Abstract
This paper is a thesis essay on public service motivation and is divided into three components. The breadth component provides a theoretic analysis of both public service and volunteer motivation as well as explores the historical correlation between public service motivation and volunteer motivation. The findings of major theorists specializing in public service motivation theory are presented as well as their empirical research, which analyze and synthesize the implication of motivation in light of public service and volunteerism. These findings are related to the study of the public health operations of the Virgin Islands Department of Health (VIDOH) in order to propose a model that will increase volunteers and motivation levels. Public service motivation theories are examined as appropriate for possible integration into the outreach efforts of the VIDOH. This is significant as a result of the federal's government's ten year health plan for the VIDOH that relies substantially on societal outreach services. The Depth component contains an annotated bibliography, which evaluates current literature on public service motivation and volunteer motivation theories with a discussion on motivating employees in the work environment. This section analyzes literature on motivation in general and discusses the role of the manager/leader; identifies problems pertaining to low morale and motivation; answers to the question, "Why should employees be motivated?" and explores keys to employee motivation. Employee motivation is crucial to the activities of the VIDOH due to the public service nature of its operations. The federal government has promoted a ten year health plan that will operate on and depend on societal outreach. As a result, the future success of health care services depends on community-based interaction founded on strong public policy initiatives. The application component assesses the public health community outreach operations of the Virgin Islands Department of Health (VIDOH); discusses the level and history of volunteerism within the VIDOH, and proposes a model that will increase the level of volunteerism based on the key characteristics identified by both public service and volunteer motivation theorists. Recommendations are made on what key characteristics drive individuals to volunteer and how this can affect recruiting as well as outreach efforts of the organization.

Outline:
Public Service Motivation
Socio-Historical Overview
Construction of the Public Service Motivation Theory
Implications of Public Service Motivation
Volunteer Service Motivation
Historical Overview
Functional Approach to Volunteerism
Role Identity Theory and Volunteerism
References
Depth Component
Annotated bibliography of current articles to accompany the Depth Section of KAM Democratic Governance
Reference
Depth Discussion
The Role of the Manager
Problems Pertaining to Low Morale & Motivation
Keys to Employee Motivation
Case Studies
Reference
Application Component
Tying it all Together: Public Service Motivation & Volunteer Motivation in the Workplace
Reference

From the Paper
"Consistent with prior research, which concludes that the strength of a person's role identity correlates with the voluntary donations of time, money, and even blood. Penner (2002) suggests that a combination of the functional and role identity approaches might explain the processes that underlie long-term volunteering. Farrell, Johnston & Twynam (1998) in studying special event volunteers found that volunteer motivation falls in four categories: purposive, solitary, external traditions and commitments. The results of their research suggested that the motivation for special events volunteers was much different than more traditional types of volunteering.
"Finklestein & Penner (2004) examined role identity theory as it applies to volunteering in accordance with the work of prior researchers. In a different approach to volunteerism, these researchers proposed that because volunteering occurs within a social structure, it is best understood in the context of identity theory. According to this perspective, one's self-concept consists of a hierarchy of social-role identities that guide behavior. (Finklestein & Penner, 2004). The more others identify one with a particular role, the more the individual internalizes the role and incorporates it into the self-concept. Additionally, according to Finklestein & Penner (2004), carrying out the role of a volunteer not only shapes how an individual views himself or herself, but it also drives future behavior as the individual strives to make his or her behavior consistent with the volunteer-role identity. The research in this area concludes that in regard to role identity theory, the concept of "self" has a direct causal effect on future activity."

Tags:public service motivation, volunteerism theory research implications integration

Abstract
This paper examines the elements that promote and discourage responsible corporate governance. Additionally, the paper cites the need for new banking regulations and corporate governance standards. This is further addressed by looking at several components of the modern business environment, such as the role of corporate governance, the need for transparent internal control and transparent reporting, accounting disasters, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the transition from ISO to IFRS or the corporate culture and the internal audit process within economic entities. Each of these issues is dealt with in-depth within the text. The paper also includes a list of the actual processes involved in an internal audit which promotes reliable and transparent reporting and a detail discussion of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which regulates the US the securities market . The paper concludes by noting corporate scandals which have resulted in the creation and implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the transition to the International Financial Reporting Standards.

Outline:

Introduction
The Role of Corporate Governance in Modern Business
Reliable and Transparent Control and Reporting
Corporate Governance and Accounting Disasters
Effects of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
The Transition to IFRS
Corporate Culture and the Audit Process
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have been filled with cases of corporate fraud, which led to millions of people being negatively affected. Some of the most notorious such situations were encountered at Enron, WorldCom and more recently, Societe Generale. The contemporaneous financial crisis, present at an international level, is increasing the pressure upon corporate players and the temptations to become engaged in illicit actions in order to salvage the company. The means of conducting such operations have become improved throughout the years, and when combined with the still ambiguous legislation, generate a need for more efficient standards to regulate corporate governance..."

Tags:Sarbanes-Oxley Act, corporate scandals, Enron, corporate culture

Abstract
This paper examines the process of extracting essential oils from plants, in particular, Neroli. The author explains the key concerns in this process, the characteristics of the oil and the characteristics of the plant. Noting that citrus plants produce three different oils in different parts of the plant, the author cautions that different methods need to be used to produce the different oils. The paper explains the uses of Neroli and comments on the cost and economic factors governing the price of this essential oil extracted from the bitter orange tree.


Outline:
Characteristics of the Plant
Citrus Oil Production
Citrus Chemistry
References

From the Paper
"Labor is the most costly aspect of Neroli and Orange Blossom Water. However, the market for the products is high and continues to grow, especially as a gourmet food additive. As McMahon points out, there is justification for the argument that higher priced oils are superior in this case, due to shortcuts taken by producers in low priced years. Steam distillation is the preferred method and produces the highest quantity and quality of oils. The hydrosol and oil keep best under refrigeration, as the oils remain volatile in their distilled state."

Tags:essential oils, perfumery distillation

Abstract
This paper explains in detail the aspects of British Government, its working, the main components etc. All the components are explained to present an over all view of the working of the Government.

Abstract
This paper explains the controversy surrounding the marked increase in the govern financial support of families with dependent children by such programs as Medicaid, food stamps, housing subsidies and child nutrition programs. The author points out that, although some people are under the impression that it is welfare that causes a major financial difficulty for the government, corporate welfare, such as tax reduction and write-offs, is a large and growing component of the federal budget. The paper recommends that these federal subsidies to corporations be removed or reduced and the funds used to promote programs to support and protect children.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Analysis
Solutions
Conclusion

From the Paper
"No single policy of the government like no faults divorce or increased employment of women lead to this. The market economy now views individuals as producers and this makes occupational roles are more important than family roles. Some of the results of this can be seen directly in the father who sits in the office for extra time rather than taking his child to the softball game. This father is concentrating on the pay raise that will come the next time. This is what makes young people say that they can't afford to marry. Certainly their lifestyle will be worse than the common lifestyle of 1950 if they got married, but it is only that the young individual feels that he or she needs more."

Tags:corporate, abuse, statistics, tax, opportunities

Abstract
The paper looks at the works and ideas of Thomas Jefferson, Henry David Thoreau, Niccolo Machiavelli, Martin Luther King, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton on how a government should operate. The paper notes that these personalities all believe that freedom for individuals is a fundamental component in a successful society.

From the Paper
"The ideal society is one in which the government realizes individuality among its citizens and allows them to pursue that individuality as long as it does not harm another individual. In addition, the ideal society would protect citizens without being overbearing and oppressive. Thomas Jefferson, Henry David Thoreau, Niccolo Machiavelli, Martin Luther King, and Elizabeth Cady Canton all express different views on how a government should operate. All signs point to freedom as a fundamental component to a successful society. A government that is too large or too small will not survive. However, a society that can find the right balance with government and individuals is not easy to establish. It takes work and sincerity. It also takes responsibility on the government to do the right thing for all parties involved."

Tags:Jefferson, Thoreau, Machiavelli, King, Stanton

Abstract
Dioxins and other chemical components have been located in foods that people consume everyday. Too much dioxin can be fatal and/or pose serious threats to newborn children in terms of birth defects. What has been done to diminish this chemical toxin in foods? Government officials have developed policies in an effort to control contamination in terms of pesticides, feeds for livestock and water treatments. If preventions are not implemented more readily, these chemical toxins will pose significant elevations in diseases in humans and animals through contamination.

Tags:dioxin, chemical, threat

Abstract
The paper examines traditional types of organizations and leadership styles, considers new developments in both of these areas, and offers observations on what government organizations might look like in the future. The writer explores and discusses what effective managers, including elected officials, might do to become better leaders.

From the Paper
"Traditionally, successful organizations have a combination of leaders and managers at each level. Leaders provide the vision and the overall mission that the organization strives to achieve, while managers administrate the day-to-day activities that help achieve the vision. Organizations cannot long survive without both leaders and managers: organizations without leaders lack the vision for long-term success; organizations lacking managers do not have the infrastructure necessary for the discipline to achieve the leader's vision. Leaders guide organizations in new directions while managers set forth the policies which solidify those changes. It is difficult, if not impossible, to determine whether leaders or managers are more important to an organization's development; instead, both are necessary components to a successful organization."

Tags:manager, government, elected, official, organization

Abstract
The writer discusses that water exportation has emerged as a serious matter for the Canadian government as the United States begins to cast covetous eyes northward. With that in mind, this paper looks at the environmental values in play, at the various government institutions at the heart of the matter, at the agencies/departments involved and at the relative strength of the present policy and what environmental policy tools were most likely used in its crafting. In the end, the writer notes that what should emerge from this study is the recognition that Canada may not have a perfect strategy, but at least a strategy of some kind is in place. The writer concludes that while the future is obviously still to be determined, Canada at least has a workable legislative framework in place to protect its water reserves.

Outline:
Environmental Values
Relevant (Government) Institutions
Pertinent Government Agencies/Departments
Relevant Organizations
The Quality of the Decision and the Environmental Policy Tools Used
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In any case, the 2002 amendments do follow a general pattern of greater federal involvement in the issue. For instance, the 2002 measure delineated above is actually an extension of prior amendments brought into effect the preceding year whereby the International Boundary Waters Treaty Act was modified in such a way that "bulk" water removal from the Canadian parts of the boundary waters - chiefly the Great Lakes - would no longer be permitted. Finally, a still-earlier report from March of 2000 (jointly written by the Canadian and American governments) entitled, Protection of the Waters of the Great Lakes, mandates that water removal from the Great Lakes should not proceed unless it can be satisfactorily proved that the ecosystem of the Great Lakes Basin will not be harmed. All in all, Ottawa has asserted itself on this matter and made it clear that it will use its legislative purview to establish laws protecting Canada's freshwater deposits; simultaneously, the Canadian government - as the chief international negotiator acting on behalf of all Canadians - has made a concerted effort to join with its American counterparts in deploring and discouraging the mass export of water from vulnerable boundary areas."

Tags:exportation, environmental, reserves, natural, resources

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the issue of water exportation in Canada. The writer discusses the related environmental issues and the government institutions that are involved in this matter. Further, the writer discusses the current policies in this regard. The writer concludes with the recognition that Canada may not have a perfect strategy, but at least a strategy of some kind in place.

From the Paper
"Water exportation has emerged as a serious matter for the Canadian government as the United States begins to cast covetous eyes northward. With that in mind, the next several pages will look at the environmental values in play, at the various government institutions at the heart of the matter, at the agencies/departments involved, and at the relative strength of the present policy and what environmental policy tools were most likely used in its crafting."

Tags:Canada, water, exports