Abstract This paper describes the Pilgrims experience in the new world as reflected in the writings "Of Plymouth Plantation" and "The Mayflower Compact." The paper discusses William Bradford's journal, entitled "Of Plymouth Plantation," which presents the detailed story of the first 30 years of Plymouth Colony. The paper highlights some of the more notable occurrences that Bradford recorded. Additionally, "The Mayflower Compact" is examined as a precursor to the American Constitution. The paper further questions the Pilgrims as loyal citizens of England or early supporters of American Independence.
From the Paper "The Mayflower Compact is actually considered by some unofficially as first legal and social document that set out guidelines and rules for the original Plymouth settlers to follow. Some scholars allude to the Mayflower Compact as the foundation to the U.S. Constitution. The journal Of Plymouth Plantation is "the single most complete authority for the story of the Pilgrims and the early years of the Colony they founded," according to Pilgrim Hall Museum (www.pilgrimhall.org) (PHM) which is located in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Historians consider the Bradford journal "...as the preeminent work of 17th Century America," PHM records reflect. It hung in Boston's Old South Church Library in the 1760s, then disappeared, to be rediscovered in the library of the Bishop of London in the 1850s. In 1897, it was returned to the State Library in the State House in Boston, where it is available to the public."
Abstract This paper explains that the Pilgrims' colony was established by the signing of the Mayflower Compact, which also established the concept of "just and equal laws for the general good of the colony". The author points out that this agreement is among the first of the American documents of self-government with unity for the United States, an attempt at establishing the voluntary principles of government, which may be seen to have evolved from the Word of God, with the consent of the citizens. The paper continues that the American Revolution reconstituted the colonies as independent civil societies, and this change required a new round of covenanting, which resulted in the Declaration of Independence.
From the Paper "Thomas Hooker, the Mathers, Winthrop and his colleagues and all other Puritan divines have mentioned in their writings that the Puritans of New England had a basic sense of a fundamental conservatism, along with a total radicalism, and this heady mixture formed the basis for the later day citizens for their lives. This mixture certainly was directly related to their religious beliefs, which saw humans as bound to God through predestinations and their covenants, but left them free to live according to their own wishes as per the constitution. (Winthrop, p.82) God provided the salvation for them. To have this constitution accepted by the society required a revolution, but the revolution was necessary for the restoration of harmony to the world. The puritans had come to the new world in search for a new society, but remained still aware of the human weaknesses. This combination always did not hold together. The radicals like Roger Williams and Ann Dickinson broke away from the group almost immediately. Among them, Williams later established the covenantal commonwealth in Rhode Island and Providence Plantations; and these were grounded in the covenant in all civil and political matters so that they could guarantee openness in the religious matters. The Puritans had however felt that this was impossible if salvation was to be achieved."
Abstract This paper presents an examination of the water issues of the western United States. It explores the history of water need and supply in both the upper basin and the lower basin states and then discusses what the impact of the Colorado Compact has had on those states. It concludes by discussing the need for future monitoring of the water flow and allotments.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History
Colorado
Colorado River Compact Law of the River
The Future
Conclusion
From the Paper "As the years began to pass the upper basin states began to disagree about the allocations of the 7.5 million acre feet they had been using as a group. An easy way to examine this era of the water supply development is to imagine a family in which there are seven children. Instead of handing each child a piece of cake the parents put a cake down and leave the room and say, "Go ahead and share that cake". If they repeat this process daily or weekly it will not be long before some of the siblings begin believing that other siblings are getting more than an equal share of the cake. They will think it is unfair that they have to depend on the others sense of fairness to be sure they too get a large enough piece. This is what happened in the situation with the upper basin states and the Colorado River supply. The states were expected to work among themselves and divide up the provided 7.5 million acre feet and they began to have disagreements about who was using how much of that total water supply. States that began to grow more quickly in population and water need than other states felt they had a right to more of the water while the states that were experiencing slower growth patterns had concerns that they would not be able to promote growth if the other states used most of the water supply."
An assessment of the view that the brevity and compactness of the short story form makes it more inclined to be at odds with the conventions of realism than the novel.
Abstract This paper discusses the way in which the short story as a literary genre has developed, with specific reference to the works of Chekhov, Mansfield, Hemingway and Carver. It refers this development back to the treatment of realism by these authors, examining how this differs from realism in the novel. It examines the devices of the above authors in order to portray a sense of reality that only the short story is capable of doing, through the very compactness of its form.
From the Paper "By exploring the relationship between the subjective absent and the objective present, Chekhov achieved an indistinct reality that did not specify an ideology, yet represented a suggested reality. Hahn states thus: '[Chekhov] saw it as literature's task to depict 'truth, unconditional and honest' - the truth of life itself; but as he conceived that truth, there were no literary models for him to follow.' The Chekhovian short story is governed by a seemingly insubstantial middle ground, comprised of a uniting tone rather than plot; yet, the implied realism arises from the interplay between the tangible and intangible, and between competing temporal spaces within a compact unit."
Abstract This paper offers a brief description of why the Texas Constitution of 1876 was enacted. The paper discusses the characteristics and outline of the Constitution, as well as the concepts of popular sovereignty, compact theory, limited government and separation of powers. The paper discusses how critics consider it unwieldy and restrictive and have made several unsuccessful attempts to replace it, yet the document continues to survive.
Outline:
Why the Constitution of 1876 was Enacted
Characteristics & Outline of the Constitution of 1876
The Major Concepts
From the Paper "Texas joined the United States in 1845, following which a new Constitution was drafted that lasted until Texas seceded from the Union in 1861 at the start of the Civil War and adopted a new Constitution which prohibited the freeing of slaves besides requiring the State officials to take a pledge of loyalty to the Confederacy (Dye, 322). After the defeat of the Confederacy in the Civil War, the State adopted a new Constitution in 1866, which abolished slavery and repudiated the right of secession. However, "Radical Reconstructionists" in Washington pressured the Texans to adopt a more activist Constitution that reflected the ideals of the newly dominant Republican Party--to enfranchise blacks and to follow an activist social agenda."
Tags: popular, sovereignty, compact, theory, limited, government
Abstract In a globalized environment where the notion of sovereign states is increasingly breaking down, MNCs have emerged as the dominant global power. This paper is based on the hypothesis that individual states' measures are inadequate resources to correctly regulate international business. In addition, it seems that international binding measures are impossible, as there is no central authority with the legal power of enacting such regulations. Finally, this paper shows that MNCs are a key part of globalization and, therefore, should have both the means and the influence to transform sustainable development from a lofty platitude to meaningful implementation. The paper presents a case study of initiatives and measures that seek to develop the contribution of MNCs to international social and environmental issues and to development policies and actions.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Need for Change
State Sovereignty
Sustainable Development
Challenges for Businesses
The Role of MNCs in Sustainable Development
The Global Compact Initiatives outside the Global Compact What is International Sustainable Development Law (ISDL)?
International Environmental Law and Its Impact on Australia
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Globalization is a powerful force that can create growth and opportunities (Kilgour, 2001). It has opened markets and connected economies and cultures. In empowering individuals and groups in unprecedented ways, it has also resulted in demands for greater attention to be paid to issues like human rights, environmental protection and labor standards - the issues that form the heart of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda."
Abstract Sintering, which is a stage of powder metallurgy, is a thermal process that creates inter-particle welds. It is where powder compacts are annealed in a controlled atmosphere to a temperature at which solid-state diffusion occurs. On the other hand, recrystallization is the process of the formation of new strain-free grains from initially cold-worked grains. This paper examines an experiment that had, as its objectives, the intention of examining of the effects of sintering and recrystallization on the microstructure and the hardness of the specimens. The samples used are copper and copper-zinc powders for sintering and brass for recrystallization. The paper shows that the copper and copper-zinc powders are compacted and are sintered in a nitrogen-containing atmosphere at different temperature and time settings. The brass samples are cold-worked and are annealed at different temperature and time settings. The paper includes tables.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental Section
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "When a polycrystalline metal is cold worked, the grain boundaries act to interrupt the slip processes that occur in the crystals. The lattice adjacent to the grain boundaries is much more distorted in the center of the grains. Decreasing the grain size increases the grain boundary area and, as a consequence, the volume and the uniformity of the distorted metal. This effect decreases the number of possible sites of nucleation and, therefore, the smaller the grains of the metal before cold work, the greater will be the rate of nucleation and the smaller the recrystallized grain size for a given degree of deformation."
The paper reviews six articles which appeared in various published texts to show how special needs for individuals are catered for in the educational field.
1,455 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, 2002, $ 48.95
Abstract A review of six published texts to show how the special needs of individuals are treated in the field of education. Each article looks at special needs from a different angle and shows how this topic is covered by the media in America today.
The subjects and their texts reviewed are:
Individuals with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders (?Supreme Court: Private schooling for "Confinement" Does not Qualify for District Funding.? Special Education News);
Individuals with Hearing Impairments (?Online Literacy Project Targets Kids with Hearing Disabilities.? Special Education News);
Understanding Depression/Suicide (Pierson, T. ?Suicide: Questions Most Frequently Asked.? Suicide Awareness Voices of Education, 1996);
Gifted Individuals (Berger, S. & Winebrenner, S. ?Providing Curriculum Alternatives To Motivate Gifted Students.?);
The Law and Disability (?Bush Calls Education 'Civil Rights Issue of our Time'? CNN.com)
Individuals with Learning Disabilities ( ?Adult Learning Disabilities - Moving beyond Humiliation.? CNN.com)
From the Paper "This article describes statements made by President George Bush about education including that education is ?the great civil rights issue of our time.? Bush describes his plan to make changes to education in America. The focus is especially on children with learning difficulties with Bush being quoted as saying ?we must have high expectations for children who are more difficult to teach or who have fallen behind.?
Bush describes a plan increasing funding for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), a federal program that aids disadvantaged schoolchildren and also recognizes that schools cannot meet the high costs associated with providing education to children with disabilities."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the development of DVDs, comparable technologies, the current technology and the future of the technology. Disk types and sizes and discussed as well as the different uses for the medium.
From the Paper "In 1993, Nimbus demonstrated a Red Book audio disc at a show in Cannes, France. The disc was recorded with MPEG-1 audio at double density. This occurrence sent the technology sector into a race to create a universally supported, high capacity, CD like disc. In 1995 that disc format was finally released and became known as the Digital Video Disc ("A Brief History" 1)."
Analysis of natural law and belief that "all men have equal rights" as basis for American independence. Theories of Locke, Rousseau and Thomas Paine. Mayflower Compact.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, 2001, $ 47.95
From the Paper "The Mayflower Compact signed on November 21, 1620 by 41 of the male passengers on the Mayflower prior to their landing at Plymouth, Massachusetts demonstrated the early colonists belief in the tendency of men to gravitate toward a natural, independent state. But what is also implicit in the Compact is the signers' belief that man has the right to seek such a state if he desires and that he should not be prevented from seeking such a state unless by his own consent. Consequently, the Compact, although not a constitution of any sort, bound company members into a political body that forced each of them to abide by any laws and regulations that would later be established. Eventually, it would provide the foundation for Plymouth's government. The significant parts of the brief document declare that the signers "solemnly and mutual..."
Abstract This paper discusses how cultural factors affect the car that people choose and how as more people in Europe and the U.S. tend to develop their own preferences in automobile types and accessories, automobile manufacturers need to target the market to suit the needs of the different communities. It examines the difference between the markets in Europe and North America. In the U.S., the trend to drive big cars is driven by cultural content and the community lifestyle, the Europeans prefer to drive small and compact cars. Europeans take the energy factor into account when buying a car whilst Americans are enthusiastic to compare velocities and accessories. It looks at future trends and how the automobile manufacturers can target all markets by using a standard platform to develop different types of cars suitable to changing demand.
From the Paper "Chandler said that road infrastructures apparently become one of the challenging factors for car manufacturers to decide what to produce net and where to sell it. It is not that different in every country to pick a car to drive. The major differences in North American structures and Asian seem has made this fact. Asians buy small cars, and mostly, many of the Asian manufacturers also see it and made it fit, just to make it suitable with the crowded major streets where they have to pass through everyday. Many car manufacturers then think to make some adjustments to produce their car meeting the need (and preference) of most people living in the continent. For example, Honda made an expanded design to sell to American markets, while it present in smaller size series in Asia."
Tags: car, manufacturer, infrastructures, culture, community, lifestyle, energy
This paper discusses digital recording, with a focus on digital audio tape (DAT) recorders: History and development, theory and technology, quality, playback, encoding and compact discs.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 10 sources, 1991, $ 111.95
From the Paper "This paper will discuss the concept of digital recording, with a focus on digital audio tape (DAT) recorders. The methods of digital recording sharply contrast those of analog recording which preceded them. Analog recording is based on the concept of capturing the shapes of sound waves as they vibrate in the air. In an analog recording, sound is "stored as a physical representation of the original soundform". An example of this can be seen in the squiggly lines which form the grooves on a phonograph record. With digital recording, on the other hand, computer technology is used to convert analog waveforms into numerical, or digital, data. In a compact disc (CD) player, this data is read by means of a laser; in a DAT player, it is read by means of a rotary tape head. Because digital recording uses numerical data instead of physical ... '
Abstract This paper examines the underlying social, political and economic causes of the secession of the South leading to the Civil War. It asks if war was inevitable or if there was any other possible solution to the crisis situation of the time. It focuses mostly on events leading up to the war and briefly describes battles and events.
From the Paper "By establishing a parallel between their desire for secession and the plight of the original colonists, the South believed that their arguments would engender a more widespread public sympathy and would also lend their claims greater legal strength and validity. They unified their position into what is called the "compact theory", first elucidated in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. According to the theory, the individual states delegated their authority to the Federal government when they ratified the Constitution and could withdraw it through due process of another convention."
Abstract Analysis of January 1994 Southern California earthquake. Focal depth of 6.7 magnitude quake. Blind thrust type quake. The fault involved (Oak Ridge system, Pico thrust). Types of damage from the quake (liquefacation, lateral spreading, landslides, differential compaction). Greter damage to Santa Monica. Comparison to 1971 Sylmar earthquake. Retrofitting & engineering codes.
From the Paper "1994 Northridge Earthquake
The 1994 Northridge Earthquake occurred at 4:30:55 AM PST on January 17, 1994. It was measured as a magnitude 6.7 on the Richter scale. This quake occurred along the Northridge Thrust, a fault that is also known as the Pico Thrust. It was centered about 20 miles northwest of Los Angeles and approximately 1 mile south?southwest of Northridge. This quake was a blind thrust type quake.
This particular fault dips to the south at an almost 45 degree angle. As a result, quakes along this fault and similar thrust faults falsely appear far removed from the surface trace. This particular fault forms the ridge slightly to the south of its trace, paralleled by the Santa Clara River and California Sate Highway 126. It begins near the town of Piru in the east and ends just..."
Abstract In the world of portable computing there are truly a broad range of brands, options, configurations and choices to make. The PC world is filled with competing companies who all offer the same basic thing - a compact computer in a portable format. What people want from their computers and what they get are often not the same thing; this is particularly true in relation to pre-configured systems with limited customization options. But, for those companies that offer fully customized catalogues, the differences from portable to portable become harder to discern. Two of the largest manufacturers of portable computers are Dell and Compaq. Each offers a large line of systems that are slightly different from one to the next in terms of processor, hard drive, memory, ports, optical drives and physical configurations. As both companies make Windows portable PC's, the actual functional differences between the two in terms of capability are negligible. What decisions come down to when deciding between the two companies are based upon service, quality of manufacturing and product, price and longevity of product. There are other features to the computing experience as well, but they are universal to all forms of computers and not just laptops. It is the purpose of this paper to present a comparison between the portable computer offerings of Dell and of Compaq.
