Abstract This paper highlights one of the more media driven popular repercussions of commuter stress - road rage, by citing statistics and popular theories as to why road rage is so popular. Following this, the use of mass transit systems and the unique stressors related to public transportation is explored.
Abstract This paper presents a detailed examination of the New York City Commuter Tax. The paper begins by exploring the history of the tax, from its introduction to the present day system. Included are a number of tables listing the prices and benefits of the tax. The writer discusses the previous attempts to bring the tax about as well as current discussions about its use. The writer argues that the tax is a bad idea.
From the Paper "The idea of a commuter tax came to light when New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg found himself facing a budget crisis that was the worst in three decades. For over 30 years the city had managed to pull through each year and squeeze by but eventually the borrowing and shifting of funds caught up and the mayor found himself facing the worst budget issues that the city had seen in over 30 years. His answer was to propose a commuter tax that would effect the almost 1 million commuters."
Abstract This paper examines how the Eisenhower administration's federal auto highways program had several major effects on the American population. It looks at how it allowed automobile commuting, which, when coupled with the federal housing administration's low-interest home loans and fears resulting from the effects of desegregation, created "white flight" and led to the creation of America's suburbs and a suburban/urban class dichotomy. It also shows how it created what could be considered an American mono-culture by radically reducing the barriers to interstate transportation and making society more mobile. It also did much to integrate and homogenize rural economies, creating new wealth around highway exits where highways crossed major roads.
From the Paper "The trend over the last 15 years has not only been to move to suburbs but to what are called "exurbs" as well. Politicians at the local level realize that this is the way that people have grown comfortable living. It was predominantly the case that people would live in suburbs and commute to the city [in the 60's and 70?s] but the appeal of lower taxes and land costs have been a big draw for business. The Gore campaign tried to excoriate developers prior to the 2000 election, but such initiatives only have appeal for a small audience. Cities like Portland, Oregon and Chattanooga, Tennessee feature managed growth attempts that cater to such an audience."
Abstract This paper explains that both aircraft, the Beachcraft 1900D and the Gulfstream IV, are quite similar in many of the specifications and performance levels; however, they are designed for different uses. The author points out that, to evaluate the utility of each plane, characteristics such as takeoff, climb and cruise performance, descent performance, landing performance, and runway requirements, which is a one good indication of its market position and value, should be examined. The paper relates that the Beachcraft 1900D ideally is suited for commercial commuter use; however, other characteristics, such relatively long range (approximately 1000 nautical miles), high flight ceiling of 33,000 feet, 2600 climb rate, and cruising speed of 278, also make it an ideal choice for several providers in both national and international markets. O the other hand, the Gulfstream IV is designed primarily for "luxury, corporate transport".
Table of Contents
Introduction
Beachcraft 1900D
Forecast Utility and Breadth of Use
Gulfstream IV
Forecast of Utility and Breadth of Use
Conclusions
From the Paper "When considering the important external components of the landing gear as well as the engine characteristics, again the 1900D is well suited for commercial commuter use. This is because the craft allows for the installation of and electro-hydraulic anti-skid feature (which may be extremely useful in some locals and/or conditions). Of course, the hydraulic function of the landing gear (as well as the breaks) can be overridden by manual operation. Further, its engines (designed and manufactured by Pratt and Whitney), are designed specifically (through their flat-rating at 1,279 shp), to function longer (without serious breakdown), conserve power, as well as allow for ?high altitude/hot day performance, again, placing it of high value in many particular geographic areas and markets."
Abstract This paper explains that the private St. Petersburg Junior College was the first successful junior college in Florida and that Palm Beach Junior College was the first public junior college, founded in 1933. The author points out that, in 1957, the Community College Council recommended that community colleges be established within commuting distance of 99% of the population in Florida, thus beginning the expansion of the community college system. Today, there are 28 community colleges in Florida. The paper relates that some of the community colleges have initiated baccalaureate degrees, particularly in education, nursing and applied science, and certification and re-certification of teachers.
From the Paper "Community and Junior Colleges in the United States accommodated many students who would otherwise not be able to attend college. These students have various reasons for not attending Community Colleges. Two reasons that are at the forefront are financial constraints and inadequate high school academic grades. Community colleges offered students vocational education, adult education, associate degree programs and the first 2 years of a baccalaureate degree."
Abstract This paper explains that San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is proposing a runway reconfiguration plan, which would fill more than two square miles of the Bay to allow simultaneous landings in poor weather; however, poor weather accounts for less than 20 percent of the delays at SFO. The author points out that the vast majority of delays are caused by airlines operations such as aggressive scheduling by airlines and slow passenger loading and unloading, aircraft refueling and baggage handling. The paper recommends that SFO can better reduce delays in all weather conditions by spreading arrivals and departures more evenly, using larger planes to reduce the total number of flights and reducing the number of commuter flights.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Objectives for Runway Program
Traffic Impacts
Effects on Environment
Alternatives to Runway Expansion
Adverse Impact on Leisure
Reducing Delays by Cutting Arrival Rates
Implement Modern Technology
Disperse Flight Arrival
Use Other Capacity
Promote Balanced Service
Alternative Transportation
Conclusion
From the Paper "SFO's runway construction plans include up to two square miles of bay fill. The largest substitute calls for filling 1,332 acres of the bay. By comparison, only 400 acres of the bay have been lost to fill during the last 35 years. The largest runway configurations would also restrict the tidal flow to another 5-6 square miles of bay that would be bounded on three sides. An area of the bay that was likewise enclosed by the existing runways was transformed into mud flats. In all, 8 square miles of bay could be lost to fill, but the impacts on the circulation of the bay may be even inferior. The proposed runways extend far offshore and will impede the tidal flows that flush contaminants from the South Bay. SFO's Science Panel found that with the new runways, "changes in the tidal and sedimentation supply regimes could severely affect the form and ecological function of intertidal habitats throughout the subregion.""
This paper presents a proposal for improved student transportation at Rutgers University, using it as an example to present the necessity and advantage of low-cost student transportation.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, 2001, $ 50.95
Abstract This paper presents a proposal for improved student transportation at Rutgers University, using it as an example to present the necessity and advantage of low cost student transportation.
From the paper:
"Rutgers University is one of the largest state universities in the country. It boasts an enrollment of over 48, 000 students collectively over the expanse of its three campuses. (Rutgers University Website) There are many benefits of being a student at such an expansive and diverse institution. There are also many detriments as well. It would be an understatement of almost unsurpassed irony to note that many Rutgers students own cars. Rutgers, being a state institution, has many individuals within driving distance to its campus. All of the campuses are for the most part, urban institutions. Thus parking is an enormous problem for both students and faculty."
Abstract This paper is an in-depth look at the history of the automobile. The author discusses the early era, and inventors such as Elwood Haynes and Henry Ford. The paper also discusses the Stanley Steamer, the Duryea Motor Company, and Ransom Olds. The paper includes other inventions related to the horseless carriage, and how cars have changed American society.
From the paper:
"The automobile is said to have been a menace and a blessing, it has been worshiped and reviled, celebrated and scorned. The automobile is an invention that has had tremendous impact on society. The automobile has taken diverse segments of the American population; farmers, small town residents and urban dwellers and given them access to the same opportunities and experiences. Automobiles have given us motels, shopping malls, drive-through, vacations, commuting, and of course, suburbia. The concept of the automobile is one of the most profound and important chapters in the development of American society."
This paper looks at the Smart Growth initiative, an initiative started to increase the quality, distribution and supply of affordable housing for low-income earners.
Abstract This paper is an analysis of the Smart Growth Initiative and its affect on the population that is searching for affordable housing. The author details the initiative including its goals, target audience, environmental concerns and successes and failures. The paper also includes the discussion of economic, social and environmental costs of current development patterns and how smart growth provides alternatives to current development patterns, in addition to investigating what it means for affordable housing quality and supply. Land use and planning strategies are also discussed in detail. The author also presents and analyzes a case study of Accessory Dwelling Units (ADU?s) in Cary, North Carolina as a means for the reader to see an actual example of how smart growth can affect affordable housing.
From the Paper "Current development patterns were driven mainly by public policy. The development patterns are characterized by a separation of uses, dependency on automobiles and the consumption of space in suburban and ex-urban areas. This pattern is supported by strict zoning regulations, transportation systems and a lack of coordination in planning. This is important, because these factors are also obstacles to making changes.
The booming economy of the 1990's has seen housing and rental costs increase at more than twice the rate of inflation. This has meant that many low-income owners are now unable to find affordable housing. Low-income earners are forced into substandard housing, forced to live in areas where affordable housing is available but at the expense of good security or good schooling, or forced to be homeless."
Reivew of book on urban problems including American dream of single-family ownership, long auto commutes. Proposed solutions for dealing with inner-city problems. Changing land-use policies. Strengths & weaknesses of book.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, 2001, $ 39.95
From the Paper "Anthony Downs considers an alternative method for dealing with basic urban problems such as decay at the city centers, the growth of suburbs to house all but the poor, and problems associated with long commutes in automobiles. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to examine how well Downs? description of urban problems generalize to a variety of cities, and to examine his alternative ideas for addressing the problems he cites.
In the first three chapters of the book, Downs carefully lays out the problems of modern cities that result from what he calls the "dominant vision". He argues that the American dream is to own a detached single-family home with a yard. A second element is the desire for ownership of automotive vehicles and the autonomy associated with that. The third element is the..."
An argument that it has negative effects on the industry including background, the Civil Aeronautics Board, aims, economics, types of carriers, commuters and the hub and spoke system.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 8 sources, 1993, $ 135.95
The deregulation of the airline industry in 1978 came about after decades of government imposed regulation that had been part of the airline industry since its inception. The deregulatory effort was part of a larger concern with government regulation in general and with controversies about perceived negative effects on competition in the airline industry of government regulation, which was seen as a growing thicket of regulations and controls that stifled competitive impulses and regulated nearly every aspect of the industry and its operations. Some saw this as a form of government micromanaging that was taking a toll, and deregulation was seen as a way of giving the industry over to those who had the highest stake in seeing it run properly, efficiently, and competitively--the airlines themselves."
Abstract Friedrich Duerrenmatt's "The Visit" and Luigi Pirandello's "The Man with the Flower in His Mouth" are allegorical plays in which certain characters confront death. The paper shows that the human - an allegorical figure of death - is, in both plays, a female character. In Pirandello's short piece she is the wife of a terminally ill man who follows him everywhere, but does not speak. In "The Visit", death comes in the form of Claire Zachanassian, the multimillionaire who returns to her hometown looking for revenge--or justice--for the sufferings she went through as a girl.
From the Paper "In this idea of waiting for death at home, with time "measured by the ticking of the big clock in the dining room," is the notion that death should become part of life, which is symbolized by the clock and the passing of time (6). His wife, or death, is attempting to get him to integrate death with the rest of his experience. But he sees them as two completely separate things. Death is not the culmination of life but a terrible interruption that has nothing to do with living."
Abstract This study compares and contrast the nature and dramatic significance of the confrontations with death of the main characters in Stephen Crane's story "The Open Boat" and Luigi Pirandello's play "The Man with the Flower in His Mouth." The study focuses on death as a frightening, enraging and appalling force for the two men in Pirandello's play and a violent and powerful force of nature in Crane's story.
From the Paper "Crane's "The Open Boat" shows death to be a powerful force which is everywhere and cannot be denied or forgotten. Death in the form of the powerful sea confronts the four men in the story from beginning to end. Death waits for them in every thought as they consider trying to reach the shore. The men in the boat are simple men who must face death with no pretense, for their lives literally hang in the balance. They must either struggle to live, or prepare to die as best they can. The four individuals must not only deal with the very real possibility of their own deaths, but they must deal with the moral decision which may cost them their lives while saving the others' lives. The author seems to suggest that the Captain gave his life to make sure that the others survived (Crane 15)."
A discussion of how the internet is dramatically changing the way that companies conduct business and the ways in which consumers interact with businesses.
Abstract This paper examines the impact of the internet on business and how the information revolution is changing the way in which companies conduct business. It looks at how it is no longer necessary for companies to have a large physical presence in order to sell their goods and how the internet makes it possible to reach customers 24 hours a day, seven days a week, regardless of the geographic region in which they are located. It examines how companies are also finding that it can be effective to have employees work from sophisticated workstations in their homes rather than commuting to a centrally located office. It evaluates how all of these factors contribute to the fact that the business landscape is changing on a global level and the home will increasingly become a focal point for commerce as well as family as more family members interweave their professional and personal business on the internet.
From the Paper "The information revolution is changing the way in which companies conduct business. It is no longer necessary for companies to have a large physical presence in order to sell their goods, and the Internet makes it possible to reach customers 24 hours a day, seven days a week, regardless of the geographic region in which they are located. Increasingly, companies are also finding that it can be effective to have employees work from sophisticated workstations in their homes rather than commuting to a centrally located office. All of these factors contribute to the fact that the business landscape is changing on a global level, and the home will increasingly become a focal point for commerce as well as family as more family members interweave their professional and personal business on the Internet."
