Abstract This paper first addresses the problem of teen pregnancy and then proposes establishing a community that provides support and education to pregnant teens and teens already with children. Next, the paper discusses the four basic elements of social marketing. The paper also examines the measurable outcomes of the program and describes evaluation strategies for determining the success of the program in achieving its goals.
Table of Contents:
CommunityHealth Social Marketing Program
Overview of Community of Health Plan
Formative and Summative Evaluation Strategies
Reasoning for Evaluation Methodologies
Impact of Project Success on Public Health Policy
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Social marketing in the community refers that for adequate contraceptive behavior to occur, teenagers must first recognize that they risk becoming pregnant if they have intercourse and do not use contraceptive properly. Also important is the teenager's knowledge or perception concerning pregnancy risk. The teenage perception is a result why some teenagers do not use contraception. Teenagers must have the ability to generate ways in which they can reduce their risk of pregnancy such as contraceptive methods. Social marketers is expected to determine and maximize the most effective ways in which to heighten teenagers' personal perception of pregnancy risk, their understanding of the potential consequences of an unplanned pregnancy, and their awareness of available contraceptive methods. A social marketing objective is to promote discussions on contraceptive issues and a sense of shared responsibility among partners."
Tags: nursing, communityhealth, teen pregnancy, sex
This paper discusses nursing theory, specifically in regards to self-care facilitated by Dorothy Orem's model and the mid-range theory of the communityhealthmodel.
Abstract This paper discusses the importance of nursing theory as not simply a philosophical abstraction, but as also useful for the demands for "description, explanation, prediction and control" during nursing work and study. Having a background in nursing theories can prove helpful because theories give clues as to what to ask, what to observe, what to focus on and what to think about when a nurse is under pressure or dealing with a noncompliant patient. The paper asserts that even grand theories have a practical emphasis. They can offer validation of the patient's cultural differences and self-empowerment and actualization through facilitating patient self-care. Self-care facilitation is a stress in many of the grand theories, as Orem's theory likewise attempts to address self-care deficits such as patient noncompliance with a dietary or physical fitness regime. There is always inevitable overlap between models, as contemporary nursing models and grand theories all strive to be limited to a focus on problems in nurse-patient situations or problems in person-environment interaction to be of use in practitioners in the field. Furthermore, the paper looks at the use of middle range theories in nursing, which some assert are more useful and more easily tested in practice. These mid-range theories act as subsidiaries of grand theories, and draw a great deal of their philosophy from grand theories. The major categories of knowledge reflected in different contemporary nursing models and grand theories, which include needs-based approaches, interaction-based approaches, outcome-focused approaches and humanistic approaches can be placed through the use of mid-range theories in a very specific context, such as pain management, or health promotion.
From the Paper "Orem places a strong emphasis on exercise and physical activity that the patient can achieve him or herself. In the Community Empowerment Model, the nurse can provide counseling how to achieve such goals in the context of the patient's specific community and cultural environment (Extract from "Medicare Primary and Consumer Directed Care Demonstration: Health Promotion Nurse Intervention Model," 2002). The importance of exercise is directly derived from Orem's stress upon the need for the nurse to help the patient with such basic self-care modalities as nutrition, hygiene (including better sleep hygiene), mobility (including exercise), medication, and more empowered behavior. Orem also stresses patient empowerment in the context of direct nursing care, where the nurse has direct contact with client and/or family, along with Orem's the belief that self-care deficits are the result of environmental situations (Mayo, 1997).
"The environmental impact upon self-care also illustrates how the Community Empowerment Middle Range theory springs directly from Orem's influence, along with the pragmatic and humanist philosophical influences gave birth to Orem's stress upon patient empowerment during the entire process of treatment. The Community Empowerment Model also incorporates multiculturalism into its philosophy. Both theories share the logical positivist emphasis which stresses situations and context dictating the course of treatment, and the importance of taking into consideration the environment of the patient."
Abstract This paper reviews the Sequoia CommunityHealth Foundation in Fresno, California. It discusses the history of the foundation, reporting that it was created in response to a population that has been historically impoverished, and that required attention to its health care needs. It follows on saying that part of the Central Valley Health Network, the health care organization was initially a "health care advocacy group" in the Fresno area. Yet, by 1979, two years after the organization began, it was offering health related services to a growing farm worker population ("Sequoia", n.d.). At the present time Sequoia CommunityHealth Foundation serves a significant expended community that includes those in urban, rural and farm areas.
Abstract The paper discusses communityhealth and deals with the promotion of health in the community and states that it is a system to ensure that the community is in a state of well being and has the capacity to live and work. The paper further states that it is society's obligation to create an organized system to maintain health and prevent illness but this encompasses a multitude of sectors. The paper concludes that for a person to pursue a career in public health, it is imperative that he obtains a college degree or attend an undergraduate course that is supplemented with other courses such as biology and mathematics.
From the Paper "For a person to pursue a career in public health, it is imperative that he obtains a college degree. A person may take any undergraduate course. However, it should be supplemented with other courses such as biology and mathematics, depending on what area of public health that person would like to focus on. A person who wishes to have an edge for career advancement in public health should at least obtain a Masters degree. Having a graduate degree will enable a public health professional to further broaden his knowledge on local, national, and global legislative and social policies; he will be able to apply advance research methods; he will be able to develop multidisciplinary and collaborative strategies for tackling health issues, and he will be able to develop leadership skills necessary for health promotion and disease prevention."
Abstract This paper talks about the most recent Canadian national standards regarding health maintenance, restoration and palliation. The paper examines what Canadian nurses can do to improve their own practice vis-a-vis restorative and/or palliative care. The paper also looks at how research in the field can be used by nurses to make themselves educators for local communities. The paper shows how communityhealth nursing demands a sophisticated knowledge of how to interact with the less-fortunate; it is not simply about providing medical answers to medical concerns.
Outline:
Introduction
Discussion of the Topic
A Brief Review of the Scholarly Literature
Examples of Community Nurses Using the Knowledge Outlined Above to Assist Communities Conclusion
From the Paper "The topic, "Health Maintenance, Restoration and Palliation," is an intimidating topic at first glance, but it does not need to be. Simply put, the aforementioned component of community nursing entails using appropriate strategies to reduce the "risk factors" which can lead to disease (specifically chronic disease) and disability. More than that, nurses engaged in the health maintenance, restoration and palliation process must apply clinical skills to any assessment of the client's health status so that collaborative planning, evaluation and implementation of proper nursing "interventions" can be achieved. Finally, the nursing professional who is assisting clients during the difficult periods that attend health restoration or terminal illness must be able to draw upon a variety of "improvement" strategies and she or he must be able to meet the unique needs of individual patients (TGS Consultants Incorporated, 2005)."
Abstract This case analyzes a communityhealth medical center with statistics and information based in 1995. A detailed analysis of the case highlights three central issues: recruitment of qualified physicians, the need to reach out into the community and the potential expansion into additional facilities. The paper proposes a central solution set that incorporates all of these issues and a new electronic medical records network.
From the Paper "Executive Summary Based on the mission statement: "To promote a healthier future for our community by consistently providing excellent accessible health care with pride, compassion, and respect" (Ginter, Swayne & Duncan, 2002) this document will provide a strategic plan to address the various issues currently facing C. W. Williams Health Center. C. W. Williams is facing numerous issues. The primary issues synthesized from the data as presented include: staff recruitment, expansion opportunities and strategic alliances. This case study presents an analysis based on these three central issues. It is this writer's belief that several unique solutions all aimed at effectively combining the concepts behind strategic alliances and satellite locations can combine to achieve the goals and objectives identified for C. W. Williams. All solutions presented are also consistent with identified conceptual goals cited in literature for managed care, alliance formation, strategic partnerships, community health programs, etc."
Abstract The paper discusses a report which provides a conceptual model applicable to communityhealth programs. The paper states that a conceptual model based on community capacity is a tool that health providers can use to promote health actions carried out in the healthcare environment and within the community. The paper concludes that when combined with other conceptual models like the health belief models, it is possible theoretically to provide comprehensive care that caters to the needs of individuals in a community and also the community at large.
Outline:
Introduction of Model Historical Development
Comparison of the Application of the Model to the Nursing Process
Two Applications of the Model to CommunityHealth Problems
How Application of Model Supports Community Partnership/Collaborations with Other Agencies/Programs in CommunityHealth Projects
Conclusions
From the Paper "The community capacity model for health promotion and community health programs focuses on developing tools that provide health educators and community the ability to gain access to proper care. Dressendorfer et al, 2005 note the conceptual model of community capacity development can be delineated easily by reviewing thirteen steps or processes related to capacity development. Among these include proper leadership among health care systems and within the community to drive and manage programs, proper policy review and making, so that "diffusions and sustainability" is possible using the model presented, and proper use of available resources within the community to provide information and build an infrastructure for health promotion within the community ."
Abstract This paper addresses the problems of the Latino aggregate to ensure proper health care is provided and that compensation for cultural differences, lack of insurance, and language barriers are achieved. The paper first discusses common health risks among the Latino community. The paper then addresses the barriers facing the Latino community that prevent them from attaining proper health care. The paper lastly discusses and describes a proposed health care initiative to help the Latino community. A survey addressing barriers to healthcare is provided with the paper.
Table of Contents:
CommunityHealth Promotion Project Design
- The Hispanic Population
- Hispanic Health Risks
- Language Barriers
- Lack of Health Insurance
The Results of the Hispanic Barriers to Healthcare Community Assessment Survey
- Reliability, Validity, and Data Gaps
- Categorization of Data
Access to Health Care an Objective Healthy People 2010
The Suggested Health Initiative for Implementation
Conclusion
References
Appendix A: Hispanic Barriers to Health Care
Appendix B: The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
From the Paper "The largest and fastest growing minority aggregate in the United States today is commonly referred to as Hispanic or Latino. The U.S. census defines someone Hispanic or Latino as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture of origin regardless of race. For the purpose of this paper and assessment tool this aggregate will be referred to as Hispanic. Immigration trends have contributed heavily to the increases in the U.S. Latino population. A relative lack of jobs in Mexico have driven Mexicans north in search of work. Today one in three farm workers are new to the United States, with most of them coming from Mexico (Peterson-Iyer, 2008). Despite the large and rapidly increasing size of the Hispanic population in the U.S., the number of Hispanic physicians dramatically lags behind. This variance contributes too many different linguistic and cultural hurdles for Hispanic patients trying to access the healthcare system, and their healthcare providers (Peterson-Iyer, 2008)."
Tags: latino nursing medicine, precede-proceed model
Abstract The study is designed to provide further background research on the various models of community development and their characteristics. By illustrating and highlighting the ascribed characteristics of these community development models, this research provides the basis for further research on community development models. This also offers enough relevant information vis-a-vis these models to enable an individual or organization to either make a decision regarding which model to employ, or identify which one is actually in use.
Abstract Proposed trends for Sequoia CommunityHealth Center for the coming years include a stronger reliance on the health care facility by the community that is served. This is due to a growing population and a greater number of individuals within the farm worker community. As this change occurs the organization will be impacted by staffing levels, especially positions within the nursing field. This paper discusses these proposed trends and organizational changes and how they will impact the functioning and administration of the health center.
From the Paper "In the State of California the nurse to patient ratio laws stipulate that there can be no more than 5 patients per nurse in order to ensure patient safety ("CA Freezes", 2005). The law was ordered into affect in January of 2005 does provide exceptions for emergency rooms and surgical centers. However, in relation to the Sequoia Community Health Center there would be no exceptions."
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at the issue of communityhealth in the city of Lacey, Washington. The writer explains that Lacey is located in Thurston County and has an approximate population of just over 31,000 people. The writer notes that the average income within the city is $43,000 and there is a diverse population comprised of primarily white, Black, American-Indian and Asian individuals. The writer points out that hospitals within the area have been tasked with providing care for this population and in recent years the issue of charity care has been increasing in Lacey and the surrounding communities. The writer maintains that this has become a local issue because of the cost of care that is absorbed by the hospitals, the care that is received in emergency rooms that should be provided for in communityhealth centers, and the inability of impoverished people to receive the full scope of care that is needed to address their health care concerns.
From the Paper "Although there are other community health clinics in the surrounding areas, the residents of Lacey have this alternative to emergency room care as their sole choice in regular health care, other than the hospital systems that exist in the county.
"The program creation with funding from Senator Murray's financial allotment will ultimately only serve the community by providing coordination of health care services between the hospitals and those in need of medical treatment. This program will not ensure, however, that low income and impoverished people will be capable of having consistent health care throughout the community. Given the fact that under RCW 70.170.060 there is a requirement for alternative community health care to be developed, the minimal existence of this community health care adversely impacts the population. This is evident in the extensive costs associated with charity care that continue to rise in the county and the continued reliance of the impoverished population on emergency room care in the county."
Abstract The Sequoia CommunityHealth Foundation is an organization that began as an advocacy group for farm workers in Fresno, California. Within two years the organization evolved into a functional health care center, treating farm workers and their families in the Fresno area. Since this time the Sequoia CommunityHealth Foundation has expanded repeatedly in answer to the growing population in the area. Currently the organization serves families and individuals that are comprised of approximately 93% of patients that are either uninsured, under-insured or rely on the California Medicaid program to assist with medical expenses. This paper provides a risk analysis of this organization in relation to a projected 2-3% increase of the uninsured/under-insured population it would serve over the next five years, suggesting that the risk increase would not be significant.
Abstract The paper reveals that although falls continue to comprise a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality amongst elderly patients, the use of physical or chemical restraints has declined. The paper then examines interventions that can be utilized by the communityhealth nurse to help the elderly avoid falls without the use of restraints. The paper concludes with recommendations for future nursing research.
Outline:
Public Health Issue
Significance to CommunityHealth Nursing Practice
Incorporate into Nursing Practice
Recommendations for Future Nursing Research
From the Paper "Falling is a normal part of motor development early among children and is a preventable injury. However, it is an unusual occurrence for adults and may therefore signal the presence of other underlying conditions (e.g. cognitive dysfunction due to illness). Degenerative neurological diseases, syncope caused by sudden hemodynamic instability visual impairment or motor weakness are some of the precipitating factors for falls in the elderly population. Unlike falls in the non-elderly population, trivial falls can cause significant indirect causes of morbidity and mortality. This is especially seen with hip fractures, where prolonged immobility can lead to venous stasis and fatal pulmonary embolisms during this course."
Abstract This paper discusses the CommunityHealth Systems (CHS) - large corporations that own and operate full-service hospitals in non-urban areas. It sets out the history of CHS, how it is managed and how the company analyzes its mission and its operation to see how the two mesh and to determine the population served, the various services that are most needed, and ways of reducing costs and laws that may apply to the operations in different states.
Outline:
Introduction
CommunityHealth Systems
Company History
Company Management
Management Chart
Medical Technology
Conclusion
From the Paper "Materials management is another important function in healthcare facilities, and computer programs have been developed for this purpose as well. There are some two dozen materials management systems available from various vendors today, and these are compared by Adams (1996) to show the features of each and the ways in which they can be used. Adams notes that the extraordinary quantities of data generated from medical supply contracts requires the implementation of materials management programs so that this can no longer be seen as an option but a necessity. These systems offer considerable advantages which contribute to their value, and these systems can supply virtually instantaneous access to all pertinent data, including revenue projections. The systems can help control costs to a significant degree, making materials management a critical aspect of any integrated health care environment (Adams, 1996, pp. 63-65)."
Abstract This paper involves the content analysis of the website for the CommunityHealth Plan of Washington (CPHW) and a seminal article in its newsletter, which aims to determine how dedicated the CPHW is to providing healthcare for the underprivileged. It examines in detail what necessary policies and general messages are mentioned by the health plan with regards to uninsured and underinsured populations. The paper comes to the conclusion that CHPW is not a typical profit-maximizing firm in that it was willing to compromise profits to some extent in order to embrace the needs of this population.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Website and Newsletter: Measurement and Coding
The Uninsured and Underinsured for CHPW: Demographics, Needs and Health Practices
Who are the Uninsured/Underinsured?
Trends in Utilization Patterns: Predictions from the Content Analysis
Financial Impact of the Insured/Underinsured Population for CHPW
Why Does CHPW Embrace this Organizational Culture?
Conclusion
From the Paper "Since the uninsured and underinsured population is less likely to receive preventative care, the forecasted trends include higher mortality rates and increased hospitalization for avoidable health problems. This may further increase the cost of healthcare, which creates the 'vicious cycle of increasing healthcare costs' for CHPW divisions.
"There is also the general expectation that the at-risk population will increase their enrollment in the government aided programs that provide healthcare coverage at little or no cost-sharing. Currently, these programs like Medicaid are not at their maximum potential and are expected to have increase enrollment, when the uninsured and underinsured population for CHPW realize that they can qualify and access healthcare."
Tags: content, analysis, community, health, plan, Washington
