe life."

Tags:composition, data, error, knowledge, molar, percent, physics, ratio

Abstract
This study examines the role ferrocene plays in the chemistry curriculum beginning with introductory chemistry through advanced studies in chemistry. The findings of the study indicate that ferrocene, when introduced in the basic concepts of chemistry and then continued as example and practice in analytical and advanced investigations, facilitates an overall understanding of chemical concepts while maximizing exposure to general, analytical, inorganic and organometallic concepts. Ferrocene becomes in essence a "one stop shop" for understanding.

Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data Analysis
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Consistency in learning methods is essential to cognitive retention. The utilization of similar compounds as example, practice and teaching aids can facilitate better understanding of material through familiar experiences while at the same time enhancing the teaching experience. The defacto method of chemical education is to utilize classic textbook teaching of building on foundation concepts throughout the curriculum. While this methodolgy works well, it can be improved. Selecting one or more compounds to use as a foundation, "keystone" compound, would benefit both student and teacher. Currently in literature, there are copious examples throughout the college career that equates to confusion. By defining compounds that embody general chemistry, organic, inorganic, physical and analytical properities throughout the levels of chemical education, students understanding would greatly improve. The universities would also benefit due to the consistency expected at each level. Identifying such compounds would also lend itself to saving funds by limiting the compounds students are exposed to."

Tags:advanced, inorganic, studies, synthesis, analysis, understanding, analytical, technique, learning, structure

Abstract
This paper describes the need and benefits of calcium in our lives and discusses the detrimental or negative effects of overusing calcium resources.

From the Paper
"It is obvious, the impact that calcium compounds have on our world today. It goes without saying that our lives would be very different without them. They are an essential mineral to maintain health, and an important component of many things that we need to make our lives better.
However, all of this convenience is not without cost."

Tags:health, mining, industry, mortar, bones, hard, water, calcium, compounds

Abstract
This paper discusses the attack on the U.S. Marines in Beirut in 1983 that would begin a new era of terrorism. The author provides a detailed description of the historical and political background of this event as well as related attacks on U.S citizens in the Middle East. The author describes terrorist organizations and other threats to the U.S. in the area and the decisions made by the U.S. to counter them while protecting the Marines at the same time. The author theorizes what may have happened had either Harry S. Truman or George W. Bush been president at the time of the attack, and concludes that this episode in American history serves as a learning tool for future administrations, in how to balance the immediate needs of safety for our troops and the long-term needs of safety for the nation's democracy.

Outline:
Introduction
Factual Summary of Events
Deliberation and Debate Within the United States Government
The Threat
U.S. Responses
Comparative Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The bombing of the Marine barracks in Beirut would place the United States between a rock and a hard place. If they continued with the peacekeeping strategy that had brought them to Lebanon, they were surely to be targeted again. If they left the area, they would be abandoning some of their best allies. And, if they stepped up their position and waged war on those responsible, they might negatively affect other tenuous relationships in the Middle East, while increasing the danger for their troops. In the end, it would be a decision that would be heavily debated and still questioned more than twenty years later."

Tags:paratrooper, PLO, multinational Hezbollah refugee security violence escalation explosion embassy

Abstract
This paper explains that narcotic plants, known for their effects on mind and body since the prehistoric period, were often associated with magic, religious rites, and medicine. Although there are over 60 species of hallucinogens known today that are consumed by people in one part of the world or other, the author focuses on the five major narcotics: tobacco, opium, hemp (marijuana), betel, and coca. The paper relates that the hallucinations that occur because the neuronal messages are changed in a greatly dramatic manner when narcotic plants are consumed.

Table of Contents
Introduction
History of the Use of Narcotic Plants and Hallucinogens
The Major Narcotic Plants
Ergot
Amanita
Marijuana
Opium
Coca
Tobacco
Other Hallucinogens
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Peyote: Botanically known by the name Lophophora williamsii, Peyote is a small grey-green variety of cactus found in northern Mexico and Texas. The Native Americans extensively used peyote particularly in their religious rites. The Aztecs ardently worshiped it and peyotism even grew as a religion among Americans. The compounds that are chemically active include mescaline and peyonine, of which mescaline induces hallucination essentially visual in nature, which enables the user to foresee and predict happenings as if in spiritual union with the divine power. Consumption of peyote causes intoxication accompanied by nausea, body shivers and perspiration for about two hours after which the user normally falls into hallucination."

Tags:ritual, medicine, tobacco, opium, marijuana

Abstract
Many reforms solidify the ideology of separate spheres and therefore reinforce women's dependency upon men within patriarchy. As a result, welfare policies reinforce women's secondary status in society, since they nurture their dependence on men.