Abstract This paper discusses CommunityOriented Policing (COP), a program based on the view that emphasis should be placed on prevention of crime through a program placing the police and the community in closer contact and making them partners in achieving a reduction in crime. It explains that the approach has gone by several different names but is based largely on a proactive view of the role of the police and on making the police more a part of the community and less a last refuge for victims after a crime has been committed.
From the Paper "Community Oriented Policing (COP) is a developing paradigm for law enforcement that places an emphasis on prevention of crime through a program placing the police and the community in closer contact and making them partners in achieving a reduction in crime. The approach has gone by several different names but is based largely on a proactive view of the role of the police and on making the police more a part of the community and less a last refuge for victims after a crime has been committed. This approach started as Community-Based Policing (which did not lend itself to the sort of descriptive acronym that COP does). Kenney and McNamara (1999) state, "Community-oriented policing . . . emphasizes improved police-community relations in hopes that that will assist in solving many problems in particular neighborhoods" (p. viii). The idea of community-oriented policing has been applied in different ways in ..."
This paper discusses the rise of the CommunityOrientated Policing and Problem Solving (COPPS) program, showing the positive influence it has had on tough neighborhoods and the satisfaction a community feels in having helped make theirs safer.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 25 sources, 2001, $ 38.95
Abstract This paper discusses the rise of the CommunityOrientated Policing and Problem Solving (COPPS) program, showing the positive influence it has had on tough neighborhoods and the satisfaction a community feels in having helped make theirs safer.
From the paper:
"Crime is an issue of paramount social importance, one that directly and indirectly affects each and every member of society. The costs associated with crime are not merely financial. Emotional costs result when a criminal murders or severely injures an individual=s family member or close friend, or when an offender is incarcerated, depriving his or her family of the emotional and/or financial support. Public concern has increased over specific aspects of the crime problem in recent years, namely domestic violence, drug-related crime and violence, gang-related crime and violence, juvenile crime, prison reform, and the role of television in producing violence. CommunityOriented Policing and Problem Solving (COPPS) gathered momentum in the 1980s and focuses on partnerships between communities and police officers, i.e., empowering citizens to shoulder their share of the responsibility and tough work of making their neighborhoods safer."
Abstract This paper evaluates the concept of community policing in light of new outlooks on crime and law enforcement. The paper introduces the role of police in society and considers the debate centering on whether the police should be mainly responsible for only the effects and results of crime or if they should be more involved with the underlying and root causes of crime. Both views are analyzed in detail. The author concludes that research attests to the fact that community-orientated policing is particularly suitable and appropriate to the contemporary climate and to modern transnational crime.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Discussion
Case Studies
Conclusion
Appendix
Figure 1. difference between traditional and community based policing
Figure 2. North Carolina FY 2003 Awards to North Carolina
Questionnaire
Questions Directed at the General Public
Questions Directed at the Police
From the Paper "Therefore, in conventional terms, the responsibly of the police is to maintain law and order and to protect the innocent against the criminal elements. However, the nature of modern society and the complexity of many forms of criminal behavior have created debate, and changes, with regard to the extent and range of modern policing responsibility. This debate centers on new views of policing responsibility and can be summarized by the following question. Should the police be mainly responsible for only the effects and results of crime or should police be more involved with the underlying and root causes of crime? "
Abstract The paper examines how community-oriented policing can be an incredibly effective method for reducing crime in areas where mistrust of the police has hampered law-enforcement efforts in the past. The paper discusses how a community might see the police as negative authorities, possessing racist or authoritarian attitudes, rather than as potentially positive social influences of control. The paper explains that, by involving the entire neighborhood in reducing drug abuse, violence, the use of unauthorized weapons, and other such activities, crime can be reduced through community policing. The paper further examines how in the case of so-called victimless crimes, such as illegal smoking in restaurants, community policing becomes more problematic.
From the Paper "Cigarette smoking in non-designated places is seen as a victimless crime. Of course, the idea of a victimless crime is something of a misnomer. The law banning smoking in restaurants was passed to protect the health of food servers and other restaurant staff, so that these employees would not have to suffer the affects of second-hand smoke all day long. The law was also designed to protect the health of patrons, some of whom might not have consciously chosen to be exposed to second-hand smoke in a small, closed environment."
Abstract This paper discusses and examines the effectiveness of CommunityOriented Policing and Problem Solving (COPPS) by police. The paper discusses concepts of COPPS, and how they differ from the traditional law enforcement approach. The paper further explains how commitment to the COPPS concept is crucial in order for the approach to work. Additionally, the paper discusses other concepts of community-oriented policing such as problem oriented policing (POP) and scanning analysis response assessment (SARA).
From the Paper "This paper examined the utilization of the community oriented policing and problem solving (COPPS_ approach by the police and the community and assessed its effectiveness. The first section of this paper comprised the discussion of the interrelated concepts of community-oriented policing (COP) and problem oriented policing (POP), as well as a problem-solving system known as "S A R A" - scanning analysis response assessment. The concise exploration of these concepts revealed its deviation from the traditional law enforcement approach. Unlike the traditional approach, in which the police officers arrest the..."
Abstract This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of policing. Specifically, it examines the nature and scope of policing through community-oriented police techniques. The paper begins by describing what community policing is. It then describes the factors that challenge law enforcement and discusses how community policing can be beneficial to improving policing.
Table of Contents:
What is Community Policing?
Police Professionalism and Community Policing
What is Community Policing?
Police Professionalism and Community Policing
The Four Factors That Challenge Law Enforcement
Other Challenges
Two Strategies for Creating Better Police Officers
From the Paper "Another strategy could be increased training in sociological and psychological skills for new officers. This would include more public service training on how to deal with members of the community, as well as how to recognize specific social problems within the community, such as abusive relationships, gang activity, and a host of other problems officers might eventually encounter or uncover. In addition, it seems that officers are extremely vulnerable to stresses that occur with the job, and if they could receive more psychological training, it might help them recognize certain destructive behaviors in themselves and fellow officers. Stress management techniques as a part of this training would be extremely effective. After initial training, stress management activities within the department might also make a difference. For example, the department might offer free off-site yoga classes, or other stress management activities officers and their families could participate in if they chose. It would also help to include some family counseling activities for family members who are suffering stress from their loved ones' jobs, since dissatisfied family members can be another source of stress for the officer. Most people understand the role of a police officer is stressful, but many young recruits may not anticipate the many stressful situations that appear in every aspect of the job, and so, they may not be able to deal with all of them as effectively as they could. Stress management training and continued support could help all the officers in the department."
An examination of two articles - "Gangs" and "School Safety" from the U.S. Department of Justice Office of CommunityOriented Policing Services (COPS) website and their views on problem-oriented policing.
Abstract This paper introduces and analyzes the topic of problem-oriented policing. Specifically, it discusses two articles from the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services (COPS) website and describe the approaches these articles use to address crime problems. The articles are entitled "Gangs" and "School Safety."
From the Paper "School violence is much more than gang activity today, it can also come from outside the school in the form of vagrants, parents, and even strangers who are looking to kidnap or harm students, or even students themselves, who go on violent rampages and kill faculty and other students. While these activities are much harder to predict, there may be many indicators that are being overlooked in this area as well, and so, law enforcement agencies must educate parents, educators, and those who deal with students, from bus drivers to counselors and even school security guards, to be on the lookout for any unusual or potentially dangerous activities. If the same indicators can be identified for this type of violence, then there may someday be a way to target schools that might pose a higher threat for other type of safety issues, such as gun violence and child abduction, and this will ultimately lead to safer schools and safer students."
Tags: law enforcement, violence education community
Abstract This paper explains that the philosophy of communityoriented policing and problem solving (COPPS) promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving tactics and community-police partnerships, mainly with the community. The author points out that COPPS, which was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, is a far cry from the more traditional model of policing. The paper discusses that the four dimensions of the SARA model are scanning, analyzing, responding and assessing. The author states that applying the steps of the SARA model to everyday community policing helps to reduce or eliminate problems altogether. The paper underscores that, if the community is not adamant about removing the social disorder from their area, then COPPS will not work.
From the Paper "Community oriented policing has really been only re-established within the last three decades. In the beginning, the two main components from community policing were only to 1) problem solve and 2) engage the community. Today, that is still true but encompasses so much more of these two main goals. The reason why community policing was established was that in the "reform era" of the 1930s, professional policing was failing horribly. In the reform era, policing was based on law and professionalism as well as crime control. It was mainly centralized, professional, and remote."
This paper examines the effectiveness of community policing in which police officers and members of the community come together in a collaborative effort to identify and solve the problems of crime, societal disorder and disturbances.
Abstract This paper focuses on the various benefits of adopting a community policing approach. Community policing is considered one of the most effective strategies available to reduce neighborhood crimes, create a sense of security and reduce fear of crimes among the citizens. Combining the efforts of the police department, the members of the community and the local government can help in the accomplishment of all these objectives to develop a healthy and clean society. This paper details the history of communityoriented policing (C.O.P) which has become the new model of law enforcement replacing the traditional para-military style of policing. This paper also discusses the various supporters of community policing who firmly believe that this approach has enough potential to serve as a model for remarkable reforms and improvements in the entire system of policing and justice. The writer of this paper also examines the downside to this particular approach of law enforcement. The primary reason for the failure of C.O.P in some situations is the unwillingness of the community members to cooperate with the police officials, the lack of support from the police department itself or the absence of a proper policing system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Keeping a Balance
A New Model of Policing
History of Community Policing
Supporters of Community Policing
Criticism on C.O.P
Implementation Challenges of COP
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "A number of studies were conducted in order to find out the cause of the problem and to define the solutions for it. Studies revealed that the traditional practice of continuous patrolling and other highly reactive approaches to combat crime has not helped in any way to reduce the crime rate prevailing in the society. These circumstances lead to the recognition on the part of the government that problems relating to crime fighting and the problems relating to the relationship between the police and the community are interrelated. In 1967, the President's commission on Law enforcement and administration of justice proposed that a new kind of police system should be introduced. In the later years this proposal provided the ground for the establishment of a new model for policing. The philosophy being adopted to develop this model was focused on creating a law enforcement system, which tries to bring the police and the general public in close relationships and provides the police department an opportunity to solve the community problems."
Abstract In the city of Midville, the community is having an escalating problem with crime. Unfortunately, the officers that work for the mid-size municipal police agency have been receiving more calls than they can handle. However, trained people within the community could easily handle some of the calls they are responding to. Therefore, as "consultants" for the police agency, this paper implements and evaluates a community policing effort for Midville. In addition, it prepares a proposal to Midville's City Manager, Mr. Jones; the presentation includes proposed methods to evaluate its success or failure.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Proposal on Community-Oriented Policing
Evaluation of the Community Suggested Policing Program
Reasons In Support of the Solution
Suggested Methods to Evaluate Success or Failure
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Para-military style of policing is gradually being replaced throughout the U.S., with community-oriented policing. Community-oriented policing is forming a partnership between the police and the community in order to address the problems that can lead to serious crime. While the police will still handle the crime fighting and other law enforcement responsibilities, the police and community work together to seek out the problem areas that can encourage criminal behavior."
Abstract The paper analyzes the concept of community policing and examines how effective the strategy of community policing has been. It studies the guidelines on which the concept of community policing is based - the concept has forced the police departments to develop a friendly relationship with the law-abiding people in the community and to cooperate with them in several security and crime prevention related issues. The paper studies the approaches through which the police personnel are trained to deal with a wide array of situations and a range of behavioral problems. Finally it examines the effectiveness of C.O.P in different societal settings and analyzes the use of some other approaches to policing in situations where the concept does not seem to work effectively.
From the Paper "The roots of community based policing can be dated back to the era of Sir Robert Peel, who adopted the system for the London Police department and who is considered to be the father of the modern Police system. According to him, the police should consider itself as a part of the general public and the public should also held itself accountable for certain police related activities. Though the concept of community policing was introduced in that time but it didn't succeeded because of a number of reasons. The primary reason for its failure at that time was that the police department itself lost sight of the principles defined by Sir Robert Peel i.e. defining the relationship of police with the public."
Abstract The paper examines the modern trend in policing which has meant a change in the perception and role of the police in society. Interaction and communication are important today to create trust and cooperation and in solving crimes. According to the paper, in order to provide a more effective and wide-ranging communityoriented form of law enforcement, the police and law enforcement authorities should communicate and connect with the public. The paper discusses the idea of marketing through communication relating to the more interactive approach to the function and role of the police in society. The paper concludes that conventional views of communication in a logistical and technological sense is essential for the success of law enforcement procedures and operations. Thus the importance of information and information gathering has assumed an increasing importance in modern times.
From the Paper "Communication in the modern age is an essential part of law enforcement and the control and containment of crime. On the one hand good communication systems and up - to - date communication technology is essential in dealing with modern sophisticated crime. However on another level, what has become possibly more important today is the idea that the police and law enforcement authorities should communicate and connect with the public in order to provide a more effective and wide -ranging community oriented form of law enforcement. This paper will focus on the latter idea of what is meant by the changing role of the police and law enforcement in communication."
Abstract Contemporary perspectives within law enforcement are increasingly dependent on the relatively new practice of community-oriented policing. Community-oriented policing is challenging many of the more traditional areas of policing that have been continued by many departments with little change. This paper examines traditional methods of policing in a comparison with more progressive and challenging notions of community-oriented policing. The author presents her personal opinion on the two forms.
From the Paper "This perspective, shared by many in the traditional policing community of advocates, is somewhat challenged by the information provided by John M. MacDonald, who looks at the recent decline of violent crime in America and asks whether or not the increasing shift from traditional to community policing methods has anything to do with this decrease. "This change in violent crime rates is a particularly important issue given the efforts of the federal government under the 1994 Violent Crime Act to increase community policing at the national level" (MacDonald, 2002, p. 592). MacDonald notes that in recent years, the number of violent crimes in this nation's cities has dropped significantly. At the same time, more and more police departments have organized many new COP programs."
Abstract This paper reviews the history of policing, the changes in the public image of the police officer and the need for improving the image of the metropolitan police departments. The paper discusses that "CommunityOriented Policing" is the best example of how police department are using traditional marketing methods to improve public relations. The paper describes "CommunityOriented Policing" as a friendly attitude, frame of mind and an individual commitment to address all quality of life issues surrounding a community, rather than just violations of the law.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Policing Throughout History
Effects of Changes on Public Image of Police Officers
The Role of the Media in Police PR
Need for Traditional Marketing Efforts
How PR Can Be Employed
Recommendations for Improving Police PR
Conclusion
From the Paper "The police forces were faced with overwhelming situations and were poorly prepared to handle them. Focusing attention on policing policies and improving the police force was a major goal of this era. Unfortunately, protestors took advantage of this, using police to get their messages across. Police became the targets of hostility, which ultimately led police leaders to thorough reflection and analysis."
Abstract The paper introduces and analyzes the topic of criminal justice and community policing. The paper specifically discusses zero-tolerance policing as compared with problem-oriented policing (POP) programs. The paper explains that zero-tolerance policing involves police policies that hold all crimes at the same level of importance, no matter how petty the crime, whereas problem-oriented policing involves identifying problem areas, such as drug-ridden neighborhoods or drug trafficking in general, and hones in on these areas to eliminate the problem. The paper relates that each of these policing methods have merit on their own, and each have been responsible for reductions in crime in the cities where they have been implemented.
From the Paper "In New York City, many people believe that zero-tolerance helped reduce the crime rate by over 30 percent, and led to far greater safety in the city. However, one of the most disturbing outcomes of zero-tolerance in New York City is the marked rise in citizen complaints against the police department. Civil rights claims against police rose 75 percent during the implementation and expansion of zero-tolerance . While proponents of the zero-tolerance policy note that most of these claims are never substantiated, it seems the policy has created more animosity between police and citizens in many areas. In addition, proponents point to zero-tolerance as the reason NYC's crime rates dropped so dramatically in the mid- to late-1990s, but other observers note that crime rates were dropping all over the country during this time, not just in New York Community-oriented policing (COP) revolves around the central idea that "police and citizens share responsibility for identifying and solving crime problems and that law enforcement is one important tool for addressing crime, but it is not an end in itself."
