Abstract This essay will explore the scholarly and theatrical application of Freud's "Oedipus Complex" to the interpretation of Shakespeare's "Hamlet". It will be argued that while this view of the relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude is not definitive, the plot of the play does nonetheless fulfil many basic features of the "Oedipus Complex".
Abstract This article examines Freud's 'Oedipus Complex' theory. In this paper, the writer discusses the claims involved in the concept. The writer offers several reasons to doubt the validity of the 'Oedipal Complex', as it ignores many other factors that bear on parent-child relations.
From the Paper "This paper examines the extent to which two claims of Freud concerning the Oedipus Complex may be valid claims. These are the claims that this aspect of a boy's mental life can be considered the greatest achievement of psychoanalysis as well as the foundation of all neuroses. Several reasons are offered to doubt these claims, most of which involve speculations as to the validity of the Oedipus Complex itself. First, it is noted that the Oedipal Complex cannot be remembered by people ... "
A discussion on "In Commentary: The Potential of Chaos Theory and Complexity Theory for Health Services Management", by Margaret Arndt and Barbara Bigelow.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, 2005, $ 53.95
Abstract This paper examines Margaret Arndt and Barbara Bigelow's book which discusses the relevance and potential of the chaos and complexity theories in terms of improving health services management in the United States. It highlights that reevaluating professional knowledge and assumptions in a field as complex as health care can be unsettling, but it can also invigorating.
From the Paper "In "Commentary: The Potential of Chaos Theory and Complexity Theory for Health Services Management", Margaret Arndt and Barbara Bigelow examine the relevance and potential of these theories in terms of improving health services management in the United States. They emphasize that reevaluating professional knowledge and assumptions in a field as complex as health care can be unsettling, but it can also invigorating. Because of the potential benefits of such an approach, Arndt and Bigelow (2000) argue in their article that applying chaos theory and complexity theory to health services management is worthy of pursuit, despite potential controversy or disputes regarding the validity of this approach. Since America's health care system is plagued by inherent complexity and chaos, applying ..."
Abstract This paper takes a critical look at the book "Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe", by Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee. It discusses their theories of the beginning of life on Earth and additional theories to life on other planets. It challenges their research and data and offers other explanations and theories.
From the Paper "Was the occurrence of complex life on the planet Earth an isolated event or simply the next logical step in evolution? Ward and Brownlee seem to believe complex life is unique to our home world or at least extremely scarce in the Universe.1 In addition to the factors in their Rare Earth equation, mentioned in their book are some specific factors peculiar to Earth that may have affected the development of complex life. Beginning with the planet Mars, W&B argue that the fossil record shows that the cooling Earth developed bacterial life as soon as conditions permitted. They suggest that this may be because the bacteria first developed on Mars, which cooled earlier, and that perhaps Earth was then seeded with these bacteria carried by meteorites reaching our planet after having been ejected from Mars by asteroid impacts. The low gravity of Mars makes this more likely, and it is estimated that ten percent of meteors ejected from Mars may impact Earth. A system lacking a Mars-like planetary companion might have been slower to develop bacterial life."
Abstract In this essay, the writer analyzes the statement that the community complexity should be fostered. The writer notes that the community is part of that world and is becoming more tied to the external world all the time through links with other communities, including new communities that did not exist only a few years ago, notably the online community that people access through their computers. The writer points out that the time is long past when a community can exist largely on its own, and even the most rural communities are tied to the outside world more firmly than was true in the past.
Abstract The paper firstly explains the origins of the Oedipus complex and then shows how William Shakespeare portrays this in his play "Hamlet". Hamlet's mother, Gertrude, is his Oedipus complex. This fits in with the idea of the Oedipus complex, where often the mother is the object of the Oedipus complex and is in the position of being the greatest importance in a child's life. Hamlet subconsciously feels that he should be the center of Gertrude's affection and this affects his relationships with women and also fuels his motivation for revenge for those that get in the way of this desire. The paper shows how Shakespeare fits in the idea of Oedipus complex in his play: Hamlet greatly disapproves of his mother's remarriage, his mother shows her undying love for him, Hamlet has extremely strong feelings towards his mother and how he repels other women, especially one who reminds him of his mother. The paper concludes that the Oedipus complex that exists during Shakespeare's time continues to exist today.
From the Paper "The Oedipus Complex originated from Sophocles' tragedy, Oedipus Rex. In the tragedy, an oracle prophesizes that the son born to Liaus, the King of Thebes, and his queen Jocasta, will kill his father and marry his mother. Liaus, after the birth of his son Oedipus, abandons him and leaves him to die. Oedipus, however, lives and the prophecy comes true. Oedipus grows up and unknowingly murders his father. He then marries Jocasta, not knowing that she is his mother, and together, they have four children. When Oedipus discovers the horrifying truth about his mother and his father, he gauges his eyes out and lives the rest of his life in great depression. Freud defines the Oedipus Complex as "the unconscious desire for the death of the parent of the same sex and for physical union with the parent of the opposite sex" (Wertheimer 133). A man suffering from the Oedipus Complex has sexual desires for his mother and aggressive feelings towards his father. In Shakespeare's Hamlet, Hamlet shows the Oedipus Complex throughout the play and his mother, Gertrude, is the object of this complex. Hamlet demonstrates the Oedipus Complex through his actions and desires towards his mother, which, as a result, affects his relationship with women and Ophelia and becomes the main motivation for revenge."
Abstract This paper shows how the Oedipus complex theory can be applied to Hamlet, the main character of "Hamlet" by William Shakespeare and the issues that he faces concerning his mother and girlfriend. The paper shows that the intense rage that Hamlet projects onto Queen Gertrude (his mother), Ophelia (his girlfriend) and women in general compiles this version of Oedipus complex triangle. Hamlet finds himself strangely drawn to the act of matricide whether or not he blatantly expresses it, because he partially blames his mother for the circumstances leading up to his father's death, although he has a strange sexual affinity towards her. The paper describes how Hamlet releases his frustration about his father's death indirectly on Ophelia while raising to the surface strong undercurrents of an Oedipal complex with Gertrude as its center.
From the Paper "According to psychoanalysis, a male child's dual view of his mother as the Madonna and the whore (her relationship with the father) is not abnormal. Men have a preoccupation with virginity as well as an urge to engage in dirty activities with the whore. Unfortunately, Hamlet fails to detangle the complicated web he has mentally and emotionally intertwined them in, and he ends up causing them to incur mental and physical damage. His feelings about Polonius? death have much to do with using Ophelia as a vehicle for him to feel as though he forced the same agony of grief upon his mother that he had to endure when his father died."
Abstract This paper explains that many assumptions about how organizations work were drawn from scientific principles first developed during the 17th century. However, in the 21st century, these principles work less successfully when faced with constant, rapid and unpredictable change. The author points out that the various sciences of complexity have found that all complex systems share certain generic characteristics and can be used to understand the process of change, adaptation and evolution of both the business process and information systems (IS) within the context of complexity. The paper states that the question of adaptation of information technology systems is studied from the perspective of adaptive evolution using the model of biological change.
From the Paper "Jan Varela has identified the principles of resonance and coherence. Resonance may be interpreted in terms of individual elements working in concert with each other, despite the fact that their focus is on their own welfare. Coherence is the way all the elements in a system create a whole when again they work selfishly. Coherence is also associated with emergence and relates to properties which cannot be predicted from a study of the parts. Emergence may be seen as the transition from local rules or principles of interaction between individual components or agents, to global principles or states encompassing the entire collection of agents. That transition is produced by explicit principles such as coherence and resonance providing local and global levels of analysis. Although emergence as a phenomenon is familiar to philosophers, systems theorists and complexity researchers, the process of emergence, that is the process which allows the transition from a simple set of rules to global, unpredictable and innovative behavior, is still not understood, nor is the role it plays in any method of intervention. Some researchers are beginning to explore the concept, and the investigator will monitor that research as it will have significant impact on an understanding of the design principles for the business process and information systems."
This paper discusses the validity, applicability and usefulness of six popular complexity metrics suitable for procedural and object-oriented paradigms.
Abstract This paper examines various complexity metrics software such as McCabe's Cyclomatic Metrics and Halstead Complexity Measures.The author points out that there are many opinions surrounding the usage of the various metrics particularly in relation to the clarity of the results that they produce. The paper relates that many of the metrics are language independent or can be easily adapted to measure many of the most common languages. The paper includes several formulas and long quotations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
McCabe's Cyclomatic Metrics
Halsteads Complexity Measures
Henry and Kafura
Source Lines of Code (SLOC)
Weighted Methods per Class (WMC)
Choice of Programming Paradigms and Computer Languages Impact on the Choice of Metrics Used in a Given Situation
Metrics from the Management Perspective and How Metrics Can Aid in the Improvement of the Software Process
Conclusion
From the Paper "The quantity and the complexity of methods involved is a predictor of the amount of time and effort necessary to create and maintain the class. The more significant the number of methods within a class, the greater the possible impact on children. Such an impact exists because children inherit all of the methods defined within the parent class. In addition when classes have large numbers of methods there is usually more application specific, which limits the likelihood of reuse. WMC is a natural number. The calculation for this metric is WMC is the sum of all V(G methods) in a class."
Abstract This paper presents a Biblical analysis to determine the ideology of the messiah complex that arises within the Second Temple Period of the Hebrew Bible. The paper relates that the multiple meanings for determining a savior or messiah of the Jewish peoples is defined through a prophetic, kingly, and textual analysis of how God's will is projected within the text. The paper concludes that this provides a non-absolutist determination for realizing the complexity of God's interaction with the various figures that rise up and take action to protect their religious culture from various enemies. The often militaristic presence of leaders like David and Jacob provide a majority of the messianic principles involved in God saving his "chosen people", which provide an analytical framework for realizing the messianic complex with the Second Temple Period.
From the Paper "Although David is being described as a priestly incarnation of the physical presence of God, he is invariably a military and governmental leader that has taken religious vows to define his messianic complex. This is the multiple variations of the divine spirit that emulate from him, as he became more aware of God's will for him to save his people. This view contrasts with the Jewish sect of the Pharisees that often saw the messiah as a "Son of God" as both a spirit and a human being, yet the majority of Jewish perspectives on the messiah complex offer a wider range of qualifications to define religious leadership."
Abstract This paper reviews the Fyodor Dostoyevsky's "Notes From Underground" and speaks mainly about the main character, an anonymous narrator who shows signs of an inferiority complex and as a result becomes preoccupied with his own purpose and self worth. The author provides excerpts of the anonymous narrator's fantasized interaction with a certain officer, his hysterical and overly dramatic clash with a friend, and his idealized relationship with a prostitute, Liza, all of which drives the man to isolation due to his inferiority complex. The paper also discusses inferiority complex, and how it can prevent a person from being successful in life.
From the Paper "When the Underground Man leaves Liza that day, he begins to regret and feel ashamed of the sentiments that he shared with this prostitute. He regrets giving her his address and anxiously dreads her visit. At the same time, he imagines situations in which he saves her from her life of degrading prostitution, educates her, and manages to have her fall in love with him. He is tormented even by his own fantasies, which all end with feelings of self-disgust. When Liza finally does visit, the Underground Man tells her that giving her his address was a mistake and that everything he had said was only to manipulate and embarrass her. He tells her that he was never intending to rescue her from a life of prostitution and shows to her that he is not the hero that she expected him to be."
Abstract This paper briefly describes the 1993 raid carried out by the FBI on the Branch Davidian complex in Waco, Texas and then discusses the legal suit brought against the U.S. government by family and friends of the Branch Davidian members as a result of the raid. The paper explains that the suit filed against the FBI accused them of acting recklessly and thereby endangering the lives of the people on the Davidian complex. The paper describes the legal issues brought up in the trial, developments in the trial and the final decision that cleared the FBI agents.
From the Paper "In 1994, more than 200 family and friends of the men and women killed in the 1993 fire filed a federal lawsuit against the U.S. government in the order of $100 million dollars. The plaintiffs claimed that the fires which killed the cult followers were the result of the careless and unprofessional actions of federal agents. The plaintiffs also claimed that when FBI and other agents fired pyrotechnic tear gas into the building, several of the canisters ignited, sparking the fires that killed everyone inside, and that the FBI later blocked fire trucks from the scene. Lawyers who represented various families of the dead alleged that the FBI conduct showed a "reckless disregard for life.""
Abstract This paper discusses President Dwight Eisenhower's warning to Americans in 1961 to beware of the military-industrial complex. It explains why he was concerned about the power and influence being accumulated by the defense industry in the United States. The paper discusses the influence of the Cold War tensions between the communist world and the free world on Eisenhower's military-industrial complex concerns.
From the Paper " In conclusion, President Dwight Eisenhower's warning in 1961 of the power and influence being accumulated by the military-industrial complex was based on his concerns that the Cold War tensions between the communist world and the free world was creating a permanent industrial-military-political power base in the United States.
President Eisenhower believed that the massive spending on conventional and nuclear weaponry generated by the Cold War was necessary to a certain extent, but he also considered the military-industrial complex that has been created by this spending to be a potential threat to America's democratic institutions and to world peace. That threat is no longer just potential, it is very real, and is inflicting grave damage on America's economy and democratic institutions every day."
Abstract The paper compares and contrasts the war in Iraq with President Eisenhower's warning about the military-industrial complex. The paper argues that because President Eisenhower's warning in 1961 of the growing power and influence of the military-industrial complex has been largely forgotten, we are now burdened with the consequences of a war in Iraq. The paper claims that the Iraq war is reaping massive profits for the defense industry, but is bankrupting the American Treasury and bitterly dividing the country.
From the Paper "Unfortunately, neither the American people nor their leaders have sufficiently heeded President Eisenhower's warnings over the past forty-five years, for the military-industrial complex exists today and has power and influence on a far vaster scale than existed in 1961. The interlocking associations between government leaders and institutions, powerful defense industry corporations, and the Pentagon have produced skyrocketing budget deficits, immense profits for weapons manufacturers, rampant political corruption in Washington D.C., and a bloody fiasco in Iraq."
Abstract This paper defines the Oedipal Complex and show how it emerges as a theme in Shakespeare's 'Hamlet', through the relationship of Hamlet and Gertrude, his mother. The closet theme is shown as a major scene that reflects their relationship, as well as other scenes which show Hamlet's anguish at being replaced in his mother's affection by another man.
From the Paper "A young boy suffering from the Oedipal Complex has sexual desires for his mother and aggressive feelings toward his father. In Shakespeare's Hamlet, the object of Hamlet's Oedipal Complex, Gertrude, follows the criteria of this theory. Although Hamlet outwardly disapproves of his mother's marriage, Gertrude constantly expresses her undying affection for her son. The Closet Scene, in addition to revealing the Oedipal Complex, best exemplifies the conflict in Hamlet's relationship with his mother. "
