Abstract This paper takes a close look at Sister Prudence Allen's article on Hildegard of Bingen, entitled "Hildegard of Bingen" (1985). The paper maintains that the article's main point is that Hildegard was the very first person to articulate the theory of the complementarity of the sexes. The article claims that this complementarity theory was original to Hildegard; thus Hildegard made a significant contribution to the history of the concept of woman in relation to man. The paper agrees with the article, concluding that Hildegard did indeed succeed in vindicating the equality of woman with man by presenting a cogent, comprehensive and multifaceted argument for the complementarity of man and woman.
From the Paper "However, the important point is that Hildegard balanced this notion with a defence of the quality of woman and man, based on a metaphysical framework of sex complementarity in heaven and in the world. For example, in procreation, while man deposits the cold seed, it is woman's warmth that must grow the seed. Similarly, in heaven male saints are equal to but different from female saints; while on earth woman and man have equal access to both the private and public spheres of activity (Allen, 1985)."
A discussion of the conflict between idealism and materialism in the field of physiological psychology and how this conflict is at the very basis of one of the fiercest controversies in this field.
Abstract This paper discusses the philosophical conflict between materialism and idealism in the field of physiological psychology. The analysis of each of these ideas offers the possibility to determine with greater accuracy which are obstacles to the development of physiological psychology and which help the process. The study favors materialistic monism, but without making any strong statements.
The conflict between materialism and idealism
Classifications
Mentalism
Psychophysical parallelism
Organicism
Phrenology
Psychoanalysis as a form of mentalism
Pure behaviorism as a form of mentalism
Psychophysical complementarism Discussion on the advantages/ disadvantages of the abovementioned
approaches
From the Paper "Mentalism, for instance, is based on the thought that any reference to the nervous system is not necessary in explaining mental events, which can be causally explained by psychodynamic concepts. The brain and mind are seen as distinct and independent from each other, which equals with a dualistic perspective. The opposite perception is purely monistic, and states that mental events are simply neural events. This approach, named materialist monism presupposes the existence of a single dimension - the neural one. This way of viewing things is enhanced by the appearance of organicism, which claims that mental events are caused by a particular portion of the brain, specific for each class of neural events. The basic idea of materialist monism is kept and taken one step further, by particularizing each mental event in relation to its source. "
Abstract The status and position of women living within Amazonian communities has been widely researched over the past forty years, with the majority of earlier studies reporting that woman were controlled through a division of labor that served as a socialization process. This essay reviewsS. L. Heckler's article, "Tedium and Creativity: The Valorization of Manioc Cultivation and Piaroa Women", in which Heckler contends that current research suggests, "that division of labor enforces and underscores the complementarities of gender roles and that this complementarity is the basis of Amazonian social life".
Outline:
Introduction
Gender Issues and Socialization
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Heckler reported that all four women considered manioc, which they all cultivated to a greater or lesser extent, as being a vital element of their lives, while individual success, or lack of it, significantly contributed to both personal and corporal status. Laura, for example, was highly respected in the community because of her profound agricultural skill and knowledge, and because she was the daughter-in-law of the group's most powerful shaman. Maria, who like Laura was a middle-aged woman, was also highly respected because of agricultural skills. The third woman, Marie Gloria, who was ten years younger than Laura and Maria, although not particularly recognized for her agricultural knowledge, was valued for her processing skills. The final subject used was a younger woman, Antonia, (around thirty years old), who spent a limited amount of time growing manioc due to having to provide a wage. This, as Heckler states, causes women, such as Antonia, "obvious discomfort at having to admit ... that they did not work in the garden every day" (2004). This indicates that women who do not, or are seen as not, fulfilling their 'feminine obligations' are considered as being inferior. This, as seen in the case of Antonia produces feelings of inadequacy, personal failure, shame, and guilt, for the 'failure' to comply with local tradition."
Tags: women tradition amazonian, gender roles, male domination, community respect recognition status culture roles
Abstract This paper discusses and explains some basic anatomical features of the body such as the anatomical position, planes and sections through the human body, and homeostasis. Relation of anatomy to physiology.
From the Paper "The principle of complementarity was developed by Nils Bohr while working in the field of atomic physics, but can be applied to any science. It is an epistemological principle that essentially means that nothing can be studied in isolation, different aspects of the same organ can help us understand its true function in life. An organ's structure cannot be studied without understanding how it functions in the living system. Anatomy relates to physiology in that..."
