Abstract
This paper offers a detailed analysis of the semantic and cultural challenges of literary translations. The paper explains that while literature-based translations into a target language can never hope to fully capture the meaning and truth that is expressed in the term's source language, the effects of good literature can be noticed and appreciated in any language with the proper linguistic approach. The paper asserts that perfect translation is ultimately an unrealistic goal, but it is important that translational writers work continually to improve the accuracy, cultural sensitivity, and comprehensive practicality of selected literary translations. The paper concludes that the language that a word or piece of text is being translated into has its own history and culture, and it will not match up with the original language's context; this makes translation of literary texts especially difficult.

From the Paper
"As we can see though, one of the more complex snares of bridging the language gap occurs when cultural differences create communication barriers that prevent direct personal engagement of ideas. Where concepts and ideas are unique to specific cultures with their own language and dialect sets, it may be the case that linguistic translation is inadequate to provide appropriate meanings to non-native speakers. This creates a gap between cognitive and translational equivalence as well as in comprehension between writer and reader. Religious, tribal and other ethnic peculiarities may exist strictly within cultures and language for which there is no meaning-equivalence in other cultures and languages. Here, cognitive equivalence is absent and, in its place, a danger exists that translational equivalence could be inaccurately substituted. If the translation is not constructed in such a way as to discourage such misapplication of meanings, this equivalence discrepancy could prevent the reader from properly understanding the crucial meanings and relevancies of the text in question."

Tags:bilingual, lexicography, interpreter, ethnic, cognitive

Abstract
This paper reviews the changing nature of the American family. Specifically, the paper looks at the complexities of cohabitation, divorce and step-families with an eye towards outlining what precipitates the first two and what dangers accompany the latter. In the final analysis, it is fairly evident that the American family now encompasses a wider range of arrangements than ever before - and this presents both opportunities for people who might not be happy in a traditional family structure, as well as dangers that were far less common when the nuclear family was the predominant social unit.

From the Paper
"Examining the available evidence collected by Eshleman, it seems clear that different cultures have different ideals vis-a-vis non-traditional relationships among adults. To wit, Puerto Ricans tend to be much more accepting of non-marital cohabitations while Mexican Americans cleave faithfully to the marriage ideal (Eshleman, 2000, p.288). Suffice it to say, if a society is not receptive to non-marital cohabitation, this can place great pressures upon the couple - and can create an uncomfortable situation for any children they may have. Be that as it may, Eshleman (2000) points out on page 151 of his text that non-marital cohabitation is becoming increasingly accepted in the western world and may emerge as a permanent, legitimate alternative to traditional marriage. Certainly, cohabitation seems to offer practical financial benefits, sexual benefits, and a measure of privacy that few other arrangements can match. Additionally, cohabitating couples are much more likely to keep their finances separate (this can be considered a practical financial benefit), are more likely to express low levels of commitment to the relationship, and tend to break up more readily (Eshleman, 2000, p.152 and 155). Clearly, if children are involved, there is a distinct possibility they will find themselves in a one-parent home at some point simply because the parental imperative to stay together is not nearly so strong."

Tags:non-marital, alternative, traditional, finances

Abstract
This paper presents a literature review that reveals the various complexities associated with dyslexia. The paper emphasizes the importance of detecting a dyslexia condition in the early period of its formation and that, upon detection, the dyslexic person should immediately undergo treatments such as aggressive linguistic development before he or she reaches secondary education.

Table of Contents:
What is Dyslexia
Literature Review
Dyslexics: Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Differences and Treatment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Unfortunately, scientific inquiries and long-term observations on literacy skills of dyslexics fail to point out the main cause of the condition. The causes have been often linked to a number of unfavorable conditions involving mental capacities and functions. Some of these are problems in memory storage capacity, processing, and retrieval. Many also point out that difficulties and sequencing and hand and eye and ear coordination also heightens the risks for dyslexia."

Tags:research, memory storage, drop-outs, phonological module, phonics-based

Abstract
This paper presents a review of the existing research literature upon teaching and learning processes for writing and reading. The paper explains that this literature suggests complexities that are not addressed in Ontario ministry curriculum requirements in these areas. More specifically, the paper maintains that the literature highlights the fact that these processes are not only highly individual but that they also are shaped by learning processes across a continuum along which students move back and forth as they incorporate new learning into their knowledge bases.

Tags:education, curriculum, development

Abstract
The following essay examines the affirmative action legislation that was created with the intention of offering the values of equal opportunity, racial equality and individual liberty as public policy. The writer examines how the rhetoric and political jargon involved in the implementation often overshadowed or confused the values that originally were intended in the legislation. It is of this writer's opinion that the Declaration of Independence established the idealistic intent of the United States of America to be a place for democratic equality and today Americans are still dealing with the complexities of turning the ideal into the real.

From the Paper
"Polarization over public policy attempting to legislate values is common. Affirmative action is an especially emotional, value oriented legislative issue. The complexities and ironies involved were present in the roots of American democracy and reverberate into modern times. Rhetoric resonates when affirmative action is the topic under discussion. Words like discrimination, reverse discrimination, preferential treatment, justice, equality, politics of inclusion, quotas, color-blindness fly fast and furiously. The main values under consideration in public policy concerning affirmative action are equal opportunity and civil rights. At it's inception affirmative action legislation was aimed at racial equality centered on the black/white dichotomy. As it evolved affirmative action came to include concern for the civil rights of other American ethnic minorities as well as the equality of civil rights between the sexes. In order to somewhat limit the vastness of the subject, this paper will concentrate on the extensive background of legislative efforts to equalize opportunity for American blacks and the public policy that emerged as efforts to realize non-discriminatory values evolved into what became known as affirmative action."

Tags:country, human, equality, issue, public, policy, consideration, continental, congress, grievances, british, crown, free, independent, states

Abstract
This paper deals with the way our mind interprets what our eyes see, sometimes creating visual tricks like the Kanisza triangle, the Rubik's face-vase, the classic Muller-Lyer illusion and the Necker cube (illustrations included). Perceptual Psychology, the Gestalt principles of grouping, depth perception and perceptual constancy are also discussed with reference to Stephen Pinker and David Marr.

From the Paper
"Beauty lies in the eye of the beholder and indeed it is this humble organ that perceives everything that is resplendent in the world. But in strictly scientific terms what we experience is nothing more than the constant bombardment of countless stimuli pulsing with information that needs to be decoded. So, cocooned within a world of darkness, how does the mind translate this flood of sensation? How does the eye transform light into neural messages? And how from this living neurochemistry do we create conscious experiences? This paper attempts to answer these questions whilst highlighting the challenges that the mind faces when replacing the loss of information in the transition from the world outside to the world within."

Tags:behavior, binocular, brain, complexity, constancy, cues, eye, gestalt, human, images, monocular, perception, perceptual, pinker, psychology, reality, stephen, visual

Abstract
The paper discusses how in Western industrial democracies, the phenomenon of surveys and opinion polls represent one of the most widely-employed methods of determining and measuring the attitudes of large or small groups of people. This paper critically examines the nature and methodologies of these self-report methods, assessing their respective strengths and weaknesses, and exploring the question of the existence of viable alternatives to these research methods.

From the Paper
"In western industrial democracies the phenomenon of surveys and opinion polls represent one of the most widely-employed methods of determining and measuring the attitudes of large or small groups of people. This essay will critically examine the nature and methodologies of these self-report methods, assessing their respective strengths and weaknesses, and exploring the question of the existence of viable alternatives to these research methods. In the survey research method the focus of the research is not on what..."

Tags:poll, survey, psychology

Abstract
This paper explores the origins of war, its causes, social and humanitarian interventions and, finally, the prevention of war. It points out that historians generally agree that at the heart of the origins of all war are certain prevailing social, economic, and political conditions that serve as the passion needed to raise the masses to the level of war. The paper holds that personal accounts of war experiences depict scenes of such horror as cannot be imagined by those of us who have not experienced war, and amongst whom the fear of war is seemingly never far from mind in modern society. The paper concludes that modern technology and mass communications, resulting in a growing sense of world community, may help in the prevention of future war.

Contents:
The Origins of War
Causes of War
Use of Force in International Politics
Humanitarian Intervention
Prevention of War

From the Paper
"The aftermath of war always leads to the recount of personal experiences that are heart wrenching and are filled with deep physical and emotional pain. That man continues to pursue war as a means to resolve his differences remains a mystery in lieu of the universal suffering it brings about. However, the origins of war, as will be shortly discussed, go back to the history of man and remain a constant in human history as is recorded by evidence of remains, artifacts, architecture, art, and written records. Even though we understand the conditions that are most commonly associated with onset of war, the prevention of war has, thus far, eluded mankind even in the modern world today when we have so many global mechanisms and people in place intended to prevent the event of war."

Tags:conflict, civil, peace

Abstract
The paper explains that according to Cohen, the purpose of a conceptual definition is 'to formulate sharp definitions of vague phenomena'. The paper discusses how conceptual definitions clarify and define in a precise manner, thus enabling one to differentiate between objects or activities that have vague similarities. The paper explains that Cohen's definition of a tourist fits this purpose by clarifying the specific characteristics and motivations of a tourist.

From the Paper
"According to Cohen, the purpose of a conceptual definition is `to formulate sharp definitions of vague phenomena' (in Cohen, 1974, p. 528). Conceptual definitions clarify and define in a precise manner, thus enabling one to differentiate between objects or activities that have vague similarities. Cohen's definition of a tourist fits this purpose by clarifying the specific characteristics and motivations of a tourist. Cohen describes a tourist as a voluntary traveler because, `he goes on a trip of his own free will, is able to terminate his trip whenever it pleases him and is free to return to his permanent place of abode'..."

Tags:tourism, definition, issues

Abstract
This essay will explore the scholarly and theatrical application of Freud's "Oedipus Complex" to the interpretation of Shakespeare's "Hamlet". It will be argued that while this view of the relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude is not definitive, the plot of the play does nonetheless fulfil many basic features of the "Oedipus Complex".

Tags:oedipus, complex, hamlet