Abstract
The questions about what causes depression are not so important as complicating the theories about depression. This necessary complication of theory is essential for understanding the depressed person as a complex person, and for generating kinds of intervention therapies that can ease the symptoms of depression. Because there is no specific cure, as yet, for depression, it is crucial that people in the health care professions have greater theoretical resources for understanding the relations between the environment and the person. Nurses in particular need to participate more with the work of theorizing, because they mediate the relations between the client, or patient, and the larger medical institution that effects their care.

Tags:theories, of, depression

Abstract
Throughout contemporary culture, many instances of repressed desire are apparent although they exist under the depths of the mind's consciousness. Although Sigmund Freud psychoanalyzed and wrote during the Modernist Era, his analyses of society are easily applied to modern culture and society. This paper shows that the ability to psychoanalyze everyday events is not complicated; however, it requires looking well into the common events of daily lives and rethinking situations and political stances that are usually taken for granted.

From the Paper
"To begin with, most societies in the twenty-first century must cope with the environmental impacts of waste created by human consumption. One method of socially acceptable disposal is the creation of the modern garbage dump. The use of the term "creation" here is to explicitly show the alliance with Freud's concept of a young child's fascination with one of his first creations, his excrement, which is explained by the anal stage of the psychic development. As a young child learns from his authority figures, namely his parents, that it is absolutely unacceptable to play with his excrement, he begins to repress that fascination until a later date. It shows up much later in life as the creation of technologies such as waste management."

Tags:ego, conscious, mind, human, waste

Abstract
This paper discusses journalistic ethics, according to the views of philosopher, Soren Kierkegaard. It begins with a brief look at the various theories of journalistic ethics that have held sway in the past. The paper then presents cases demonstrating their inadequacies. It then re-examines those cases under the Kierkegaardian system of teleological suspension of the ethical qua journalism and discusses the possible objections to and complications of this approach.

From the Paper
"In the organic process through which ethical weeds inevitably sprout wherever civilization ploughs fresh soil, modern society may have broached a new continent. Surely this can be said with respect to journalism. Technological advances, innovative political tactics, and the ever-more competitive relationship between government and press all contribute to a proliferation of ethical dilemmas for which there exists no adequately vigorous effort to account. When the old approaches to journalistic ethics, having never foreseen the complexity our times, prove themselves antiquated, journalists must pursue new ways to understand the ethics of their craft. The answer, I submit, lies in the writings of nineteenth century Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard, whose sees the finite nature of ethical dimensions and transcends them through a teleological suspension of the ethical. Before wading into the intricacies of Kierkegaard, though, I would first like to sketch the structure of this essay."

Tags:teleological, suspension, news, magazine

Abstract
Using Sandra Lee Bartky's theory of internalization, which is based on Michel Foucault's 'Panopticon' theory, this essay discusses quite complicated theories regarding the effect of patriarchy on a woman and her experience of her own body. This is written from a feminist perspective, but quite simply and passionately. The essay goes into much detail regarding the ways in which women internalize patriarchal standards and desires, so that women come to punish themselves for not living up to the male-imposed bodily standards of beauty. Foucault's theory of the Panopticon is only employed to demonstrate this 'internalization' process; the Panopticon is a prison where each prisoner is permanently visible. When one believes they are permanently on display, whether they are actually being watched or not, they will internalize the standards of the 'watcher' and self-monitor. This essay's contention is that the internalization of patriarchal standards of feminine beauty on women causes women much stress, pain and anxiety medically, physically and psychologically.

From the Paper
"In contemporary patriarchal society, a woman lives her body from outside-in. She is perpetually conscious of how she looks to another, because she knows she is perpetually watched by a patriarchal Other, and it becomes her duty to stand outside her own flesh and monitor her body's movements for him. A woman comes to watch herself as though she too were a patriarchal Other. She becomes both the seer and seen, the "object of desire," internalizing his values regarding her body and making them her own values about her own body. Her embodied experience will reflect this knowledge that she stands always before his gaze and under his judgment; her body is not her own. Similarly, her own sexuality is not self-defined, and she will not experience herself as beautiful or sexual unless she complies with the patriarchal ideals of feminine beauty."

Tags:anorexia, bartky, beauty, feminist, foucault, myth, panopticon, patriarchal, sexuality

Abstract
This essay critically evaluates post-heroic leadership in the light of the leadership theories. It does this by first demonstrating how complicated and contested the term "leadership" is. It then gives a brief summary of Huey's understanding of what post-heroic leadership is. The essay critically evaluates post-heroic leadership (as Huey sees it) through the perspective of the Trait theories of leadership, the behavioral theories of leadership (through a close look at the Michigan studies), the contingency theories, and the more modern Transactional and Transformational leadership models.

From the Paper
"Even when experts agree that management and leadership are different concepts, experts still disagree as to what the reasons are for this difference (Robbins, 1998). Greenberg and Baron claim that the primary function of a leader is to "create the essential purpose or mission of an organization and the strategy for attaining it" (Greenberg & Baron, 1997, p434). They then contrast this with what they say is the job of a manager: to implement the vision that the leader has come up with. They therefore believe that the difference between the leader and the manager is that manager's cope with "complexity", whereas leaders cope with "change" (Greenberg & Baron, 1998). They claim that the confusion between these two terms stems from the fact that the distinction between establishing a mission and implementing it is often blurred in practice. This is because many leaders are called upon not only to come up with the vision, but also to help manage and implement it. Another reason for the difficulty in attempting to distinguish between managers and leaders is that, while many managers do not make good leaders, a substantial proportion of managers do (Greenberg & Baron: 1998). "

Tags:behavioural, contingency, heroic, leadership, post, theories, trait, transactional, transformational

Abstract
This paper discusses how, because of the magnitude of the 9/11 attacks, the American people demanded immediate answers to reasons how and why the attacks occurred. This paper explains some of the theories behind the build-up to the attacks and examines American society pre- and post-9/11.
Introduction
The American Super Power
The Greatest Generation
Natural and Technological Barriers
A Belief in Intelligence
A Country that Didn't Believe it Could be Beaten
Vietnam
Defeating the Soviet Empire
The Arab Threat
America Was Not ABLE to 'Connect the Dots'
America as a Concept
Hating America
The Sanctity of Life
Religious but Secular
Western Hatred
Education: Hating America
Embracing Death
US Complicity in the Attacks
Three Important Signals
Barriers to Cooperation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"With the destruction of the Twin Towers, the United States of America saw the end of an era and a commencement of sorts. The previous era had constructed a fortress in the belief system of the American people and indeed much of the world that the great oceans providing protection on either shore of the United States had comparable defenses in the collective mind of the world. America had become the master of all it had surveyed and stood unequalled in the world in influence and might and yet, the image that the nation had created of itself was not a true reflection of the country's ability. Thus, with the dramatic events of fire and death, a new period of American behavior was introduced to the world. And with the ushering in of this new period it became possible to understand how the plans, hatred and eventual attacks went undetected."

Tags:terror, superpower, attack

Abstract
This paper defines ethics and explains some of the different viewpoints on ethics that exist. The paper then gives a critical view of ethics. Next, it discusses Aldo Leopold's land ethic. The paper concludes that there are many different opposing viewpoints in ethics and every person must make up their own ethics by which to live.

Table of Contents:
How do we Define Ethics?
A complicated System of Groups
Ethical Theories
Deontological Versus Teleological Theories
Every Situation is Different
The Critical View of Ethics
The Never Ending Story
Ethics as a Limiting Factor
Ethics as Propaganda
Ethics and the Environment
Aldo Leopold's Ethics
Aldo Leopold's Land Ethic
Conclusion
In the Literature
The Rose Theory

From the Paper
"In order to discuss ethics, one must first attempt to understand the intricacies involved in this discipline. First, a distinction must be made between ethics and morality. "Ethical wisdom consists in knowing how to frame the ideal, and moral sagacity consists in knowing how to put the ideal to work and realize it in practice" (Rader 1964). In other words, ethics may be thought of as the theory by which morality is practiced. Although separate ideas, neither morality nor ethics can exist without the other. Once this distinction is made, the question must be asked, is ethics a science? Researchers have long tried to answer this question, and many have come to the following conclusion. It is believed that ethics is a "normative science: concerned with norms and standards not empirical facts" (Rader 1964)."

Tags:aldo, land, leopold, morality

Abstract
The author of this paper is of the opinion that there is not one perfect theory nor one set of therapeutic techniques and procedures that are useful with all clients. Every client, each problem and each counselor is different, therefore some theories and techniques are better at providing aid than others. By working in the school environment, the author has seen that this experience adds more questions and complications to the process of helping others. The amount of time that can be spent with a client/student, parental involvement and consent, absentees from class, and other duties of the school counselor are a few examples of factors that have to be considered when trying to implement theories and techniques that will best help students in the school setting. Cognitive behavior therapy/rational emotive behavior therapy provides a counselor with a direct and purposeful approach to addressing student problems while an Adlerian view on human nature may aid in a better understanding of why some clients are harder to reach than others.

From the Paper
"Human beings are subject to powerful biological and social forces. The cognitions pertaining to the forces on their lives are what lead to emotional and behavioral disturbances. These cognitions are major determinants of how we feel and act. Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) assumes that people contribute to their own psychological problems and symptoms by the way they interpret events and situations (Cory, 2001). It is my belief that no matter what happens, it is how we choose to perceive the event that contributes to our actions and feelings later down the road. A person can change their perceptions at any time and can change their perception as many times as they want."

Tags:REBT, Adler, Ellis, therapist

Abstract
This paper studies two different approaches to international investments: The multilateral approach, which is favored by developed nations and the bilateral approach, which is favored by developing nations. As the paper explains, since the negotiations on MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investments) fell apart, the developed world has been attempting to renew the effort through the other world bodies like WTO. This paper examines which of the above approaches is most suited to the world and in particular to the developing countries. The paper also asks whether a multilateral approach will necessarily lead to increased global FDI inflows. This paper ultimately proves that one size does not fit all, since investments are too sensitive and complicated to be governed by an umbrella agreement covering the entire world. Thus, the paper concludes, the WTO's attempt to address non-commercial factors through a multilateral agreement may not be worthwhile. Further, the paper recommends that if the WTO is to increase FDI, it should continue to concentrate on trade rather than bringing investments under a multilateral arrangement.

Table of Contents:
Acknowledgements
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendices
Introduction
Need for Study
Objectives
Hypothesis
Limitations
Chapterization
Literature Review
Theories on International Trade
Theories on FDI
What factors determine the FDI?
Is Global FDI Tariff Jumping?
Multilateralism & Bilateralism
The Doha Round
The Cancun & Hong Kong Round
India's Reservation on WTO
Methodology
Methodology
Source
Assumptions
Expected Outcome
Results & Findings
Findings from Time Series Data
Findings from Cross Section Data
Conclusions & Policy Recommendations
Suggested Areas for Further Research
Bibliography
End Notes
Tables
Figures
Appendices

From the Paper
"At present, the foreign investments are protected under the BITs (Bilateral Investment Treaties) and certain other regional arrangements. Since the 1960s, the BITs have increased greatly in numbers and today there are more than 2300 BITs (Source -UNCTAD). There has been a sustained debate between the developed and the developing world on the utility and/or continuance of BITs. The stand of the developed world is that the BIT is an inadequate protection since it often (not always) subordinates investment disputes to the local laws of the host country rather than international arbitration. Also, the process of negotiations of BITs is costly and time consuming. The western world also holds the view that the BITs do not sufficiently address the issue of transparency, predictability and stability of the FDI regime of the host countries."

Tags:bilateral, bit, doha, dtaa, fdi, investments, mai, multilateral, round, trade

Abstract
This paper explains that Occam's Razor, which was not invented by Occam, appears to have been changed and adapted through time into numerous variations, but this theory is generally represented as the principal of always preferring the simplest explanation of events to any other explanation. The author explains that many people attempt to apply Occam's Razor to "alternative history" or "conspiracy" theories as a form of discounting them; for example, claiming that the moon landing was a hoax is a far more complicated explanation than the actual landing would be. The paper applies the Occam's Razor to the mystery that pyramids, which are found around the world, have nearly identical properties.

From the Paper
"The easiest place to see this difficulty of translation is with the issue of whether, at some point in the past, intelligent life forms have landed on earth. On the surface, the application of Occam's Razor would seem to make alien visitation a poor belief, because history can be explained without an alien presence, and therefore their introduction into the narrative is nothing more or less than the an unnecessary hypothesis which should be stricken. Alien intervention seems very complicated, and should therefore be discounted. However, if one takes a closer look at the arguments for an alien visit, one might argue quiet the opposite -- that alien or supernatural intervention of some unknown sort is actually the simplest explanation for a variety of events."

Tags:aliens, moon, alternative, discounting, pyramids