This paper examines the effectiveness of community policing in which police officers and members of the community come together in a collaborative effort to identify and solve the problems of crime, societal disorder and disturbances.
Abstract This paper focuses on the various benefits of adopting a community policing approach. Community policing is considered one of the most effective strategies available to reduce neighborhood crimes, create a sense of security and reduce fear of crimes among the citizens. Combining the efforts of the police department, the members of the community and the local government can help in the accomplishment of all these objectives to develop a healthy and clean society. This paper details the history of community oriented policing (C.O.P) which has become the new model of law enforcement replacing the traditional para-military style of policing. This paper also discusses the various supporters of community policing who firmly believe that this approach has enough potential to serve as a model for remarkable reforms and improvements in the entire system of policing and justice. The writer of this paper also examines the downside to this particular approach of law enforcement. The primary reason for the failure of C.O.P in some situations is the unwillingness of the communitymembers to cooperate with the police officials, the lack of support from the police department itself or the absence of a proper policing system.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Keeping a Balance
A New Model of Policing
History of Community Policing
Supporters of Community Policing
Criticism on C.O.P
Implementation Challenges of COP
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "A number of studies were conducted in order to find out the cause of the problem and to define the solutions for it. Studies revealed that the traditional practice of continuous patrolling and other highly reactive approaches to combat crime has not helped in any way to reduce the crime rate prevailing in the society. These circumstances lead to the recognition on the part of the government that problems relating to crime fighting and the problems relating to the relationship between the police and the community are interrelated. In 1967, the President's commission on Law enforcement and administration of justice proposed that a new kind of police system should be introduced. In the later years this proposal provided the ground for the establishment of a new model for policing. The philosophy being adopted to develop this model was focused on creating a law enforcement system, which tries to bring the police and the general public in close relationships and provides the police department an opportunity to solve the community problems."
An analysis of China during the "Great Leap Forward" as seen through the article, "Advance Payment of Wages Every Month Stimulates the Enthusiasm of CommuneMembers" by Liu Lien-heng.
Abstract This paper analyzes an article from Tientsin Jih-pao, written by Liu Lien-heng, entitled "Advance Payment of Wages Every Month Stimulates the Enthusiasm of CommuneMembers." It shows how this media source serves as an excellent illustration of the ideology and political practices of the Communist Party during the 1950s to 1960s, which was consumed by the campaign known as the "Great Leap Forward". The paper further shows how, through the article, we may understand how life in China at this time was profoundly shaped by ideological campaigns that determined economic policy at all levels of society.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
China and the Great Leap Forward
Conclusion
From the Paper "This co-existence of the recognition of individualism, in the form of incentives for personal interests, with the overall emphasis upon group production in the media source may, it can be argued, reflect an ideological struggle occurring in the higher reaches of the Communist Party at this time regarding the best means of ensuring the success of agricultural production and economic growth in the China. On the one hand, workers are represented in styles reminiscent of Stalin's Soviet Union of the 1930s in their whole-hearted commitment to the economic design of the Chinese communist state. However, on the other hand, we see how the communal agricultural model that was so important to the ideological foundations of the communist state is being contradicted by a surprising recognition that incentives work. These seem to imply the importance of individualism within the collective economic structures of Chinese rural society at this time."
Abstract This paper explains that research upholds the hypothesis that when an e-community consists of positive components, then the impact this virtual community wields upon its members will consequently prove to be positive. The author reviews questions relating to the definition and characteristics of an e-community, virtual community versus a "real" community and the dangers and miscommunications of these virtual communities. These results of specific questions are discussed in association with the literature. Recommendations for future research are included.
Table of Contents:
Conclusion and Recommendation
Recommendations (for Further Consideration)
From the Paper "Answers to survey question number 11 particularly contribute to the validation of this study's hypothesis. Each of the answers given by the 20 participants indicates their experience to be more positive than negative. Responses to the question: What benefits do you obtain from being a member of your e-community? This researcher notes that an e-community members' interactions with other members and their communities to rival interactions in "real" communities. These e-community members mutually interact as friends in fun-related ways to request help, obtain information/skills, communicate/network."
Tags: consensuses components similarities, number of members, tool
Abstract In this article the writer discusses that separation among military families is acknowledged as a source of stress for both the deployed family member and those members who stay at home. The writer notes that advances in communications have the ability to promote increased communication between the deployed member and their family. It is hypothesized that improved accessibility in communications is believed to reduce the stresses associated with deployment.
This paper discusses the rise of the Community Orientated Policing and Problem Solving (COPPS) program, showing the positive influence it has had on tough neighborhoods and the satisfaction a community feels in having helped make theirs safer.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 25 sources, 2001, $ 38.95
Abstract This paper discusses the rise of the Community Orientated Policing and Problem Solving (COPPS) program, showing the positive influence it has had on tough neighborhoods and the satisfaction a community feels in having helped make theirs safer.
From the paper:
"Crime is an issue of paramount social importance, one that directly and indirectly affects each and every member of society. The costs associated with crime are not merely financial. Emotional costs result when a criminal murders or severely injures an individual=s family member or close friend, or when an offender is incarcerated, depriving his or her family of the emotional and/or financial support. Public concern has increased over specific aspects of the crime problem in recent years, namely domestic violence, drug-related crime and violence, gang-related crime and violence, juvenile crime, prison reform, and the role of television in producing violence. Community Oriented Policing and Problem Solving (COPPS) gathered momentum in the 1980s and focuses on partnerships between communities and police officers, i.e., empowering citizens to shoulder their share of the responsibility and tough work of making their neighborhoods safer."
Abstract The paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of team communication. The paper addresses both the benefits and challenges of working in teams in relationship to team communication, and examines how teams can enhance their performance in the team communication topic. Team communication is critical to ensure that each team member understand the goals of the organization and is working toward those goals. The paper notes that good team communication means that if there are questions or concerns about the goal, they are addressed before the team moves forward.
From the Paper "There are several different characteristics of open communication in teams. The communication should be honest, specific, accurate, logical, concise, complete, and relevant. Communication that contains all these elements consistently will result in cleared and better communication throughout the team, and should lead to the long-term achievement of goals and objectives. Open communication must always allow for feedback, as well, so that all the team members know what communication and goals are working, and what are not. Without feedback, the communication chain is incomplete, and eventually it will break down."
Tags:members perceive communication style trust confidence techniques
Abstract This paper explains that the Sunnydale Economy Link (SEL), which is engaged in improving socioeconomic conditions in the Sunnydale community through the promotion of multiculturalism, has failed, after many efforts, to conceived a 'hire and buy locally' project to spread locally available economic opportunities among all members of the community. The author points out that the jigsaw' is a cooperative learning method originally developed for facilitating learning in the classroom environment. The paper relates that SEL has proposed that the use of the Jigsaw method will enable it to break the isolation and ethnic segregation within the community resulting in the commitment to 'hire and buy' from within the community.
From the Paper "This paper elaborates a proposal for the use of the Jigsaw method to address the problem faced by community members in Sunnydale. Sunnydale Economy Link (SEL) is engaged in improving socioeconomic conditions in the Sunnydale community through the promotion of multiculturalism. After many failed efforts, SEL has conceived a 'hire and buy locally' project to spread locally available economic opportunities among all members of the community. It is proposed that the use of the Jigsaw method will enable to break the isolation and ethnic segregation within the community and turn them committed to the hire and buy from within the community. 'Jigsaw' is a cooperative learning method originally developed for facilitating learning in the classroom environment. The efficiency of the method is that it helps transfer expert knowledge from one to another in a group and thus encourages learning (Maloof, 2004)."
A look at how interpersonal communication skills can be used to address the challenge of maintaining family structure that is supportive to family members.
Abstract This paper relates that the greatest challenge to family communication in American in this day and age is maintaining a family structure that provides sufficient support and stability for individual family members.
The paper further relates that healthy conflict free interaction maintains the family structure and provides the most effective support and stability to individuals within the family. The paper then
demonstrates a three part clinical resolution technique for interpersonal conflict that involves first drawing direct attention to the conflict, simulating role reversal and experiencing empathy, and then offering an apology.
From the Paper "Another technique is role reversal and empathy (Blatner, 2002). This is also an essential process for the committed family members: it requires imagining what it is like to be in the other person's shoes. The empathy reaction is a direct alternative to the conflict causing reaction of repeating one's own opinion or attacking the other person's position within the interpersonal conflict. Thinking about the others feelings will remove that whole level of obstacle. "
Abstract This research paper investigates the impact of e-communities. It defines what an e-community is and how a virtual community differs from a "real" community. It also looks at the ways in which virtual and "real" communities are similar. The paper then provides some examples of and specific characteristics of e-communities and looks at some of the dangers and mis-communications in regard to e-communities. The paper contains charts and figures.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Abbreviations
I. Introduction: The "Dawn" of E-communities Virtual or E-Communities Hypothesis
Research Questions
An E-Community Consists of . . .
Aims and Objectives
Scope of Study
Following Chapters
II. Literature Review: The Community in E-Communities "Being" a Member of an E-community E-community Components
Examples of E-Communities Concerns & Dangers involved in E-communities Potential Benefits of E-communities Emerging E-communities Communication: Central to Community Life
Dating E-communities E-community Chat Rooms
III. Methodology: Making "Sense" of E-Communities Representing Communities Explanation of Approach
Questionnaire Answers
Investigation Factors
IV. Analysis: Estimations of E-Communities' Impact
Composites Clarified
E-communities Depicted
The Battle for the Hearts and Minds
Top 10 E-communities Family Depiction
Data and Charts
V. Summary: Consensus of E-Communities Contributions
E-Community Reflections
Summary
Aims and Objectives
Discussion
Limitations and Recommendations
For Further Consideration
On and Off Line
Conclusion Regarding Verdict for Hypothesis
Limitations and Recommendations
For Further Consideration
Appendix
From the Paper "One way eBay nurtures trust is through its reputation system while its success has been attributed to its commitment to developing a sense of community. eBay attracts and retains buyers and sellers to its site by affecting exchanges that are satisfactory to both buyers and sellers. eBay also provides information, learning opportunities, as well as personal development pursuits and fun, and relaxation. As e-bay implements specific strategies, along with the particular social psychological framework noted by Scott and Johnson (2005) to be described by Beenan et al. (2004), the e-community ensures individuals' responses are acknowledged, while they may also be recognized and rewarded. In August 2004, the average eBay user remained on the site for one hour and 48 minutes, which in 2040 denoted the longest time duration of any Web site."
Abstract The writer examines in personal details her views and opinions on gender and communication. The writer explores family relationships as well as the marked differences in intimate communications between friends and family members and the ins and outs of communicating via the internet. The writer of this paper finds that in researching this particular topic, nearly all gender communications bibliographic information was found to be issue specific, resulting in the writer using her own personal experiences as a main source of reference.
Topics covered in this paper include:
Introduction and Thesis
Communications Within the Family Background and Family Structure
Areas of Communications Between Genders
The Mechanics of Intimate Gender Communications Intimate Communications and Friendship
The Internet Trap
Conclusions on Intimate Communication Bibliography
From the Paper "Another area where both genders get into difficulties on the Internet using the World Wide Web are in the "romance or love or lifestyles" sections of many of the major search engines. Here they can categorize themselves as to whatever it is they are looking for and through instant messaging, e-mail or chat-rooms can actually converse with a party on the other end ostensibly searching for the same as you. Be very wary of what information one gives if the urge is overwhelming to use this form of communication for intimacy.
There have been rapes; murders, serial killings and stalking of every manner one can imagine connected with these areas."
Tags: relationship, personal, communication, family
The paper examines how poor speaking and communication skills can impact on an individual's educational achievements and his ability to interact with those around him and also presents proposals for alleviating communication apprehension.
Abstract The writer of the paper contends that speaking in public is probably one of the hardest things in life confronting most people today and that people who experience high levels of communication apprehension have been shown to score lower on college entrance examinations, have lower overall grade point averages and have been found to be at a higher risk for dropping out of college compared with those with low communication apprehension levels. In the paper, the writer attempts to identify the importance of communicating in today's team-based work environment; to identify the importance of communicating in everyday life; to determine the quantity and quality of talk of an apprehensive individual; to determine the perceptions of other group members; and to deliver guidelines for coping with communication apprehension that can be readily applied by most people today. The paper's writer also interpolates a critical review of the literature with the results of a survey of currently employed individuals to help answer the research questions. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented in the concluding chapter. The paper includes a number of graphs and one appendix which is a copy of a questionnaire used in the research.
Outline:
Abstract
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4: Findings
Chapter 5: Discussion
Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusions
References
Appendix
From the Paper "Individuals who suffer from high levels of communication apprehension have been shown to score lower on college entrance examinations, have lower overall grade point averages and have been found to be at a higher risk for dropping out of college compared with those with low communication apprehension levels (Greene & Burleson). Moreover, people with high levels of communication apprehension have been found to be regarded as being less competent, composed, and attractive compared with more gregarious individuals (Greene & Burleson). In addition, these high communication apprehension level individuals are also less likely to receive job interviews and, when hired, are less likely to seek career advancement. The negative consequences associated with communication apprehension have been found to result in an overall diminished sense of self. The vast majority of research on communication apprehension has been directed toward helping college students manage their anxiety in the context of a basic public speaking course; in addition, communication researchers have documented the impact of instruction on reducing apprehension and improving competence and success. Of all of the treatment approaches investigated to date, the three most popular treatments of communication apprehension involve one or more of the following: skills training, systematic desensitization, and cognitive modification and restructuring, with skills training being the most common technique used (Greene & Burleson)."
An analysis of a communications strategy for the New Orleans Nosh company to help it reestablish relations with its employees following Hurricane Katrina.
Abstract This paper discusses the necessary communications strategy for New Orleans Nosh in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. The paper gives a background of the company and discusses how Hurricane Katrina has affected business and its employees. The paper details the steps that will be necessary for the CEO of New Orleans Nosh to reestablish trust and loyalty among new and former employees and also among local businesses and communitymembers.
Table of Contents:
Background
Communications Objectives
Situational Analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
Audiences
Desired Response
Communications Strategy
Key Messages
Measurement and Evaluation
Strategic Action Plan Nosh Communications Summary
Appendix I
Outline
ACA (Audience Centered Analysis)
Situational Analysis
From the Paper "Ms. Pepper will work closely with managers to help assess the effectiveness of the communications plan in the crisis environment surrounding the events of Katrina. Decisive indicators or factors to assess will include whether the Nosh begins to build up a loyal customer following again. To facilitate this the Nosh will provide customers feedback cards that will help gauge their satisfaction with service and their perceived interpretation of the culture being developed at the Nosh. The frequency with which patrons return to the Nosh and provide positive feedback will be one indicator of the success of the communications strategy. Other predictors of success will include turnover. Ms. Pepper will keep a close eye on turn over rates to assess the extent to which the communications plan is building trust and satisfaction between former and new employees working with the company."
This paper analyzes the importance of effective communication in the field of healthcare while focusing primarily on its relevance in hospital settings.
Abstract The writer of this paper examines the lack of adequate communication in the healthcare industry. The writer contends and explains that a large number of health care professionals are not capable of effectively communicating the inherent risks during medical procedures to either the patient or those closely associated with the patient such as their spouse or family member. This paper explores the issues of teamwork, dialogue and contact which are the crux of risk management while discussing the strategies and methods that need to be implemented in order to effectively improve the communication skills of healthcare workers. This paper details the measures implemented by both the UCLA and New York Presbyterian teaching hospitals which pertain to this specific topic.
From the Paper "The ability adequately communicate risk levels amongst providers can become difficult. Also, hasty words can create a misperception in the minds of patients, if a doctor speaks too casually. "Science cannot prove a negative, but, where their children are concerned, parents want to be assured that risk is zero," and it is tempting for doctors to ignore communicating data, for fear of communication the issue. Some suggest, regarding all procedures, establishing a comprehensive 'Richter scale' of risks to communicate data to remove the potential for misunderstanding--for example, identifying the riskiest scenarios, and flagging them for hospital staff, or using the 'pain scale' amongst all hospital staff and on paperwork of 1-10 to communicate how much pain a patient is in, on a feeling level, as well as the state of health according to traditional medical data."
Tags: hospital, healthcare, communication, risk, patient, care, ucla, new, york, presbytarian
Abstract The following paper discusses theories of criminal punishment and examines the advantages and disadvantages of incapacitation. The advantages and disadvantages of community programs are also reviewed and crime prevention strategies that work, do not work, and that are promising are also discussed. Finally, this paper concludes with a proposal to improve the effectiveness of incapacitation and community programs.
From the paper:
?Supporters of deterrence believe that if punishment is imposed upon a person who has committed a crime, the pain inflicted will dissuade the offender (specific deterrence) and others (general deterrence) from either repeating the crime or from committing similar crimes. Incapacitation deprives offenders of the ability or opportunity to commit further crimes that harm society. Rehabilitation seeks to prevent future criminal behavior by providing offenders with the education and treatment necessary to eliminate criminal tendencies, as well as the skills to become productive members of society.?
Abstract This paper explains that there are many different elements that combine to form a community and that the term 'community' can mean different things to different people. The paper further explains that the best way to discover the the ideas of community that dominate the minds of most people would be through a survey. The necessary questions in such a survey are then listed in the paper and the suggestion made that, in order to synthesize the information obtained from the survey, some qualitative and quantative analyses would need to be done. Finally, the paper points out that surveys, such as the one described in the paper, are useful information gathering-tools for the field of sociology and important elements of the sociological method.
From the Paper "The word 'community' is somewhat ambiguous. It is not immediately clear whether it refers to geographical proximity, common interests and activities, or some other grouping method. As with many such ambiguous words, it is likely that different people have completely different ideas about what it means to be a member of a community. An interesting question to pursue, therefore, would be this: What factors do people have in mind when they consider themselves to be part of a community? It is not uncommon for people to mentally place themselves in more than one community. Perhaps someone is a member of her church community, the community of her apartment building, and her work community. These are three very different things. In the case of the church, the community seems bonded together by faith, which might more generally be described as a common interest. In the case of the apartment building, geographical location, or proximity of living, seems to be the main cohesive factor. Work shares elements of both of the other two. On the one hand, the workplace represents a common activity that all of the members of the community participate in on a regular basis. On the other hand, it is likely that the workplace is one office or building where many people convene in the same space at the same time."
