Abstract Racial profiling is a term used to define instances in which one ethnic group is subjected to police surveillance or detention more than any other group in society. The practice occurs when the race of the individual is more significant in causing police action than the suspicion of criminal acts. In instances in which racial profiling has been evident, the cause is generally because assumptions about particular racial groups exist within the police organization. This paper looks at the issue of racial profiling in the city of Toronto and how some organizations contend that racial profiling is a serious issue, which must be addressed while other professionals and community members suggest that racial profiling does not exist, and that the claims that have been made against the Toronto police are without merit.
This paper explores how racial profiling is a growing problem in American society today, focusing on the violation of the rights of individuals on the streets and in vehicles.
Abstract This paper discusses the alarming statistics showing the growth of racial profiling in recent years. The author presents some definitions of racial profiling and uses several cases as examples of how case law and legal interpretations are intensifying the problem by permitting more license to police officers who stop motorists and pedestrians. In an effort to reduce complaints by profiled individuals, some cities, including Los Angeles, Chicago and Detroit, are passing anti-racial profiling ordinances. However, on the national level, the End Racial Profiling Act of 2004 (ERPA) failed to pass. The author concludes that it is unlikely that the problem of racial profiling will be solved soon, given the current concerns with terrorism.
From the Paper "The Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution includes two major entries to protect citizens against racial profiling: equality and due process. The amendment declares, "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." To focus on a specific group of individuals because of race violates equal protection: The law cannot protect a group of people that is being singled out for investigation. In addition, the Fifth Amendment 's Due Process Clause prohibits the government from making classifications based on race, sex, age, illegitimacy, wealth or any other characteristic and guarantees that all people are treated the same."
Abstract This three page undergraduate paper examines how racial profiling, the war on drugs, and urban poverty are related. The writer points out that an examination of the harsher realities of American society is necessary, for urban poverty often leads to drug abuse, which in itself has led to the war on drugs. The writer notes that this war is which is being conducted through racial profiling and other controversial methods. The writer discusses that as drug use is higher in minority communities due to the higher poverty rates there, law enforcement agencies consider it logical to use race as an indication of illegal drug use or trafficking.
From the Paper "In order to determine how racial profiling, the war on drugs, and urban poverty are related, an examination of the harsher realities of American society is necessary, for urban poverty often leads to drug abuse, which has led to the war on drugs, which is being conducted through racial profiling and other controversial methods. Essentially, because drug use is higher in minority communities because of the higher poverty rates there, law enforcement agencies consider it logical to use race as an indication of illegal drug use or trafficking. According to Inciardi, current efforts to control drug abuse rely primarily upon law enforcement operations involving the seizure of drug supplies and the arrest and imprisonment of drug offenders."
This paper provides a straight forward customer profile analysis that includes target market, product usage and purchasing motivation for the three Canadian-based telecommunication companies of Telus, Rogers and Bell.
Abstract This paper shows a customer profile analysis for the Canadian based telecommunication companies of Telus, Rogers and Bell. The paper compares the market strategies of the three companies within a shared target and space, and determines that each of the companies rely heavily on phone communication as a necessity, for building their businesses. The paper also shows the slight differences in strategies: Telus as a growing global performer, Rogers as offering a host of commercial solutions and Bell as being the leader due to its long-standing presence in the market, its recognized brand, and its array of bundled services.
From the Paper "The motivation for Rogers' wireless solutions is centered on the company's target market's desire to remain connected with both peers and family. Increasingly, wireless phones are being employed as the sole means of communication between family members as well as peer groups. The residential and business phone accounts are subscribed to out necessity since many customers and certainly most businesses still rely on the traditional phone line as their main form of communication. Likewise, Rogers' cable television service is purchase more for its entertainment value than for any form of communication method even when packaged with Internet services."
Tags:communication, target market, customer motivation, customer usage, entertainment
Abstract This paper discusses the sensitive issue of racial profiling and the sensitive balance that the law authorities need to keep while still trying to maintain a sense of domestic security. It looks at how this problem is especially affecting the American Muslim community in the U.S.
From the Paper "Racial profiling has become a long and winded debate in our society. Its history is extensive and varied; affecting different groups during different periods of time. However, regardless of the ethnic group targeted, racial profiling has the effect of heightening tensions between law enforcement agents and the community. A profile is "a coherent set of facts"; it often includes known conditions and behavior that may indicate a particular individual might be engaged in criminal activity. This profile is completely based on statistics and data that law enforcement officials obtain."
Abstract The paper defines linguistic profiling as the act of determining the characteristics of one's socioeconomic status and/or race based on the way one uses language. The paper examines Dr. John Baugh's study that shows how when a voice sounds African-American or Mexican-American, discriminatory action is likely to follow. The paper discusses how potential employers, mortgage service providers, real estate agents and many other service providing individuals and companies use stereotyping judgments based on linguistic profiling.
From the Paper "The term, "linguistic profiling," was invented by the Margaret Bush Wilson Professor and Director of African American Studies in Arts and Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, Dr. John Baugh. His study indicated that when a voice sounds African-American or Mexican-American, discriminatory action is likely to follow (Rice, 2006). Baugh conducted routine analysis of the interactions of various groups, individuals, and aspects of communication to determine much of the disadvantages and dangers of linguistic profiling. The abundance of dangers and disadvantages was anything but lacking. There proved to be downsides in every regard."
Tags: voice, sound, stereotype, assumption, communication
Abstract This paper questions the racial profiling by the American government towards Arabs and Muslims. It argues whether this should be allowed during these times of uncertainty due to September 11th since they are at war with terrorism where the members of the Al Qaeda, a militant Arab group, are the only subjects.
I. Background and definition of racial profiling A. Overview of September 11th
B. Korematsu vs. U.S. Supreme Court case
C. Current suspects caught due to racial profiling D. Thesis statement
II. Disagreements about racial profiling A. Innocent suspects
B. Racial discrimination
C. Other ways to catch the terrorists
III. Racial profiling is helpful in the war against terrorism
A. Terrorists try to blend in with society
B. Every suspect has been Arab and Muslim
C. Faith in the U.S. Military
D. Military protection
IV. Racial profiling and citizens
A. Racial profiling should be left up to the government
B. The government is trained to deal with racial profiling- ordinary citizens are not
C. Living our lives in fear lets terrorism win
From the Paper "Racial profiling is when someone is treated differently because they belong to a specific race. After the tragic events of September 11th of 2001 U.S., government and airport officials have targeted Arabs and Muslims as suspects of future terrorist action. Racial profiling has been going on for generations. During World War II the Japanese living in the U.S. were placed in military observation zones in California due to their Japanese ancestry after Pearl Harbor was bombed in December of 1941. The legal matter was argued in the Supreme Court in the case, Korematsu v. US. The young Korematsu's argument was based on the unfair ?imprisonment in a concentration camp solely because of his ancestry, without evidence or inquiry concerning his loyalty and good disposition towards the United States.? The United States case later goes on to claim: Korematsu was not excluded from the Military Area because of hostility to him or his race. He was excluded because we were at war with the Japanese Empire, because the properly constituted military authorities feared an invasion of our West Coast and felt constrained to take proper security measures. ?. Congress, reposing its confidence in this time owar in our military leaders?as inevitably must-- determined that they should have the power to do just this."
Explores constitutional issues in racial profiling and discrimination in the wake of 9/11. Examples of profiling are derived from general minority experiences and specifically Arab/Muslim discrimination after 9/11.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 4 sources, 2001, $ 68.95
Abstract This paper presents a detailed examination of racial profiling. The writer addresses four scenarios and argues for or against their legal and moral foundation based on the 14th amendment of the United States Constitution. In addition to the writer's belief regarding each scenario, we are given key elements of the opposition's argument and the writer's rebuttal to that opposition.
From the paper:
"Following the attacks on America September 11, 2001, there were cries for revenge throughout the nation. Anyone who looked Muslim was endangered as Americans took their anger to the streets. Following the attack there were several instances in which pilots refused to fly planes until Muslim looking passengers were removed and angry residents threatened those who looked like one of "them". The initial rage died down and in its place we were given many new security measures that we have been told are for the good of national security. The measures boil down to legalized racial profiling in some cases. Racial profiling is not a new event. It has been around for many years. Racial profiling goes against everything the constitution of this nation stands for; yet in light of the attacks in New York, Americans are less vocal about it then they have been in the past. Now, instead of denouncing all profiling as unconstitutional and wrong, we find ourselves looking at individual profile scenarios and holding them against the constitution to see if we can slide them through. We have entered a new world since the attacks. It is a world in which we are trying to walk a much thinner line between protecting the safety of those who live here and protecting the constitution."
Tags: racism, profiling, 9/11, constitution, Blacks, Arab, Muslim
Abstract This paper studies the New York state community served by the zip code 10463. The paper begins with an assessment of census date about the community, focusing on the large immigrant population which is largely not English speaking. Next, the paper discusses the historical, geographical and recreational aspects of that community. Points of discussion include the average income level and corresponding recreational habits, as well as attractions for residents and visitors.
From the Paper "That it remains an area of immigrants, more so than other neighborhoods, is revealed by its Civilian veteran population, with 8.2 percent in zip code 10463, vs. 12.7 percent nationally. This discrepancy might exist if the population were much younger than the national average, not having had a chance to serve yet in the armed forces. In fact, the median age is 37.7, while that national median is 35.3 years. While this isn't conclusive by itself, the fact is, the sounds on the street are predominantly foreign languages and accented English, and the Census also reveals that foreign-born individuals comprise 32.0 percent of the population of zip code 10463, vs. only 11.1 percent nationally. Residents speaking an language other than English at home is very substantially higher than for the nation, 50.5 percent vs. 17.9 percent."
Abstract The paper explores the advantages and disadvantages of racial profiling and how it is different from profiling.
From the Paper "In recent years, public debate over the question of whether or not law enforcement officials at all levels in the United States use the practice known as racial profiling in stopping and or identifying suspects has become emotionally charged. According to R. Richard Banks, the view that pervasive irrational racial profiling invariably accounts for the widespread investigation of people of color and ethnic minorities reflects a misreading of empirical studies of law enforcement officers' stop-search practices."
Abstract This paper examines racial profiling in the North American Criminal justice system. The paper presents a brief review of what racial profiling is, a few of its manifestations, what benefits it offers, and what disadvantages it presents that outweigh those benefits. The paper concludes that racial profiling remains far too clumsy and inaccurate a tool to be employed extensively.
From the Paper "Racial profiling is an exceedingly controversial subject. For many people, racial profiling by police organizations represents the last vestiges of institutionalized racism in our society. For others, however, racial profiling is a means of improving policing methods so that innocent men, women and children can be protected from criminal predators. This paper will examine what criminal profiling is, its various manifestations, what benefits it offers and what disadvantages it presents. This paper will also examine the subject from a "Cop Watch" perspective - that is to say, emphasizing the need for ordinary citizens to recognize and appreciate their rights. In the final analysis, racial profiling may offer superficial appeal, but its many shortcomings and complications make it ultimately untenable. "
Abstract With the unmistakable emergence of global terrorism in the last half decade the controversial topic of racial profiling has become more and more unavoidable. With that in mind, this paper explores the topic by looking at what racial profiling is and why it is such an important topic of discussion. Proceeding onward the paper looks at the major areas of research which cannot be passed over when examining this issue. For example, the paper looks at the fact that the Toronto Police Department regularly engages in racial profiling when dealing with African-Canadians; armed with this disquieting fact, the paper pores over the literature that is available from 2000 onwards.
Abstract This paper explores the police use of racial profiling. It explains how some policemen use this racial profiling code to promote their own personal ethnic bias towards certain population groups. It argues that this method in fighting crime promotes institutional racism.
From the Paper "America is a beautiful place where people are supposed to live in peace and be treated equally. But, some people may disagree with because they are mistreated due their racial background. Racism has always been a problem everyone has to encounter at some point in his or her life. However, most people would not think that the police would contribute to the racism trouble that we have. Unfortunately, they encourage the negative issue by having a code called racial profiling. Racial profiling is where the police think certain minorities commit certain crimes. For instance, if most black men are drug dealers, then a black man will be accused of being one almost every time they come across a police officer. With that in mind, racial profiling is very wrong and should not exist in the police force. It also should not exist since it promotes discrimination against minorities. "
Abstract Racial profiling is examined in this paper as an abuse of law enforcement primarily against blacks and Latinos. It discusses the concept of race, the use of profiling as a crime fighting technique and miscarriages of justice based on racial prejudice.
From the Paper "In discussing the merits of racial profiling as a crime-fighting technique we must first examine the concept of race itself. Physical anthropologists have determined that modern homo sapiens evolved from non-human ancestors in Africa some years ago based on DNA studies and the analysis of proteins and that racial differences developed as evolutionary adaptations to the different environments into which they moved. There is no question that there are a great deal of obvious physical differences among human beings ..."
Abstract This paper notes that the problem of racial profiling has been documented in many American cities, and Sacramento has also been cited as a jurisdiction where the police often use racial profiling in deciding how to combat crime and whom to confront. According to the paper, the problem is often seen in the decision to make a traffic stop for instance leading to the idea that it may be a crime to commit DWB, or driving while black.
From the Paper " Legal challenges have been brought to such practices, and some cases from Sacramento show the extent of this problem in that region and how it affects race relations. A challenge raised in 2000 cited the issue of racial profiling as "the illegal targeting of citizens by trace" and stated that this occurred "when officers use race rather then probable cause to stop or arrest suspects" ("'Racial Profiling' Targeted by Black Attorneys" para. 3)."
