Abstract
The paper explains that the purpose of most community health nursing models includes addressing the specific needs of vulnerable populations and aggregates of communities. The paper notes that nursing models often arise as the need for systematic methods for collecting data regarding patient behaviors and outcomes become apparent. Among these is the precede-proceed model which the paper discuses in detail. The paper describes how this model arose from a need to further develop and enhance the nursing process to ensure that systematic methods are used to help diagnose, treat and evaluate community health problems and initiatives geared toward resolving those problems.

Outline:
Introduction
Define Model and Relate Three Concepts or Ideas of the Model
Model Application to Nursing Process: A Comparison
Applying The Community Health Model
Explain Importance of Community Partnership in Community Health Projects

From the Paper
"The underlying concepts of the model include providing the basis for planning, implementing and evaluating health educational campaigns with respect to community health nursing (Maltby, H.J. & Robinson, S., 1998). The model involves addressing specific topics during nursing rotation and focuses on the outcomes and causes of patient outcomes with specific emphasis on patient's quality of life first, then planning, implementing and evaluation (Maltby & Robinson, 1998)."

Tags:data, patient, behaviors, partnerships

Abstract
This paper looks at PRECEDE-PROCEEED as a conceptual model, describes three concepts within the model and compares its application to the nursing process. In the final section, the paper cites applications of this model of community health problems and concludes by explaining the importance of community partnerships in community health projects.

From the Paper
"This paper looks at PRECEDE-PROCEEED as a conceptual model and discusses the historical development of the model. Next the author describes three concepts within the model and compares its application to the nursing process. In the final section the paper goes on to cite two applications of this model of community health problems and concludes by explaining the importance of community partnerships in community health projects."

Tags:community, conceptual, model

Abstract
The paper discusses a report which provides a conceptual model applicable to community health programs. The paper states that a conceptual model based on community capacity is a tool that health providers can use to promote health actions carried out in the healthcare environment and within the community. The paper concludes that when combined with other conceptual models like the health belief models, it is possible theoretically to provide comprehensive care that caters to the needs of individuals in a community and also the community at large.

Outline:
Introduction of Model
Historical Development
Comparison of the Application of the Model to the Nursing Process
Two Applications of the Model to Community Health Problems
How Application of Model Supports Community Partnership/Collaborations with Other Agencies/Programs in Community Health Projects
Conclusions

From the Paper
"The community capacity model for health promotion and community health programs focuses on developing tools that provide health educators and community the ability to gain access to proper care. Dressendorfer et al, 2005 note the conceptual model of community capacity development can be delineated easily by reviewing thirteen steps or processes related to capacity development. Among these include proper leadership among health care systems and within the community to drive and manage programs, proper policy review and making, so that "diffusions and sustainability" is possible using the model presented, and proper use of available resources within the community to provide information and build an infrastructure for health promotion within the community ."

Tags:healthcare, environment, community

Abstract
This paper addresses the problems of the Latino aggregate to ensure proper health care is provided and that compensation for cultural differences, lack of insurance, and language barriers are achieved. The paper first discusses common health risks among the Latino community. The paper then addresses the barriers facing the Latino community that prevent them from attaining proper health care. The paper lastly discusses and describes a proposed health care initiative to help the Latino community. A survey addressing barriers to healthcare is provided with the paper.

Table of Contents:
Community Health Promotion Project Design
- The Hispanic Population
- Hispanic Health Risks
- Language Barriers
- Lack of Health Insurance
The Results of the Hispanic Barriers to Healthcare Community Assessment Survey
- Reliability, Validity, and Data Gaps
- Categorization of Data
Access to Health Care an Objective Healthy People 2010
The Suggested Health Initiative for Implementation
Conclusion
References
Appendix A: Hispanic Barriers to Health Care
Appendix B: The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

From the Paper
"The largest and fastest growing minority aggregate in the United States today is commonly referred to as Hispanic or Latino. The U.S. census defines someone Hispanic or Latino as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture of origin regardless of race. For the purpose of this paper and assessment tool this aggregate will be referred to as Hispanic. Immigration trends have contributed heavily to the increases in the U.S. Latino population. A relative lack of jobs in Mexico have driven Mexicans north in search of work. Today one in three farm workers are new to the United States, with most of them coming from Mexico (Peterson-Iyer, 2008). Despite the large and rapidly increasing size of the Hispanic population in the U.S., the number of Hispanic physicians dramatically lags behind. This variance contributes too many different linguistic and cultural hurdles for Hispanic patients trying to access the healthcare system, and their healthcare providers (Peterson-Iyer, 2008)."

Tags:latino nursing medicine, precede-proceed model

Abstract
This paper analyzes a scholarly research study regarding HIV, STDs and American adolescents. The points attended to are: the community and community health issue described by the article, the reason for selecting this community and issue, description of the issue, background factors which contribute to the issue, local data available, possible community health nursing interventions and teaching strategies and any links to Orem's nursing model that might better describe or remedy this problem.

From the Paper
"In their scholarly research study, "Implications of racial and gender differences in patterns of adolescent risk behavior for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases," authors Bauer, Cho, Hallfors, Halpern, Iritani, and Waller set out to examine the prevalence, intensity, scope, and causes of HIV-contraction and spread, as well as that of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), among the high-risk adolescent demographic. This cross-section of today's society is chosen for the study, as their risk factors are many and dangerous, and as the authors note: "few studies have systematically investigated risk behavior patterns by subgroup, particularly with nationally representative data" (Bauer et al., 2004, p. 239). This is the drive and rationale for selecting to perform this study, as the children are our future and research and care needs to be undertaken in order for safer and healthier choices to be made by and for them."

Tags:community, adolescents, hiv

From the Paper
"Community health nursing requires the addressing of a widely diverse set of health problems and issues (Barger, 1995, p. 203). Increasingly, however, community health nurses are being called upon to care for patients suffering from chronic conditions (Laschinger, Goldenberg, & Dal Bello, 1995, p. 147).

Literature is reviewed that is relevant to the application of the Corbin and Strauss Nursing Model as a framework for the delivery of nursing care to chronic patients in a community health setting. This literature review is intended to provide support for an assessment of a community health nursing program."

Abstract
This paper discusses the web of causation and how it is related to health care. It further discusses the concepts of the web of causation model and the elements involved in developing a problematic approach to issues through the use of the web of causation. The paper then takes a look at how the web of causation can be applied to nursing when it is in relation to the elderly at risk for falling.

From the Paper
" The web of causation is a scientific tool used to study all elements contributing to a specific event or illness in order to develop an approach toward a resolution to the problem. As Parascandola and Weed (2001) explain, "the web is not intended^ to be a theory or to provide causal explanations, but merely to act as a metaphor for the idea that causal pathways are complex and interconnected" (p. 905). The model was developed so that every facet of a concern could be studied to provide the most effective treatment, resolution, or approach to a variety of nursing situations. To fully comprehend factors related to an issue the problem must first be identified, as well as those elements of the problem directly related to the problem, and elements indirectly related to the problem."

Tags:community, health, nursing

Abstract
This paper deals with Leninger's Sunrise Model, a derivative of the theory of culture care diversity and universality. The author describes the model along with its utility in public health and community health nursing, and explains why it is suitable for community nursing. The paper also discusses the steps involved in community organizing and aggregate building as well as some of the assumptions of planners in community organizing.

From the Paper
"Leninger's Sunrise Model is a transcultural model of nursing that is a derivative of the theory of culture care diversity and universality to portray the interrelations between the different components involved in culture-centered health care. From this description alone, it depicts a model that is not only patient-centered, but also encompasses the community's influence on patients. Leninger's underlying assumptions of her theory are based on the following..."

Tags:nursing, community, health

Abstract
The paper examines the social ecology model espoused by Murray Bookchin. The paper explores how unhealthy lifestyle choices have their origins in cultural attitudes, and must be approached by healthcare providers together with the specific community. The paper discusses teen education, concluding that programs should target both students and their parents, ideally before the teens adopt their parent's bad habits.

Outline:
Introduction
Nursing Processes
One Community Health Risk--Teen Smoking
Second Community Health Risk--Obesity Amongst The Poor
Conclusion: Change The Community, Change Lives
Works Cited

From the Paper
"The stress upon consumption and the ostentatious show of wealth that the social ecology model condemns as damaging to the overall health of the environment is also damaging to the health of the bodies of individuals within the environment. This is seen in the current epidemic of obesity, which has exploded in the poorest areas of the country. Ironically, weight gain, especially in children, may be culturally associated with health and financial success."

Tags:over-consumption, consumerism, productivism, indoctrination, wealth, productivity

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of nursing theory as not simply a philosophical abstraction, but as also useful for the demands for "description, explanation, prediction and control" during nursing work and study. Having a background in nursing theories can prove helpful because theories give clues as to what to ask, what to observe, what to focus on and what to think about when a nurse is under pressure or dealing with a noncompliant patient. The paper asserts that even grand theories have a practical emphasis. They can offer validation of the patient's cultural differences and self-empowerment and actualization through facilitating patient self-care. Self-care facilitation is a stress in many of the grand theories, as Orem's theory likewise attempts to address self-care deficits such as patient noncompliance with a dietary or physical fitness regime. There is always inevitable overlap between models, as contemporary nursing models and grand theories all strive to be limited to a focus on problems in nurse-patient situations or problems in person-environment interaction to be of use in practitioners in the field. Furthermore, the paper looks at the use of middle range theories in nursing, which some assert are more useful and more easily tested in practice. These mid-range theories act as subsidiaries of grand theories, and draw a great deal of their philosophy from grand theories. The major categories of knowledge reflected in different contemporary nursing models and grand theories, which include needs-based approaches, interaction-based approaches, outcome-focused approaches and humanistic approaches can be placed through the use of mid-range theories in a very specific context, such as pain management, or health promotion.

From the Paper
"Orem places a strong emphasis on exercise and physical activity that the patient can achieve him or herself. In the Community Empowerment Model, the nurse can provide counseling how to achieve such goals in the context of the patient's specific community and cultural environment (Extract from "Medicare Primary and Consumer Directed Care Demonstration: Health Promotion Nurse Intervention Model," 2002). The importance of exercise is directly derived from Orem's stress upon the need for the nurse to help the patient with such basic self-care modalities as nutrition, hygiene (including better sleep hygiene), mobility (including exercise), medication, and more empowered behavior. Orem also stresses patient empowerment in the context of direct nursing care, where the nurse has direct contact with client and/or family, along with Orem's the belief that self-care deficits are the result of environmental situations (Mayo, 1997).
"The environmental impact upon self-care also illustrates how the Community Empowerment Middle Range theory springs directly from Orem's influence, along with the pragmatic and humanist philosophical influences gave birth to Orem's stress upon patient empowerment during the entire process of treatment. The Community Empowerment Model also incorporates multiculturalism into its philosophy. Both theories share the logical positivist emphasis which stresses situations and context dictating the course of treatment, and the importance of taking into consideration the environment of the patient."

Tags:self-care facilitation Orem, mid-range theory, community health model, treatment