Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that, as several research studies have indicated, there is a definite relation between Down's syndrome and dementia. The writer notes that dementia typically follows as a co morbid condition among adults with Down's syndrome and has a severely crippling effect on the patient. The writer points out that though some studies show the neurobiological pathways associated with the onset of dementia in DS patients, we are still a long way from a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved. The writer discusses that several researchers have focused on studying Down's syndrome and dementia as comorbid conditions and this has contributed to an improved understanding of these disorders and ineffective management of DS patients. The writer presents a brief review of existing literature on the association between these two comorbid conditions in order to provide a better understanding of the complications and the latest treatment modalities.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Downs Syndrome - Brain Structure
Genetic Factors For Dementia In DS
Cognitive Functioning and Dementia
Proactive Screening for Dementia
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Earlier studies among healthy population have revealed that many years of education have an effect of slowing down the onset of Alzheimer's. Therefore in this study the researchers compared DS patients exhibiting symptoms of dementia and those without such symptoms and correlated them with other factors such as levels of education, recreational activities, employment, etc. In all, 35 adult subjects in the age ranging between 26 and 67 years were included for the study. All the subjects were periodically observed over 3 years and assessed for their decline based on Neuropsychological tests, reports from caregivers, and the Dementia Scale for Down syndrome. Applying the statistical tool of regression analysis, the researchers found that decline was directly related to cognitive functioning and that higher cognitive functioning implied lesser decline. It was also identified from the study that the level of cognitive functioning was by itself related to the other variables such as education, employment and other activities. "

Tags:memory, comorbid, disabilities, brain

Abstract
The paper relates that in 1988, Woodside called for more studies of alcoholism's effects on children noting comorbid conditions that tend to run in families to present many alcoholics. The paper then discusses two papers of 2007 that address a possible link between ADHD in the children of alcoholics and eventual alcohol abuse and also antisocial or depressive alcoholic parents and addiction in offspring. The paper also notes how alcoholism involves a prism of factors and a puzzle in each patient to be resolved. The paper argues that research must continue in biochemical and experiential fields.

From the Paper
"The American specialist, Migs Woodside, argued at a symposium almost 20 years ago that there was good understanding of the effects of alcoholism in families and what could become of exposed children. (1988) However, more research was needed into levels of child vulnerability and risk factors for the children of alcoholics in combination with studies of genetic and psychosocial predisposition to alcoholism in offspring. Researchers should also work to promote and disseminate their findings given that Woodside estimated one in eight American children to be the children of alcoholics towards a national total of 28.6 million children..."

Tags:woodside, genetic, environmental

Abstract
This trial investigates the models that are often used in the treatment of substance abuse in individuals that also have serious mental health conditions. The paper analyzes if dual diagnoses are common and how treatment is different from treating a singular diagnosis. It then compares the advantages and disadvantages of using the Integrated Treatment Model versus the Standard Treatment Model and the degree and incidence of substance misuse that is reduced with the use of both models.

Table of Contents:
Full Title Of Trial
The Need For A Trial
What Is The Problem/Question To Be Addressed?
What Are The Principal Research Questions To Be Addressed?
Why Is A Trial Needed Now?
How Will The Results Of This Trial Be Used?
Background Information
Implications for Treatment
Integrated Treatment Model
Standard Treatment Model
The Proposed Trial
What Is The Proposed Trial Design?
What Are The Planned Trial Interventions?
What Are The Proposed Practical Arrangements For Allocating Participants?
What Are The Proposed Methods For Protecting Against Other Sources Of Bias?
What Are The Planned Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria?
What Is The Proposed Duration Of Treatment Period?
What Is The Proposed Frequency And Duration Of Follow Up?
What Are The Proposed Outcome Measures?
What Is The Proposed Sample Size?
What Is The Likely Rate Of Loss To Follow-Up?
How Many Centers Will Be Involved?
Are There Any Planned Subgroup Analyses?
Will The Trial Address Any Economic Issues?
What Is The Estimated Research Cost Of The Trial?
Will There Be NHS Cost Implications For This Trial?
Over What Period Is Funding Requested?
Trial Management
Participating Centers
Application History
Ethical Issues
Future Work

From the Paper
" Lastly the standard treatment model acknowledges that significant others play a role in recovery. The institute asserts that during the initial stages of treatment family members complete a detailed questionnaire concerning the client's alcohol and/or drug use and the ensuing consequences (Owen, 2003). In addition counselors may have other meetings with family members during the assessment phase to gain more information about the client (Owen, 2003). In addition the families may be invited to participate in a separate family program where they will be taught more about the nature of addiction (Owen, 2003). There may also be a family conference that takes place near the end of treatment during which the counselor, the client, and the client's family discuss any concerning issues and review goals as they relate to discharging the client (Owen, 2003). The majority of families will also have to seek aftercare and may attend Al-Anon (Owen, 2003)."

Tags:counselor, procedures, comorbid

Abstract
This paper explains that, throughout the movie "Copy Cat", Dr. Helen Hudson deals with panic attacks and everyday life by taking a large amount of prescription pills and washing them down with bourbon whiskey to control her intense fear; she has been in her house for over thirteen months. The author believes that she would be diagnosed as having a panic disorder with agoraphobia associated with post traumatic stress disorder caused by the attack on her life in which she almost died herself after seeing a cop get shot. The paper concludes that the problem with the movie's portrayal of these conditions is that, at the end, she is cured instantly from agoraphobia, drug and alcohol abuse and panic attacks; plus she beats the bad guys and, all of the sudden, psychological life is grand.

From the Paper
"The character in the movie I would like to focus on is Dr. Helen Hudson (Sigourney Weaver). The movie starts out with Dr. Hudson being a very intelligent and capable person who is giving a lecture on serial killers at a University in San Francisco. The lecture goes well but afterwards she is attacked in the bathroom by a man (Harry Connick Jr.). We later learn that this man was on trial for murder and Dr. Hudson testified in court against him with her advanced knowledge on the subject. The attack was pretty graphic and she was rescued at the last minute by a police officer who heard gun shots. The movie then flashes to the present where Dr. Hudson is at home and suddenly wakes up sweating and hyperventilating. The images of the attack in the previous part of the movie now represent the dream she was having. In my opinion, they wanted the audience to think she has reoccurring nightmare about the attack."

Tags:comorbidity, agoraphobia, panic, post-traumatic, abuse

Abstract
This paper explores the psychiatric disorder known as ADHD with an emphasis on co-morbitiy, or concurrent symptoms, of ADHD with depression as it occurs in children. The paper is divided into six sections, each dealing with a different aspect of ADHD. The symptoms of ADHD and depression are given particular attention in this analysis. Medical interventions for both conditions, such as therapy and medication, are presented. The paper concludes by recommending early intervention in the assessment and treating of these diseases.

Introduction
Overview of Co-morbid Conditions in ADHD
Etiological Considerations
Clinical Presentations
Comorbidity in ADHD
ADHD and Depressive Disorders
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Patients who are depressed show less concentration in work and patients with the bipolar disorder often show psychomotor distractibility and agitation. It is a problem to distinguish these indications from the basic sign of ADHD. There have been numerous studies which determine clinical contributions of each of the treatment strategies and comorbid disorders. For e.g. a patient with bipolar disorder and comorbid ADHD can be treated first with stimulants. There is a little change which occurs with the intervention of this treatment. But if a mood stabilizer is started, there is a significant amount of improvement expected. After mood stabilization symptoms of AHDH continue to carry on than it gives support for 2 co occurring diagnoses. There is an indication of the addition of a stimulant."

Tags:co-morbidity, school performance, youth, stimulant medication, anti-depressants, psychotherapy

Abstract
This paper explores the various definitions and symptoms of borderline personality disorder. Additionally, a brief review of current literature and definitions of this psychiatric condition are examined. In particular, dialectical behavioral therapy, or DBT, is considered as a possible treatment for this disorder.

Table of Contents
Section one: Overview of Borderline personality Disorder
1 Definitions and Historical Foundations
1.2 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM
1.3. Etiology
1.3.1. DBT
1.3.2. Genetics
1.3.3. Environmental Conditions
1.3.4. Neurological Issues
2. Diagnoses and Related Issues
2.1. Comorbidity
Treatment
3.1. Treatment Overview
3.2. Psycho Pharmacological Approaches
3.3. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
3.3.1. Empirical Support
3.3.2. Theoretical Aspects of DBT
3.3.3. The Dialectical Model
3.3.4. Etiology
3.3.5. Praxis

From the Paper
"Lineham pioneered this treatment of BPD in 1991. Her ideas were based on the concept and praxis that psychological treatment was just as important in dealing with Borderline patients as was the more traditional psycho? and pharmacotherapy. Lineham also emphasized a hierarchical structure in treatment goals. This structure began with the reduction of parasuicidal and life - threatening behaviors. This was followed by a reduction of behaviors which may interfere in the therapy process. Thirdly, reducing behaviors were introduced that improved the individual's quality of life. Lineman published results of her work which attested to the practical success of her work and approach. The difference of DBT to other approaches in therapy for BPD is that is combines a dialectical perspective with cognitive- behavioral therapy. This has resulted in a particular procedure of interventions which has been shown to produce positive results in the reduction of the symptoms of BPD. "

Tags:dialectical, behavioral, therapy, psychiatric, disorders

Abstract
This paper critiques the recent increase of diagnoses of bipolar disorder in young people, based on an article in the "New York Times." The paper cites the benefit to drug companies of this diagnoses, since these drugs are expensive. Additionally, the paper notes the incidence of comorbidity of bipolar disorder with other conditions, such as ADHD. Various problems in actually diagnosing psychiatric disorders in children and teens is further discussed, particularly in light of what is often age appropriate exuberance. The paper concludes by stating that while awareness of childhood mental disorders may have indeed increased most indications suggest that this alone cannot explain the increase in diagnosis of childhood bipolarity.

From the Paper
"However, it is admittedly possible that both ADHD and bipolarity are more likely to be co-morbid than previously suspected, hence the frequent overlap or confusion about labeling children like Seth and Eric. Carlson supports medicating both conditions when necessary, noting: "there have been three small but systematic studies indicating that the addition of ADHD medications to antimanic medications in children with bipolar disorder and ADHD does not worsen symptoms and may improve them... from a therapeutic standpoint, the difference between mania and severe ADHD (plus aggression) is not in the use of atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilizers, both of which are supported by a substantial evidence base for use in both disorders" (Carlson 2009). What Carlson does not note, however, is that amongst children the diagnostic criteria for bipolarity and ADHD is different than for adults, and may be more likely to overlap than in adult diagnosis, further complicating the classifications: "symptoms diagnosed as bipolar disorder in children often bear little resemblance to those in adults. Instead, the children's moods seem to flip on and off like a stoplight throughout the day, and their upswings often look to some psychiatrists more like extreme agitation than euphoria" (Carey 2006, p.3). Or, one could add--simply childhood exuberance."

Tags:ADHD, psychiatric illness, aggression, boys

Abstract
The paper examines a study by Teplin et. al that looks at the correlation between opiate addiction and personality disorders, as well as a study by Grant et al. that looks at a broader range of substance abuse issues and personality disorders and focuses on the effect of gender on those comorbidities. The paper notes the studies' findings, strengths and weaknesses. Teplin's study is entitled "A Psychometric Study of the Prevalence of DSM-IV Personality Disorders among Office-based Methadone Maintenance Patients" and Grant's is entitled "Co-occurrence of 12-month Alcohol and Drug Use Disorder and Personality Disorders in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions".



Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"One of the major problems facing social service providers is the fact that many clients experience multiple problems at one time. There is a particularly large amount of crossover between people with mental illness and addiction problems, because many mentally ill people attempt to self-medicate with drugs. Dealing with drug addiction and personality disorders at the same time can present its own particular set of problems, because active drug use needs to be ceased before one can determine whether medication is an appropriate intervention and the level of medication needed. However, the personality disorders can make a person more resistant to drug treatment; in fact, it may be almost impossible to treat someone's drug addiction without first addressing the underlying personality disorder."

Tags:gender, incarceration, drugs, alcohol, treatment

Abstract
This paper explores the current state of the art treatment practices for patients that have been diagnosed with stage III or greater non-small cell lung cancer. The paper examines the three most prominent treatment options for patients with this condition as single treatments, and in combination with other therapies. The key objective of this research proposal is to understand these different treatment modalities and to highlight the one that has the greatest effect on increasing the lifespan of the patient. The paper outlines the methodology that will be used in the study.

Outline:
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Methodology

From the Paper
"Approximately $9.6 billion is spent in the United States each year on the treatment of lung cancer. Almost 60% of patients diagnosed with lung cancer die within one year of their diagnosis and nearly 75% die within 2 years (American Lung Association, 2009). The prognosis for lung cancer remains dismal, with a 5-year survival rate of only 14%. The healthcare dollars spent on treating lung cancer is a problem for everyone, supporting the need for this study.
"Even with improvements in technology and treatments and the prognosis is still poor for mime cancer patients. Lung cancer accounts for nearly 29% of all cancer deaths (American Lung Association, 2009). Lung cancer is tragic for the person who is diagnosed. However, the money and resources needed to treat them places a strain on already stressed medical system. The burthen on the economy is enormous, making lung cancer a priority for society.
"One cancer comes in two forms. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for nearly 10% to 15% of all lung cancers. In SCLC the cancer consists of small cells, which tend to spread quickly and widely throughout the body. Once the cancer has spread beyond the lungs, surgery is typically not an option because one cannot pinpoint all of this cancer sites. Treatment for SCLC includes drugs to kill the widespread disease. However, it might be noted this type of cancer is very difficult to stop. SCLC is usually caused by smoking, and is rarely seen in nonsmokers (American Lung Association, 2009)."

Tags:metastasis, carcinoma, prognosis, surgery, comorbidity

Abstract
Discusses various factors and influences. Examines the diagnostic criteria, the DSM-IV major depressive criteria. Somatic complaints, irritability and social withdrawal. Comorbidity including disruptive disorders and eating disorders, substance abuse, suicide attempts, phobias, panic attacks. Etiology of the condition. Environmental factors including family, peer, trauma and stress. Genetic factors.

From the Paper
"DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENCE

Introduction
This research paper will present a discussion regarding adolescent depression. The following topics will be included in the discussion: diagnostic criteria, comorbidity, etiology, and summary and conclusions.

Diagnostic Criteria
Diagnostic criteria for depression is described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Diagnosis for Major depressive Episode is the same for children, adolescents, and adults. Differences in age may result in differing presentation of symptoms. The prepuberty age group is more likely to present somatic complaints, irritability, and social withdrawal. Adolescents and adults as oppose ..."