Abstract This paper argues that, within the confines of Hume's definition of liberty and necessity in his "Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding", Hume claims that free will and necessity are compatible; however, outside his definitions, the theory falls apart. The author points out that Hume's definition of necessity starts with his deterministic beliefs. The paper relates issues of the incompatibility of these two concepts and the definitions Hume uses to explain them: (1) Laws to human behavior always have exceptions; (2) Hume's analysis of what is required for responsibility helps to explain why it is useless to deny determinism by appealing to the existence of chance events in the world to disprove Hume's definition of liberty and, (3) if Hume's definition of liberty with the "could-have-done-otherwise" principle are replace, the compatibility of liberty and necessity disappears.
From the Paper "If you combine Hume's determinism concerning human actions with his theory of causation, you basically have his working definition of necessity. Hume believes that there are observable, constant conjunctions between motives (including character traits) and actions in human behavior and goes so far as to claim if one were to look over human history, one discovers that the "same motives always produce the same actions." In Hume's conception of the world, it would be a violation of the law of nature for a prior event to occur and a subsequent event not to and this picture of the universe as law-governed applies just as much to human actions as it does to the behavior of the rest of the natural world."
Abstract This paper presents some of the proposed Islamic state models, as well as some of the constructs of democracy that attempt to argue the two systems have irreconcilable differences. The paper contends that these analyses tend to overlook elements within both ideologies that appear to parallel or mirror each other, and that might be deemed similar in intent and nature. By examining the spirits of democracy and Islam, this paper identifies some elements within both ideologies that are sufficiently similar to suggest an implicit compatibility between them. Furthermore, the paper contends that certain features commonly observed in democracies that are antithetical to Islam, namely popular sovereignty and secularism, do not actually pose significant obstacles to Islam and democracy being reconciled. Finally, two historical examples in which Islam proved reconcilable with otherwise alien ideologies are described, implying Islam's capacity to embrace ideas that are non-Islamic in origin, and by extension, with ideas located in the democratic spirit.
Outline:
Introduction
A Focus on Structure
The Defining Role of Spirit
Compatibility with Other Ideologies
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "The argument that Islam and democracy are irreconcilable ideologies has received a great deal of support. If God is considered the sole source of law, runs the argument, then government 'by the people, for the people' is surely untenable. Abul ala Mawdudi proposed an Islamic governance system he referred to as a theo-democracy, yet rejected democracy itself as the "kind of government in which the majority rules whether its views be right or wrong." A number of scholars point to the poor record of democratisation in the Middle East, North Africa and Muslim-majority countries in general to support the assertion that Muslims are not capable of embracing democracy, or that Islam, in some inherent way, is incompatible with democracy. "
Abstract This paper looks at the longstanding rivalry between IBM PC-compatible systems and Apple Macintosh computers to determine specifically which type of laptop is best for the average consumer. The author compares Apple's MacOS X 10.4 with Microsoft Windows Vista Premium Edition and explains that the former has been shown to be consistently more stable than its Microsoft counterpart. Apple's dual processor strategy and its implication for the consumer is also described. However, in sheer numbers, Microsoft has far more customers,and almost ten times as many developers as Apple, and statistics show that the breadth and depth of applications generated for IBM PC-compatible laptops are far greater than those generated for the Apple Macintosh. The author compares prices, warranties and software, and concludes that the Apple PowerBook G4 clearly delivers exceptionally more value for a lower price given the software and warranty included in the standard price.
Outline:
Introduction
Operating System Price/Performance Comparisons
Ergonomics and Usability
Developer Communities and New Application Development
Feature Comparison
Conclusion
From the Paper "The largest value-added cost component of any laptop is the software royalties paid to 3rd party companies for the use of their operating systems and applications. It is common for $75 or more per IBM PC-compatible laptop to be paid to Microsoft for use of their operating system alone (Frakes, 2006). In fact Microsoft is known for having an expensive enterprise licensing model (Hedgebeth, 2007) which has forced many laptop manufacturers to consider open source operating systems including Linux. The cost for Microsoft Office on an IBM PC-compatible laptop can also add an additional $150 or more to the cost of manufacturing the laptop was well."
Examines the hypothesis that the new management techniques of total quality control methods (TQM) can be compatible with traditional command and control techniques.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, 1997, $ 55.95
From the Paper "The Compatibility of "Command and Control" with TQM methods
Hypothesis
The traditional American management style of "command and control" can be compatible with total quality control methods.
Background
One of the difficulties with employing management methodologies is defining the relative differences between styles, especially in an age where customer driven total quality management seems to be leading the charge. The use of "command and control" leadership in business management is useful only to a degree, being in many cases a reaction to situations that have already occurred. Traditional management too often relies on ..."
Abstract This paper examines the characteristics of science and religion and their interactions to point out their compatibility. It looks at how the common source of conflict between science is that religion makes the assumption that the universe has been designed and created and is guided by supernatural forces or supernatural being; while science, on the other hand, assumed there are no immaterial or supernatural forces and all forces in the universe behave in an ultimately objective way. It assesses how although the worlds of religion and science are clearly separated from each other, there exists between the two a relationship and dependencies. The views of Albert Einstein, David Hume and some other philosophers are also discussed.
From the Paper "In the spring of 1633, Galileo Galilei was delivered before the dreaded Roman Inquisition to be tried on charges of heresy. He was denounced "for holding the false doctrine"that the sun is the center of the world and immovable, and that the earth moves.? Galileo was found guilty and forced to renounce his view. Ill and broken in spirit, he was sentenced to a life of perpetual imprisonment and penance. In the nineteenth century, Charles Darwin was mocked and maligned for claiming that all livings evolved from lower life forms. Those two classical conflicts along with many other conflicts between science and religion have arisen throughout the history of human."
Abstract This paper explains that most people know Dr. Sigmund Freud as the "father of psychiatry" and associate him with the famous "Oedipus Complex", but very few know that, before making his discoveries about the workings of the human mind and personality, he was a physical scientist, who first used cocaine as an anesthetic during eye surgery. The author points out that Freud, believing one's gender played a very large role in the development of one's personality and mind, was the first physician to treat mentally and emotionally disturbed patients humanely. The paper states that, although Freud's methodology seems to have gone out of style, Freud's granddaughter, also a psychiatrist, believes that the core of Freud's thinking reflects, in many ways, pioneering postmodern insights compatible with current cognitive and constructivist ideas and neurophysiological brain research.
Table of Contents
Early Life
From Fear to Modernity
Same Stuff, Different Day
A Man for our Times?
Time's Up
From the Paper "There were other components to his belief system, of course, often connected to boys? fears concerning their private parts. Girls were supposed to envy their brothers and fathers, something Freud connected to their differing gender-specific physical equipment, but which"looking back at how badly society in Victorian times oppressed women"might well have been a rational reaction on the part of those girls and women. They saw that they could not achieve what men did. Freud attributed that to anatomy; these days, we would attribute it to the expectations of society."
This paper discusses Oracle Technologies' Oracle E-Business Suite and its implementation in the financial sector as represented by industry leader, J.P. Morgan Chase.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 40.95
Abstract This paper explains that the businesses value of the application of Oracle E-Business Suite to J.P. Morgan is implementing the basic capabilities of the application in integrating and assimilating financial data about customers and markets. The author suggests that some improvements to the existing application might be to make it less flexible and less easily applicable to other systems, which would give Oracle more exclusivity, given its ubiquity to the Internet age. The paper relates that some of the selling points of Oracle's contribution to the business sector and some of the reasons J.P. Morgan uses it includes a more holistic analysis of its overall image, its application to a variety of systems and industries, and its compatibility with other existing systems.
From the Paper ""The E-Business Suite is "purveyed through industry-leading independent software vendor (ISV) applications running on high-performing, scalable Oracle technology." Before, at JP Morgan, back-office applications that captured data for analysis were disaggregated and put into data silos rather than integrated. It became clear that financial institutions on the cutting edge of the industry, such as JP Morgan desired to be, must rely upon better integrated data in order to meet demands from regulators and customers, and to deliver the performance shareholders demanded in increasingly competitive times."
Abstract This paper explains that there are diverse issues, on the technical side of the usability of web-based systems, which can cause problems to businesses when migrating their client-server legacy systems to Web-based ones.The author points out that the use of broadband technologies, specifically the Internet, brings more income to many businesses because the Web causes in minimizing and decreasing the business' spending and allows an increase in clients' participation to different activities due to the convenience the Web brings to prospective clients. The paper relates that there are some points, which must be considered during web migration of systems: Compatibility of architecture, security, maintenance, adaptability and the amount of data the business will normally travel across the Internet.
From the Paper "Going with the flow of high technology, such as using a web-based system as a tool in business activities, should not be done just to be in fashion with what is "in". Technology is continuously being developed and made more advanced to facilitate the manual tasks that can be automated by computers. Therefore, when migrating systems from local networks into the Internet, the goal is not just to utilize a new technology but to make use of the best that technology can provide. "
This paper is a country and industry market analysis representing a marketing consultant's view for advising Polaris Bottling Co. (PBC) of Indianapolis, which bottles 'non-carbonated', 'all natural' drinks, on the potential of selling them in Argentina.
Abstract This paper explains that Argentinean market is very compatibility with the United States, highly literate with a high level of individual purchasing power; information from consumer surveys, free giveaways and documented consumption rates can be obtained through local supermarkets and discount stores similar to the United States' 7-11 stores. The author points out that the marketing approach in Argentina will require an ethnic conscious approach because the main nationality is Argentinean, mixed with white and mainly Spanish, Italian, mestizo, Amerindian and a very large German population. The official language is Spanish but there is also a great deal of English, Italian, German and some French spoken throughout the country. The paper recommends that Polaris Bottling Co. seek a joint venture or acquisition strategy because the disparate languages and dialects of the Spanish language and the personalized consumption in urban and rural areas may be too much for a new product with an organic growth approach.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Current market Size, Segmentation and Trends
Competitive Environment
Consumer Behavior/Trends
Promotion Options
Joint Venture Partnership Options
Conclusion
Appendix: Charts, Tables and Graphs
From the Paper "Placement will be a detailed and targeted approach. Placement will affect pricing but gaining market share in the urban areas first and then advertising that success into the rural markets has been a very successful strategy in South American markets. By implementing this plan of action, the country can be saturated through a duel marketing approach of word of mouth from urban dwellers out to suburban and rural markets. Tie that into a well funded mass media approach and the products should do well."
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the basis of Leibniz's views on evil and its compatibility with God that have been brought forth in this study. By analyzing the Monadology and Theodicy of Leibniz, one can understand the arguments in relation to unity of the universe and why God plays a central role in defining the good in relation to what is evil. The writer points out that also by comparing and contrasting the views of Descartes and Spinoza, one can realize the different forms of causality in relation to creationist ideology and why Leibniz argues for the good of God to superimpose all natural laws or points.
From the Paper "In this philosophical study, the issue of God and the compatibility of evil in the ideology of Leibniz will be examined and analyzed. By realizing the logical omnipotence of God as a being of 'good', one can realize how evil and suffering are compatible in Leibniz's philosophy. By understanding Leibniz's Monadology and Theodicy, the basis for God's existence can be explained through comparing and contrasting Descartes and Spinoza. In essence, Leibniz seeks to make God compatible with suffering and evil in this philosophical analysis. The basis of Leibniz's philosophy in the Monadology is directly related to object that exist within the cosmos. In this manner, Leibniz found that if two comparable objects were the same, they were unified by their defining principles."
Abstract This paper explains that the Church-Turing thesis holds that problems impossible to solve through any theoretical method of computation also are impossible to solve by human thought. The author points out that, if one accepts the Church-Turing thesis, one must also accept that there are questions for which answers can be shown to exist but which can never be determined or articulated. The paper relates that the Church-Turing thesis matters very much to philosophers, especially existentialists, because it reflects the increasing focus and reliance of Western thought on analytical and rational views. The author underscores that, despite decades of contention, all that has been determined with any degree of finality is that free will and the Church-Turing thesis are not compatible.
From the Paper "Cognitive scientists and philosophers of mind care about this because if Turing's thesis is correct, then debating the existence and non-existence of effective methods can be replaced throughout mathematics and logic by debating the existence or non-existence of Turing machine programs. The ultimate issue is validation for either philosophers of mind or for cognitive scientists, and the ultimate question is whether intelligence is exclusive to advanced forms of biological life or whether it can be replicated through artificial intelligence."
Abstract This paper discusses the relationship and compatibility between literary criticism and psychoanalysis. To do so, it examines the underlying dynamics within the two disciplines. The paper concludes that there are numerous instances in which literary criticism and psychoanalytic theory converge, most notably in regard to the understanding of language.
From the Paper "When considering the compatibility of psychoanalytic theory with literary criticism, one must recall that both disciplines are inherently unstable in their content. What can be considered stable, however, is the way in which the disciplines discover and expand knowledge. Neither discipline lays claim to a definite knowledge that is transferred from one to the other, while their theories are constantly being challenged and reinterpreted; what may appear compatible now is subject to change. In that sense, psychoanalytic theory and literary criticism can neither be considered compatible nor incompatible in their entirety. Rather, psychoanalysis is best regarded as a fluid tool that contains a number of similarities and intersections of thought with literary criticism. To reframe the question of compatibility, we could ask: At what points can psychoanalysis supplement literary criticism, and vice versa?"
Abstract This paper examines the concept of abstract authentication in federated database systems and the difficulties presented because the autonomously operated components may not know the identity of federation users. It looks at how one proposed solution is subject switching, where the federation translates the federated users identity to that of an agreed upon component subject and how this translation may be problematic due to not having component subjects with the same accesses requested by federation users. It proposes using proximity measures between requested and provided access and presents two policy neutral algorithms to find proximity minimizing matches between a federation subject and a collection of component subjects. It also explores the concepts relating to federated databases, authorization and access, and proposes some algorithms that will facilitate the subject switching method of reconciling access requirements.
Outline
Section 1
Abstract
Background
Introduction
Characteristics of Federated Databases
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Databases
Agents
Agents and Meaning
Perspective
Types of Meaning
Semantics Versus Pragmatics
Context
Coverage of Communicative Acts
Mental Versus Social Agency
Section 2
Federated Database Systems and Autonomy
Design Autonomy
Communication Autonomy
Execution Autonomy
Association Autonomy
Authorization Autonomy
Distribution Transparency (i.e., Schema Integration)
Tightly Coupled
Limited Tight Coupling
Loosely Coupled
Federated Database Security
Authorization
Standards for Authentication
Decentralized vs. Centralized Authorization
Access Controls
User Based Access Control (UBAC)
Policy Based Access Control
Content Dependent Access Control (CDAC)
Context Based Access Control (CBAC)
View Based Access Control (VBAC)
Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
Role Based Access Control (RBAC)
Section 3
Subject Switching
Subject Mapping Algorithms
Mapping Process
Federation Mapping Process
Federation Identity
Component Mapping Process
Minimum Disparity Measure
Mapping Algorithm
Create Object Sets
Identify Component Subjects
Evaluate Matching Subjects
Access Disparity Measures
Numerical Disparity Measure
Comparing Disparity Measures to Approximate Measures
Approximate Disparity Measure Comparison
Motivating Example
Access Compatibility Measures and Algorithms
Compatibility of Permissions and their Disparity Measures
Cardinality
Express Specification
Section 4
Metrics
Algorithm 1 (Least Under Permitting Algorithm)
Algorithm 2 (Least Over Permitting Algorithm)
Approximations: Metrics And Mappings
Approximate Mapping Algorithms
Algorithm 3 (Approximate Under Permitting Algorithm)
Algorithm 4 (Approximate Over Permitting Algorithm)
Properties of Algorithms 3 and Algorithm 4
Multilevel Federations
Non-Protected Database
Axioms
Deductive Channels Control Theorems
Signalling Channels Control Theorems
Cover Story
Multi-view Databases
Languages
Section 5
Conclusions and Ongoing Work
References
From the Paper "Heimbingner and McLeod coined the phrase Federated Database System in 1985, and Seth and Larson later confirmed the formal definition. While the term has been loosely used to refer to several different but related database systems, they more precisely and unanimously define it as a collection of cooperating but autonomous component database systems. [SL90] (According to Oszu 1999, semi-autonomous systems are termed federative DBMS). A federated database system represents a compromise between no integration, wherein users must explicitly interface with multiple autonomous databases, and total integration, where the autonomy of each distinct database is sacrificed in order to allow users access through a single global interface."
Abstract This paper argues that even though Darwin's theories are not fully compatible with the Bible, it does not necessarily mean that God did not plan evolution in advance. The great unfolding of nature in all its splendor, even from its most humble beginnings to an advanced state as evolution dictates, proves that man's ideas are compatible with those of God.
From the Paper "So far, it seems that science and religion, as far as evolution is concerned, can never come to a consensus on whether life evolved from lower forms as maintained by Charles Darwin or was created by a divine God. However, the Holy Bible encourages man to roam the natural world in responsible freedom, meaning that man must show respect to God's creations while ignoring superstition. In addition, the Holy Bible puts man in the position as a creature of God and part of the divine created order. Unlike the rest of the natural world, man has the power of foresight and understanding which makes him a responsible being in the eyes of God. With these powers, man is commanded by God to control and manipulate the world, not as an arrogant and selfish being but as a steward of God's creations."
Abstract This paper considers which scientific methods of analysis in the study of evolution are more compatible with the ideas of punctuated equilibria. More specifically, the paper compares Cladistic Methods with the methods of Phyletic Gradualism in terms of their compatibility with the ideas of punctuated equlibria and then considers whether the concept of adaptation is more important in either model of evolutionary change. Included with this paper, in addition to the sources used to write the paper, is a list of recommended sources as well.
From the Paper "Biological systematists who wished to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies of species based on morphological similarities originally develop phylogenetic analysis. The German entomologist Willi Hennig was the first author to propose an explicit method of phylogenetic analysis, and the publication of his work in English (Hennig 1996) quickly led to the widespread use of his approach. Phylogenetic methods used to reconstruct the relationships between macro-molecular sequences also involve the application of Hennigian principles."
