Abstract
The following paper is a brief summation, an annotated bibliography, of five scholarly articles that deal with the factors impacting bacterial compositions in lake and other water reservoirs. The paper notes how some phytoplankton appear much more resilient than others and respond surprisingly well to things like acidification or to increased temperature.

From the Paper
""Effects of PH on Algae Community Composition Brettum, Pal. (1996). Changes in the volume and composition of phyto-plankton after experimental acidification of a humic lake." Environment International, 22(5): 619-628. The above study looked at the effects of experimental acidification on the phyto-plankton volume and composition in Lake Skjervatjern in Norway. In Basin A, the acidified basin, there were marked changes in the phyto-plankton composition and in the percentage of the main algae groups in the years 1991-92. Specifically, the percentage of green algae decreased - especially a species called Oocystis submarina v. variabilis -..."

Tags:annotated, bibliography, algae

Abstract
This paper details a brief history of boron composites from its earliest applications to recent developments. It studies the application of boron in composite epoxies and fibers and the use of these materials in airframe manufacturing. It includes figures showing usage of Boron composite. It concludes that boron has been very successful in aircraft manufacturing if the costs can be brought down.

From the Paper
"Compounds of boron, most notably from unfinished borax ore, known as Tincal, were exported from Tibet in olden times. Historically, boron has been used for refining gold and silver in Arabia, ceramic glazes in China, and embalming in Egypt.

"Boric acid, a mild antiseptic, was isolated in the laboratory by chemistry professor William Homberg in 1720. Sir Humphrey Davy, a British chemist, and two French chemists, Joseph Gay-Lussac and Baron Louis Thnard, discovered the element, boron, in 1808 concurrently. However, it took another 155 years before science turned its focus from borax to boron, and began to reveal the secrets of this mysterious and valuable element."

Tags:Boron, composite, aircraft, frame, manufacturing, history, fibers, materials, French, British, chemistry

Abstract
This paper examines the history of composite materials in the aircraft industry, their uses, the benefits and downsides of their us, and their future applications.

Tags:URBAN STUDIES / TRANSPORTATION, composite aircraft materials

Abstract
In this paper the author looks at the painting, "Composition with Red Yellow and Blue" c. 1922 by Piet Mondrian and attempts to bring a sense of purpose to the painting and instill the reader with a sense of appreciation for the message that Mondrian imparts through his art. He concludes by examining the September 11th attacks in relation to Mondrain's art and contends that Mondrain would have regarded it as surreal.

From the paper:

"Mondrian believed that artistic expression should be found in the abstraction of form and color and that his use of vertical and horizontal lines would express the perfect harmony between these two extremes."

Tags:artists, painters, Piet, Mondrian, Composition, Red, Yellow, Blue, Amsterdam, Theosophical, Neoplatonic, Panthelistic, Paris, De, Stijl, Le, Neo, Plasticisme

Abstract
The paper offers a hypothesis on the percentage composition by mass of magnesium oxide and outlines the materials and procedure used in the experiment to test the hypothesis as well as the observations found. The paper then lists the calculations that determined the percent composition by mass of magnesium oxide is 35% oxygen and 65% magnesium. The paper includes a discussion on the results obtained.

Outline:
Purpose
Hypothesis
Introduction
Materials
Procedure
Observations
Calculations
Conclusion
Discussion

From the Paper
"The percentage composition is essentially how much of one element is contained within a single compound. The law of definite proportions states that a specific compound will always have the same elements within it by definite proportions of mass [ref 1]. If this law is determined to be true, then that would mean that the percentage composition of any given substance should be the same throughout multiple samples. The magnesium strip of metal is polished with steel wool to remove any contaminants that are on the strip. The contaminants on the strip of metal could come from the natural state of the air, the container they were in, or anything that has come in contact with the magnesium. When magnesium is combusted (burned) it produces a white-powdery substance that is also known as magnesium oxide."

Tags:materials, procedure, observations, definite, proportions, reaction, crucible

Abstract
A critical analysis is taken of Beethoven's and Tchaikovsky's compositions, and how the people during the Romantic period viewed them. The author aims at a greater understanding of music, how it affects us, and why some musical pieces can stand the test of time.

From the Paper
"Today we have MTV, music videos, and many other ways in which music is interpreted for us. Once upon a time, however, during the Romantic period, people would listen to musical pieces such as Beethoven's Fifth Symphony or view and hear Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker and come up with their own interpretations for music. These musical compositions could stand-alone and each person could awaken to their own dreams and realizations of the music when they heard it. An in depth look is to be taken of the above compositions, their composers, and how the people during the Romantic period viewed them. By doing this it is hoped that a greater understanding of music, how it affects us, and why some musical pieces can stand the test of time."

Tags:austria, beethoven, mtv, music, russia, tchaikovsky

Abstract
The paper compares and contrasts the renowned French composer Claude Debussy's compositions for flute entitled "Syrinx" with the modern Japanese composer Ryo Noda's compositions for saxophone entitled "Improvisation I", " Improvisation II" and "Improvisation III". The paper examines the similarities and differences between these composers and their respective works in terms of style, technique and instrumentation. The paper shows how the works of both composer reflect their mutual regard for traditional influences but higher regard for innovative creativity. A large amount of source material is appended to the paper.

From the Paper
"In discussing Claude Debussy's work, it is important to note the shift in music compositional style that he instigated in the late Nineteenth Century and early Twentieth with Impressionism. Syrinx, which was written in 1913 for an uncompleted Gabriel Mouray play entitled Psyche, embodies such traits and demonstrates why Debussy was considered "a great harmonic innovator of the Twentieth Century." His new compositional style featured "fresh, new tonal perspectives without abandoning tonality itself." (Moss)"

Tags:flute, saxophone, Impressionism, innovation, music, style, technique, instrumentation

Abstract
The paper relates that while the work of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) is today almost universally acknowledged as among the great highlights of the Western European musical tradition, members of the general public today are often surprised to discover that for many years after Bach's death, his work was viewed as old-fashioned and excessively elaborate; Bach himself was held in high regard, but more as a music teacher and virtuoso instrumentalist than as a composer. The paper notes that at least two of his sons became well-known composers in their own right, and for many years were held in higher regard as composers than their father. The paper discusses how it was only much later that Bach began to be re-evaluated in the view of the general public, a transformation that may have been initiated as early as Beethoven, who professed open admiration for Bach as a composer. The paper asserts that Bach's devotion to his particular sect of Protestant Christianity, that of German Lutheranism, must have played an important role in Bach's music; while it could not have imparted to him the talent or energy needed to create some of the great works he wrote, it did provide him with a thematic thread and continual source of inspiration which motivated so many of his compositions.

From the Paper
"While the work of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) is today almost universally acknowledged as among the great highlights of the Western European musical tradition, members of the general public today are often surprised to discover that for many years after Bach's death, his work was viewed as old-fashioned and excessively elaborate; Bach himself was held in high regard, but more as a music teacher and virtuoso instrumentalist than as a composer. At least two of his sons, Carl Philipp Emanuel (1714-1788) and Johann Christian (1735-1782) became well-known composers in their own right, and for many years were held in higher regard as..."

Tags:bach, classical, baroque

Abstract
This paper discusses the background and achievements of Austrian composer, Arnold Schoenberg. The paper discusses the Schoenberg's controversial methods of composing and describes why some people go as far as not to recognize it as music at all. It describes his life and then focuses on specific pieces that he composed. The paper presents the writer's view of Schoenberg's compositions.

From the Paper
"Few composers during the early twentieth century, let alone any other monumental musical era, had the originality, boldness or intelligence needed to create such a wonderful piece of music Schoenberg was able to craft and formulate. His individualism allowed him to go beyond the norm for composers of his time. With his combination or sheer brilliance and determination, he broke a system of tonal organization that had developed over hundreds of years and had become a landmark of Western music. The fact that his talents did not stop as a composer but furthermore as a teacher, pupil of his profession, painter and more, made him as a unique individual as the world had seen to date. Schoenberg himself expressed the importance of creating your own path, "The artist does nothing that others deem beautiful, but rather only what to him is a necessity." That quote lingers in my head over and over again. The simplicity, in which he states an idea that would take many artists a lifetime to conjure, is simply astounding, and the more one learns about this mans life, the more you find yourself coming to terms with the notion that his intellectual brilliance does not impede there."

Tags:Verklarte, Nacht, sextet, chamber

Abstract
This paper explains the importance of knowing how to write well and how to revise and edit well. The paper describes the difficulties most students face when they are asked to revise a paper they have written and why separating the writer's ego from the revision process is a prerequisite to good editing skills. The paper also looks at current methods for teaching revision and editing skills and suggests alternatives to these methods. Finally, two case studies are discussed in the paper.

Introduction
Revision and Editing: Difficulties
Revision and Editing: Advantages
Revision and Editing: Realities
Current Teaching Methods
New Ideas
Case Study - Actual
Case Study Method
Student One
Student Two
Corrective Methodology

From the Paper
"The eager freshman English writer comes to the process of composition with many pre-conceived, previously successful methods for editing a first draft. A favorite teacher's well-intentioned message, a parent's unskilled assessment, or the student's own perceptions can stymie the editorial and revision process."

Tags:well-crafted, paper, thoughtful, discussion, scholarly, dissection, structure, individuality